Articles | Volume 23, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10823-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10823-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Ground-based noontime D-region electron density climatology over northern Norway
Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Rostock, Schloss-Str. 6, 18225 Kühlungsborn, Germany
Mani Sivakandan
Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Rostock, Schloss-Str. 6, 18225 Kühlungsborn, Germany
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
Juliana Jaen
Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Rostock, Schloss-Str. 6, 18225 Kühlungsborn, Germany
Werner Singer
Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Rostock, Schloss-Str. 6, 18225 Kühlungsborn, Germany
Related authors
Jennifer Hartisch, Jorge L. Chau, Ralph Latteck, Toralf Renkwitz, and Marius Zecha
Ann. Geophys., 42, 29–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-29-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-29-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Scientists are studying the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using radar in northern Norway. They found peculiar events with strong upward and downward air movements, happening frequently (up to 2.5 % per month) from 2015 to 2021. Over 700 such events were noted, lasting around 20 min and expanding the studied layer. A total of 17 % of these events had extreme vertical speeds, showing their unique nature.
Christoph Jacobi, Ales Kuchar, Toralf Renkwitz, and Juliana Jaen
Adv. Radio Sci., 21, 111–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-21-111-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-21-111-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Middle atmosphere long-term changes show the signature of climate change. We analyse 43 years of mesopause region horizontal winds obtained at two sites in Germany. We observe mainly positive trends of the zonal prevailing wind throughout the year, while the meridional winds tend to decrease in magnitude in both summer and winter. Furthermore, there is a change in long-term trends around the late 1990s, which is most clearly visible in summer winds.
Juliana Jaen, Toralf Renkwitz, Huixin Liu, Christoph Jacobi, Robin Wing, Aleš Kuchař, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, and Jorge L. Chau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14871–14887, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14871-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14871-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Investigation of winds is important to understand atmospheric dynamics. In the summer mesosphere and lower thermosphere, there are three main wind flows: the mesospheric westward, the mesopause southward (equatorward), and the lower-thermospheric eastward wind. Combining almost 2 decades of measurements from different radars, we study the trend, their interannual oscillations, and the effects of the geomagnetic activity over these wind maxima.
Juliana Jaen, Toralf Renkwitz, Jorge L. Chau, Maosheng He, Peter Hoffmann, Yosuke Yamazaki, Christoph Jacobi, Masaki Tsutsumi, Vivien Matthias, and Chris Hall
Ann. Geophys., 40, 23–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-23-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-23-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To study long-term trends in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (70–100 km), we established two summer length definitions and analyzed the variability over the years (2004–2020). After the analysis, we found significant trends in the summer beginning of one definition. Furthermore, we were able to extend one of the time series up to 31 years and obtained evidence of non-uniform trends and periodicities similar to those known for the quasi-biennial oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
Toralf Renkwitz, Carsten Schult, and Ralph Latteck
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 527–535, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-527-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-527-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The knowledge of the actual radiation pattern is crucial for the analysis of radar echoes and is also an important indicator of the radar's health status. The method described here allows the radiation pattern to be characterized by observing meteor head echoes. In contrast to previous studies we generate angular occurrence maps of meteor trajectory points for periods of normal and limited radar functionality to derive the radiation pattern and compare them thorough simulation results.
T. Renkwitz, C. Schult, R. Latteck, and G. Stober
Adv. Radio Sci., 13, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-13-41-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-13-41-2015, 2015
Jennifer Hartisch, Jorge L. Chau, Ralph Latteck, Toralf Renkwitz, and Marius Zecha
Ann. Geophys., 42, 29–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-29-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-29-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Scientists are studying the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using radar in northern Norway. They found peculiar events with strong upward and downward air movements, happening frequently (up to 2.5 % per month) from 2015 to 2021. Over 700 such events were noted, lasting around 20 min and expanding the studied layer. A total of 17 % of these events had extreme vertical speeds, showing their unique nature.
