Articles | Volume 23, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13505-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13505-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Oct 2023
Research article |
| 25 Oct 2023
| 25 Oct 2023
Fragmentation of ice particles: laboratory experiments on graupel–graupel and graupel–snowflake collisions
Pierre Grzegorczyk
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (UMR6016)/UCA/CNRS, Aubière, France
Sudha Yadav
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Florian Zanger
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Alexander Theis
Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Subir K. Mitra
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Stephan Borrmann
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Cited
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Investigating secondary ice production in a deep convective cloud with a 3D bin microphysics model: Part II - Effects on the cloud formation and development P. Grzegorczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107797
- Influence of secondary ice formation on tropical deep convective clouds simulated by the Unified Model M. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18549-2025
- Impacts of entrainment on secondary ice production in deep convective clouds B. Portman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8367-2026
- Secondary ice formation in cumulus congestus clouds: insights from observations and aerosol-aware large-eddy simulations S. Calderón et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14479-2025
- Quantification and parameterization of snowflake fall speeds in the atmospheric surface-layer S. Donovan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16729-2025
- Disentangling Global Dust‐High Cloud Nonlinear Interactions Through Multivariate Meteorological Constraints Framework Q. Mu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041543
- Influence of secondary ice production on cloud and rain properties: analysis of the HYMEX IOP7a heavy-precipitation event P. Grzegorczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10403-2025
- Investigating secondary ice production in a deep convective cloud with a 3D bin microphysics model: Part I - Sensitivity study of microphysical processes representations P. Grzegorczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107774
- Unraveling ice multiplication in winter orographic clouds via in-situ observations, remote sensing and modeling P. Georgakaki et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00671-9
- Investigating KDP signatures inside and below the dendritic growth layer with W-band Doppler radar and in situ snowfall camera A. Kötsche et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14045-2025
- Measurement report: Influence of particle density on secondary ice production by graupel and frozen drop collisions S. Yadav et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8671-2025
- Efficient ice multiplication from freezing raindrop fragmentation N. Pfeifer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02953-3
- Treatment of Key Aerosol and Cloud Processes in Earth System Models – Recommendations from the FORCeS Project I. Riipinen et al. https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusb.1883
- Typhoon short-term heavy precipitation warning based on dual-polarization radar observations of precipitation particle vertical distribution R. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31842-0
- Snow microphysical processes in orographic turbulence revealed by cloud radar and in situ snowfall camera observations A. Kötsche et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3277-2026
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Investigating secondary ice production in a deep convective cloud with a 3D bin microphysics model: Part II - Effects on the cloud formation and development P. Grzegorczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107797
- Influence of secondary ice formation on tropical deep convective clouds simulated by the Unified Model M. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18549-2025
- Impacts of entrainment on secondary ice production in deep convective clouds B. Portman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8367-2026
- Secondary ice formation in cumulus congestus clouds: insights from observations and aerosol-aware large-eddy simulations S. Calderón et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14479-2025
- Quantification and parameterization of snowflake fall speeds in the atmospheric surface-layer S. Donovan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16729-2025
- Disentangling Global Dust‐High Cloud Nonlinear Interactions Through Multivariate Meteorological Constraints Framework Q. Mu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041543
- Influence of secondary ice production on cloud and rain properties: analysis of the HYMEX IOP7a heavy-precipitation event P. Grzegorczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10403-2025
- Investigating secondary ice production in a deep convective cloud with a 3D bin microphysics model: Part I - Sensitivity study of microphysical processes representations P. Grzegorczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107774
- Unraveling ice multiplication in winter orographic clouds via in-situ observations, remote sensing and modeling P. Georgakaki et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00671-9
- Investigating KDP signatures inside and below the dendritic growth layer with W-band Doppler radar and in situ snowfall camera A. Kötsche et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14045-2025
- Measurement report: Influence of particle density on secondary ice production by graupel and frozen drop collisions S. Yadav et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8671-2025
- Efficient ice multiplication from freezing raindrop fragmentation N. Pfeifer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02953-3
- Treatment of Key Aerosol and Cloud Processes in Earth System Models – Recommendations from the FORCeS Project I. Riipinen et al. https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusb.1883
- Typhoon short-term heavy precipitation warning based on dual-polarization radar observations of precipitation particle vertical distribution R. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31842-0
- Snow microphysical processes in orographic turbulence revealed by cloud radar and in situ snowfall camera observations A. Kötsche et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3277-2026
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Short summary
Secondary ice production generates high concentrations of ice crystals in clouds. These processes have been poorly understood. We conducted experiments at the wind tunnel laboratory of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, on graupel–graupel and graupel–snowflake collisions. From these experiments fragment number, size, cross-sectional area, and aspect ratio were determined.
Secondary ice production generates high concentrations of ice crystals in clouds. These...
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