Articles | Volume 23, issue 16
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9401-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9401-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
25 Aug 2023
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 25 Aug 2023
| 25 Aug 2023
A rise in HFC-23 emissions from eastern Asia since 2015
Hyeri Park
Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu,
Republic of Korea
Jooil Kim
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Haklim Choi
Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University,
Daegu, Republic of Korea
Sohyeon Geum
Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu,
Republic of Korea
Yeaseul Kim
Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University,
Daegu, Republic of Korea
Rona L. Thompson
Norwegian Institute of Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
Jens Mühle
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Peter K. Salameh
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Christina M. Harth
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Kieran M. Stanley
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Simon O'Doherty
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Paul J. Fraser
Climate Science Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria,
Australia
Peter G. Simmonds
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Paul B. Krummel
Climate Science Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria,
Australia
Ray F. Weiss
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Ronald G. Prinn
Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu,
Republic of Korea
Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University,
Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Cited
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Trends of halocarbons in the Himalayan atmosphere and implications Z. Cong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177348
- Infrared spectra of trifluoromethane isotopologues (12CHF3, 13CHF3, and 12CDF3) from high-accuracy ab initio calculations for atmospheric analysis of hydrofluorocarbons O. Egorov & M. Rey https://doi.org/10.1039/D6CP00302H
- HFC-23 from updated Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) retrievals R. Dodangodage et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109416
- A new measure of climate transition risk based on distance to a global emission factor frontier B. Dennis & T. İsçan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108742
- Scientists call out rogue emissions from China at global ozone summit J. Tollefson https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-03325-7
- CHF3 (HFC-23) and CF3CHO Quantum Yields in the Pulsed Laser Photolysis of CF3CHO at 248, 266, 281, and 308 nm D. Van Hoomissen et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00316
- Advanced Bayesian modeling of fluorinated gas emissions in East Asia: Comparative performance of MCMC algorithms under censoring N. Aloraini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2026.104144
- Unidentified Halon-2402 emissions in East Asia are driving the global trend H. Choi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01399-4
- A New Measure of Climate Transition Risk Based on Distance to a Global Emission Factor Frontier B. Dennis & T. İşcan https://doi.org/10.17016/feds.2024.017
- Effective realization of abatement measures can reduce HFC-23 emissions D. Rust et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07833-y
- Performance of Current Atmospheric Observation Networks on Quantifying Sub-continental Emissions of Halogenated Gases X. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.122118
- Emissions of HFC-23 do not reflect commitments made under the Kigali Amendment B. Adam et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01946-y
- Trends in atmospheric composition between 2004–2023 using version 5 ACE-FTS data M. Schmidt et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2024.109088
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Trends of halocarbons in the Himalayan atmosphere and implications Z. Cong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177348
- Infrared spectra of trifluoromethane isotopologues (12CHF3, 13CHF3, and 12CDF3) from high-accuracy ab initio calculations for atmospheric analysis of hydrofluorocarbons O. Egorov & M. Rey https://doi.org/10.1039/D6CP00302H
- HFC-23 from updated Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) retrievals R. Dodangodage et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109416
- A new measure of climate transition risk based on distance to a global emission factor frontier B. Dennis & T. İsçan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108742
- Scientists call out rogue emissions from China at global ozone summit J. Tollefson https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-03325-7
- CHF3 (HFC-23) and CF3CHO Quantum Yields in the Pulsed Laser Photolysis of CF3CHO at 248, 266, 281, and 308 nm D. Van Hoomissen et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00316
- Advanced Bayesian modeling of fluorinated gas emissions in East Asia: Comparative performance of MCMC algorithms under censoring N. Aloraini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2026.104144
- Unidentified Halon-2402 emissions in East Asia are driving the global trend H. Choi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01399-4
- A New Measure of Climate Transition Risk Based on Distance to a Global Emission Factor Frontier B. Dennis & T. İşcan https://doi.org/10.17016/feds.2024.017
- Effective realization of abatement measures can reduce HFC-23 emissions D. Rust et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07833-y
- Performance of Current Atmospheric Observation Networks on Quantifying Sub-continental Emissions of Halogenated Gases X. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.122118
- Emissions of HFC-23 do not reflect commitments made under the Kigali Amendment B. Adam et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01946-y
- Trends in atmospheric composition between 2004–2023 using version 5 ACE-FTS data M. Schmidt et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2024.109088
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Editorial statement
The international Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987 in order to protect the atmospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production of halogenated hydrocarbons that deplete stratospheric ozone. The protocol was successfully implemented and, over the years, amendments and adjustments of the protocol were essential to its success. Ultimately, the protocol has resulted in a reduced halogen loading of the atmosphere since the mid-1990s. Trifluoromethane (HFC-23) is one of the substances regulated by the Montreal protocol since the Kigali amendment in 2016. HFC-23 does not deplete stratospheric ozone but is a very potent greenhouse gas. Commitments were made to reduce emissions of HFC-23 during the production of HCFC-22 as part of agreements in the protocol. However, the data presented and analysed in this paper indicate that in China more than the agreed amount of HFC-23 has been emitted since 2015, resulting either from unsuccessful factory-level HFC-23 abatement and/or inaccurate quantification of emission reductions. The analysis provides valuable data of atmospheric HFC-23. The study is also a good example of how compliance with the Montreal Protocol can be monitored.
The international Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987 in order to protect the atmospheric ozone...
Short summary
Based on atmospheric HFC-23 observations, the first estimate of post-CDM HFC-23 emissions in eastern Asia for 2008–2019 shows that these emissions contribute significantly to the global emissions rise. The observation-derived emissions were much larger than the bottom-up estimates expected to approach zero after 2015 due to national abatement activities. These discrepancies could be attributed to unsuccessful factory-level HFC-23 abatement and inaccurate quantification of emission reductions.
Based on atmospheric HFC-23 observations, the first estimate of post-CDM HFC-23 emissions in...
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