Christoph Jacobi, Ales Kuchar, Toralf Renkwitz, and Juliana Jaen
Adv. Radio Sci., 21, 111–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-21-111-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-21-111-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Middle atmosphere long-term changes show the signature of climate change. We analyse 43 years of mesopause region horizontal winds obtained at two sites in Germany. We observe mainly positive trends of the zonal prevailing wind throughout the year, while the meridional winds tend to decrease in magnitude in both summer and winter. Furthermore, there is a change in long-term trends around the late 1990s, which is most clearly visible in summer winds.
Juliana Jaen, Toralf Renkwitz, Huixin Liu, Christoph Jacobi, Robin Wing, Aleš Kuchař, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, and Jorge L. Chau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14871–14887, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14871-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14871-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Investigation of winds is important to understand atmospheric dynamics. In the summer mesosphere and lower thermosphere, there are three main wind flows: the mesospheric westward, the mesopause southward (equatorward), and the lower-thermospheric eastward wind. Combining almost 2 decades of measurements from different radars, we study the trend, their interannual oscillations, and the effects of the geomagnetic activity over these wind maxima.
Juliana Jaen, Toralf Renkwitz, Jorge L. Chau, Maosheng He, Peter Hoffmann, Yosuke Yamazaki, Christoph Jacobi, Masaki Tsutsumi, Vivien Matthias, and Chris Hall
Ann. Geophys., 40, 23–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-23-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-23-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To study long-term trends in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (70–100 km), we established two summer length definitions and analyzed the variability over the years (2004–2020). After the analysis, we found significant trends in the summer beginning of one definition. Furthermore, we were able to extend one of the time series up to 31 years and obtained evidence of non-uniform trends and periodicities similar to those known for the quasi-biennial oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
Toralf Renkwitz, Carsten Schult, and Ralph Latteck
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 527–535, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-527-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-527-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The knowledge of the actual radiation pattern is crucial for the analysis of radar echoes and is also an important indicator of the radar's health status. The method described here allows the radiation pattern to be characterized by observing meteor head echoes. In contrast to previous studies we generate angular occurrence maps of meteor trajectory points for periods of normal and limited radar functionality to derive the radiation pattern and compare them thorough simulation results.
T. Renkwitz, C. Schult, R. Latteck, and G. Stober
Adv. Radio Sci., 13, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-13-41-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-13-41-2015, 2015
Related subject area
Subject: Radiation | Research Activity: Remote Sensing | Altitude Range: Mesosphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Analysis of 24 years of mesopause region OH rotational temperature observations at Davis, Antarctica – Part 1: long-term trends
OH level populations and accuracies of Einstein-A coefficients from hundreds of measured lines
Global nighttime atomic oxygen abundances from GOMOS hydroxyl airglow measurements in the mesopause region
Technical note: Bimodality in mesospheric OH rotational population distributions and implications for temperature measurements
How long do satellites need to overlap? Evaluation of climate data stability from overlapping satellite records
Resolving the mesospheric nighttime 4.3 µm emission puzzle: comparison of the CO2(ν3) and OH(ν) emission models
TEMIS UV product validation using NILU-UV ground-based measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece
Comparison of VLT/X-shooter OH and O2 rotational temperatures with consideration of TIMED/SABER emission and temperature profiles
OH populations and temperatures from simultaneous spectroscopic observations of 25 bands
CO2(ν2)-O quenching rate coefficient derived from coincidental SABER/TIMED and Fort Collins lidar observations of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere
Relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds
Experimental simulation of satellite observations of 100 kHz radio waves from relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds
Stability of temperatures from TIMED/SABER v1.07 (2002–2009) and Aura/MLS v2.2 (2004–2009) compared with OH(6-2) temperatures observed at Davis Station, Antarctica
W. John R. French, Frank J. Mulligan, and Andrew R. Klekociuk
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6379–6394, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6379-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6379-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyse 24 years of atmospheric temperatures from the mesopause region (~87 km altitude) derived from ground-based spectrometer observations of hydroxyl airglow at Davis station, Antarctica (68° S, 78° E). These data are used to quantify the effect of the solar cycle and the long-term trend due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions on the atmosphere at this level. A record-low winter-average temperature is reported for 2018 and comparisons are made with satellite observations.
Stefan Noll, Holger Winkler, Oleg Goussev, and Bastian Proxauf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5269–5292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Line emission from hydroxyl (OH) molecules at altitudes of about 90 km strongly contributes to the Earth's night-sky brightness and is therefore used as an important indicator of atmospheric chemistry and dynamics. However, interpreting the measurements can be ambiguous since necessary molecular parameters and the internal state of OH are not well known. Based on high-quality spectral data, we investigated these issues and found solutions for a better understanding of the OH line intensities.
Qiuyu Chen, Martin Kaufmann, Yajun Zhu, Jilin Liu, Ralf Koppmann, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13891–13910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13891-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13891-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Atomic oxygen is one of the most important trace species in the mesopause region. A common technique to derive it from satellite measurements is to measure airglow emissions involved in the photochemistry of oxygen. In this work, hydroxyl nightglow measured by the GOMOS instrument on Envisat is used to derive a 10-year dataset of atomic oxygen in the middle and upper atmosphere. Annual and semiannual oscillations are observed in the data. The new data are consistent with various other datasets.
Konstantinos S. Kalogerakis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2629–2634, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2629-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2629-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Light emission from energetic hydroxyl radical, OH*, is a prominent feature in spectra of the night sky. It is routinely used to determine the temperature of the atmosphere near 90 km. This note shows that the common practice of using only a few emission features from low rotational excitation to determine rotational temperatures does not account for the bimodality of the OH population distributions and can lead to large systematic errors.
Elizabeth C. Weatherhead, Jerald Harder, Eduardo A. Araujo-Pradere, Greg Bodeker, Jason M. English, Lawrence E. Flynn, Stacey M. Frith, Jeffrey K. Lazo, Peter Pilewskie, Mark Weber, and Thomas N. Woods
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15069–15093, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15069-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15069-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite overlap is often carried out as a check on the stability of the data collected. We looked at how length of overlap influences how much information can be derived from the overlap period. Several results surprised us: the confidence we could have in the matchup of two records was independent of the offset, and understanding of the relative drift between the two satellite data sets improved significantly with 2–3 years of overlap. Sudden jumps could easily be confused with drift.
Peter A. Panka, Alexander A. Kutepov, Konstantinos S. Kalogerakis, Diego Janches, James M. Russell, Ladislav Rezac, Artem G. Feofilov, Martin G. Mlynczak, and Erdal Yiğit
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9751–9760, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9751-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9751-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, theoretical and laboratory studies have suggested an additional
nighttime channel of transfer of vibrational energy of OH molecules to CO2 in the
mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). We show that new mechanism brings
modelled 4.3 μm emissions very close to the SABER/TIMED measurements. This
renders new opportunities for the application of the CO2 4.3 μm observations in
the study of the energetics and dynamics of the nighttime MLT.
Melina-Maria Zempila, Jos H. G. M. van Geffen, Michael Taylor, Ilias Fountoulakis, Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Michiel van Weele, Ronald J. van der A, Alkiviadis Bais, Charikleia Meleti, and Dimitrios Balis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7157–7174, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7157-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7157-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
NILU irradiances at five UV channels were used to produce CIE, vitamin D, and DNA- damage daily doses via a neural network (NN) model. The NN was trained with collocated weighted Brewer spectra and uncertainty in the NILU-derived UV effective doses was 7.5 %. TEMIS UV products were found to be ~ 12.5 % higher than the NILU estimates. The results improve for cloud-free days with differences of 0.57 % for CIE, 1.22 % for vitamin D, and 1.18 % for DNA damage, with standard deviations of ~ 11–13 %.
Stefan Noll, Wolfgang Kausch, Stefan Kimeswenger, Stefanie Unterguggenberger, and Amy M. Jones
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5021–5042, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5021-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5021-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We compare temperatures derived from simultaneous observations of 25 OH and two O2 mesospheric airglow bands taken with the X-shooter spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope in Chile. Considering emission and temperature profile data from the radiometer SABER on the TIMED satellite, we find significant time-dependent non-thermal contributions to the OH-based temperatures, especially for bands originating from high vibrational levels. Many studies of the mesopause region are affected.
S. Noll, W. Kausch, S. Kimeswenger, S. Unterguggenberger, and A. M. Jones
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3647–3669, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3647-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss a high-quality data set of simultaneous observations of 25 OH bands with an astronomical echelle spectrograph. These data allowed us to analyse band-dependent OH populations and temperatures. In particular, we could find different non-LTE contributions to OH rotational temperatures depending on band, line set, and observing time. This is critical for mesopause studies that use these temperatures as a proxy of the true temperatures.
A. G. Feofilov, A. A. Kutepov, C.-Y. She, A. K. Smith, W. D. Pesnell, and R. A. Goldberg
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9013–9023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9013-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9013-2012, 2012
M. Füllekrug, R. Roussel-Dupré, E. M. D. Symbalisty, J. J. Colman, O. Chanrion, S. Soula, O. van der Velde, A. Odzimek, A. J. Bennett, V. P. Pasko, and T. Neubert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7747–7754, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7747-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7747-2011, 2011
M. Füllekrug, C. Hanuise, and M. Parrot
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 667–673, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-667-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-667-2011, 2011
W. J. R. French and F. J. Mulligan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11439–11446, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11439-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11439-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Alken, P., Thébault, E., Beggan, C. D., Amit, H., ubert, J., Baerenzung,
J., Bondar, T. N., Brown, W. J., aliff, S., Chambodut, A., Chulliat, A., Cox,
G. A., Finlay, C. C., Fournier, A., Gillet, N., Grayver, A., Hammer, M. D.,
Holschneider, M., Huder, L., Hulot, G., Jager, T., Kloss, C., Korte, M.,
Kuang, W., Kuvshinov, A., Langlais, B., Léger, J.-M., Lesur, V.,
Livermore, P. W., Lowes, F. J., Macmillan, S., Magnes, W., Mandea, M.,
Marsal, S., Matzka, J., Metman, M. C., Minami, T., Morschhauser, A., Mound,
J. E., Nair, M., Nakano, S., Olsen, N., Pavón-Carrasco, F. J., Petrov,
V. G., Ropp, G., Rother, M., Sabaka, T. J., Sanchez, S., Saturnino, D.,
Schnepf, N. R., Shen, X., Stolle, C., Tangborn, A., Tøffner-Clausen, L.,
Toh, H., Torta, J. M., Varner, J., Vervelidou, F., Vigneron, P., Wardinski,
I., Wicht, J., Woods, A., Yang, Y., Zeren, Z., and Zhou, B.: International
Geomagnetic Reference Field: the thirteenth generation, Earth Planet. Space, 73, 49, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-020-01288-x, 2021. a
Baumann, C., Kero, A., Raizada, S., Rapp, M., Sulzer, M. P., Verronen, P. T., and Vierinen, J.: Arecibo measurements of D-region electron densities during sunset and sunrise: implications for atmospheric composition, Ann. Geophys., 40, 519–530, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-519-2022, 2022. a, b
Belrose, J. S.: Radio wave probing of the ionosphere by the partial reflection
of radio waves (from heights below 100 km), J. Atmos.
Terrest. Phys., 32, 567–596, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(70)90209-6,
1970. a, b
Briggs, B. H.: The analysis of spaced sensor records by correlation techniques,
MAP Handbook, 13, 166–186, 1984. a
Budden, K.: Approximations in magnetoionic theory, J. Atmos.
Terrest. Phys., 45, 213–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9169(83)80043-9,
1983. a
Burns, C., Turunen, E., Matveinen, H., Ranta, H., and Hargreaves, J.: Chemical
modelling of the quiet summer D- andE-regions using EISCAT electron
density profiles, J. Atmosp. Terrest. Phys., 53,
115–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(91)90026-4, 1991. a, b
Chau, J. L. and Woodman, R. F.: D and E region incoherent scatter radar
density measurements over Jicamarca, J. Geophys. Res.-Space
Phys., 110, A12314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011438, 2005. a
Clilverd, M. A., Duthie, R., Rodger, C. J., Hardman, R. L., and Yearby, K. H.:
Long-term climate change in the D-region, Sci. Rep., 7, 16683,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16891-4, 2017. a
Conte, J. F., Chau, J. L., Laskar, F. I., Stober, G., Schmidt, H., and Brown, P.: Semidiurnal solar tide differences between fall and spring transition times in the Northern Hemisphere, Ann. Geophys., 36, 999–1008, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-999-2018, 2018. a, b
del Pozo, C. F., Turunen, E., and Ulich, T.: Negative ions in the auroral mesosphere during a PCA event around sunset, Ann. Geophys., 17, 782–793, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0782-1, 1999. a
Flood, W. A.: A D region mid- and high-latitude approximation to the
Sen-Wyller refractive index equations, Radio Sci., 15, 797–799,
https://doi.org/10.1029/RS015i004p00797, 1980.
a
Friedrich, M. and Rapp, M.: News from the Lower Ionosphere: A Review of Recent
Developments, Surv. Geophys., 30, 525–559,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-009-9074-2, 2009. a
Friedrich, M. and Torkar, K. M.: An empirical model of the nonauroral D
Region, Radio Sci., 27, 945–953, https://doi.org/10.1029/92RS01929, 1992. a
Friedrich, M. and Torkar, K. M.: FIRI: A semiempirical model of the lower
ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res-.Space Phys., 106,
21409–21418, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900070, 2001. a, b
Friedrich, M., Harrich, M., Torkar, K., and Stauning, P.: Quantitative
measurements with wide-beam riometers, J. Atmos.
Solar-Terrest. Phys., 64, 359–365, 2002. a
Friedrich, M., Harrich, M., Steiner, R., Torkar, K., and Lübken, F.-J.: The
quiet auroral ionosphere and its neutral background, Adv. Space
Res., 33, 943–948, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.006, 2004. a
Friedrich, M., Rapp, M., Plane, J. M., and Torkar, K. M.: Bite-outs and other
depletions of mesospheric electrons, J. Atmos.
Solar-Terrest. Phys., 73, 2201–2211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.10.018,
2011. a
Friedrich, M., Pock, C., and Torkar, K.: FIRI-2018, an Updated Empirical
Model of the Lower Ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space
Phys., 123, 6737–6751, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025437, 2018a. a, b
Friedrich, M., Pock, C., and Torkar, K.: FIRI-2018, an Updated Empirical Model
of the Lower Ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys.,
123, 6737–6751, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025437, 2018b. a
Garcia, R. R., Solomon, S., Avery, S. K., and Reid, G. C.: Transport of nitric
oxide and the D region winter anomaly, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 92, 977–994, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD092iD01p00977, 1987. a
Grant, J., Grainger, R., Lawrence, B., Fraser, G., von Biel, H., Heuff, D.,
and Plank, G.: Retrieval of mesospheric electron densities using an optimal
estimation inverse method, J. Atmos. Solar-Terrest.
Phys., 66, 381–392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2003.12.006, 2004. a
Hall, C. M., Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., and Nozawa, S.: Isolated lower mesospheric echoes seen by medium frequency radar at 70∘ N, 19∘ E, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5307–5314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5307-2006, 2006. a
Hoffmann, P., Becker, E., Singer, W., and Placke, M.: Seasonal variation of
mesospheric waves at northern middle and high latitudes, J.
Atmos. Solar-Terrest. Phys., 72, 1068–1079,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.07.002, 2010. a, b
Holdsworth, D., Vuthaluru, R., Reid, I. M., and Vincent, R. A.: Differential
absorption measurements of mesospheric and lower thermospheric electron
densities using the Buckland Park MF radar, J. Atmos.
Solar-Terrest. Phys., 64, 2029–2042,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00232-8, 2002. a
Igarashi, K., Murayama, Y., Nagayama, M., and Kawana, S.: D-region electron
density measurements by MF radar in the middle and high latitudes, Adv. Space Res., 25, 25–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00893-5, 2000. a
Iimura, H., Fritts, D. C., Lieberman, R. S., Janches, D., Mitchell, N. J.,
Franke, S. J., Singer, W., Hocking, W. K., Taylor, M. J., and Moffat-Griffin,
T.: Climatology of quasi-2-day wave structure and variability at middle
latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres, J. Atmos.
Solar-Terrest. Phys., 221, 105690,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105690, 2021. a
Jaen, J., Renkwitz, T., Chau, J. L., He, M., Hoffmann, P., Yamazaki, Y., Jacobi, C., Tsutsumi, M., Matthias, V., and Hall, C.: Long-term studies of mesosphere and lower-thermosphere summer length definitions based on mean zonal wind features observed for more than one solar cycle at middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, Ann. Geophys., 40, 23–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-23-2022, 2022. a, b
Kawahira, K.: The D region winter anomaly at high and middle latitudes
induced by planetary waves, Radio Sci., 20, 795–802,
https://doi.org/10.1029/RS020i004p00795, 1985. a
Keuer, D., Hoffmann, P., Singer, W., and Bremer, J.: Long-term variations of the mesospheric wind field at mid-latitudes, Ann. Geophys., 25, 1779–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1779-2007, 2007. a
Liu, T., Yang, G., Zhao, Z., Liu, Y., Zhou, C., Jiang, C., Ni, B., Hu, Y., and
Zhu, P.: Design of Multifunctional Mesosphere-Ionosphere Sounding System and
Preliminary Results, Sensors, 20, 2664, https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092664, 2020. a
Lübken, F.-J.: Thermal structure of the Arctic summer mesosphere, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 9135–9149,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900076, 1999. a
McKinnell, L.-A. and Friedrich, M.: A neural network-based ionospheric model
for the auroral zone, J. Atmos. Solar-Terrest. Phys.,
69, 1459–1470, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.05.003, 2007. a, b
McNamara, L. F.: Statistical model of the D region, Radio Sci., 14,
1165–1173, https://doi.org/10.1029/RS014i006p01165, 1979. a
Mechtly, E. A.: Accuracy of rocket measurements of lower ionosphere electron
concentrations, Radio Sci., 9, 373–378, https://doi.org/10.1029/RS009i003p00373,
1974. a
Mitra, A.: A review of D-region processes in non-polar latitudes, J.
Atmos. Terrest. Phys., 30, 1065–1114,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9169(68)80001-7, 1968. a
Moro, J., Denardini, C. M., Correia, E., Abdu, M. A., Schuch, N. J., and Makita, K.: A comparison of two different techniques for deriving the quiet day curve from SARINET riometer data, Ann. Geophys., 30, 1159–1168, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1159-2012, 2012. a
NOAA: Space weather conditions – solar cycle progression,
https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/solar-cycle-progression (last access: 15 August 2023),
2023. a
Offermann, D.: An integrated GBR campaign for the study of the D-region
winter anomaly in western Europe 1975/76, J. Atmos.
Terrest. Phys., 41, 1047–1050, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(79)90080-1,
1979a. a
Offermann, D.: Recent advances in the study of the D-region winter anomaly,
J. Atmos. Terrest. Phys., 41, 735–752,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(79)90121-1, 1979b. a
Offermann, D.: A Winter Anomaly Campaign in Western Europe,
Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 296, 261–268, 1980. a
Osepian, A., Tereschenko, V., Dalin, P., and Kirkwood, S.: The role of atomic oxygen concentration in the ionization balance of the lower ionosphere during solar proton events, Ann. Geophys., 26, 131–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-131-2008, 2008. a
Palmer, R. D., Huang, X., Fukao, S., Yamamoto, M., and Nakamura, T.:
High-resolution wind profiling using combined spatial and frequency domain
interferometry, Radio Sci., 30, 1665–1679, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RS02594, 1995. a
Pancheva, D. V. and Mukhtarov, P. Y.: Modelling of the electron density height
profiles in the mid-latitude ionospheric D-region, Annals of Geophysics,
http://hdl.handle.net/2122/1713 (last access: 10 July 2023), 1996. a
Rapp, M. and Lübken, F.-J.: Polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE): Review of observations and current understanding, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2601–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2601-2004, 2004. a
Rapp, M., Lübken, F.-J., and Blix, T.: The role of charged ice particles for
the creation of PMSE: A review of recent developments, Adv. Space
Res., 31, 2033–2043, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00226-6, 2003. a
Renkwitz, T.: RenkwitzACP2023. Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Rostock, RADAR [data set], https://doi.org/10.22000/993, 2023. a
Renkwitz, T. and Latteck, R.: Variability of virtual layered phenomena in the
mesosphere observed with medium frequency radars at 69∘ N, J.
Atmos. Solar-Terrest. Phys., 163, 38–45,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.05.009, 2017. a, b
Renkwitz, T. and Latteck, R.: Angle of Arrival study of atmospheric high
frequency radar echoes, in: 2019 6th International Conference on Space
Science and Communication (IconSpace), 230–234,
https://doi.org/10.1109/IconSpace.2019.8905934, 2019. a
Renkwitz, T., Singer, W., Latteck, R., and Rapp, M.: Multi beam observations of
cosmic radio noise using a VHF radar with beam forming by a Butler
matrix, Adv. Radio Sci., 9, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-349-2011,
2011. a
Renkwitz, T., Tsutsumi, M., Laskar, F. I., Chau, J. L., and Latteck, R.: On the
role of anisotropic MF/HF scattering in mesospheric wind estimation, Earth,
Planet. Space, 70, 158, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0927-0, 2018. a, b, c
Renkwitz, T., Latteck, R., Strelnikova, I., Johnsen, M. G., and Chau, J. L.:
Characterization of polar mesospheric VHF radar echoes during solar minimum
winter 2019/2020. Part I: Ionisation, J. Atmos.
Solar-Terrest. Phys., 221, 105684, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105684,
2021. a, b
Roper, R. G. and Brosnahan, J. W.: Imaging Doppler interferometry and the
measurement of atmospheric turbulence, Radio Sci., 32, 1137–1148,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97RS00089, 1997. a
Russell, C. T. and McPherron, R. L.: Semiannual variation of geomagnetic
activity, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 92,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i001p00092, 1973. a
Sen, H. K. and Wyller, A. A.: On the generalization of the Appleton-Hartree
magnetoionic formulas, J. Geophys. Res. (1896–1977), 65,
3931–3950, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ065i012p03931, 1960. a
Silber, I. and Price, C.: On the Use of VLF Narrowband Measurements to
Study the Lower Ionosphere and the Mesosphere–Lower
Thermosphere, Surv. Geophys., 38, 407–441,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-016-9396-9, 2017. a
Singer, W., Latteck, R., and Holdsworth, D. A.: A new narrow beam Doppler
radar at 3 MHz for studies of the high-latitude middle atmosphere, Adv. Space Res., 41, 1488–1494, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.10.006, 2008. a, b
Singer, W., Latteck, R., Friedrich, M., Wakabayashi, M., and Rapp, M.: Seasonal
and solar activity variability of D-region electron density at
69∘ N, J. Atmos. Solar-Terrest. Phys., 73,
925–935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.09.012, 2011. a, b
Siskind, D. E., Zawdie, K. A., Sassi, F., Drob, D. P., and Friedrich, M.: An
Intercomparison of VLF and Sounding Rocket Techniques for
Measuring the Daytime D Region Ionosphere: Theoretical
Implications, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 123,
8688–8697, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025807, 2018. a
Staszak, T., Strelnikov, B., Latteck, R., Renkwitz, T., Friedrich, M.,
Baumgarten, G., and Lübken, F.-J.: Turbulence generated small-scale
structures as PMWE formation mechanism: Results from a rocket campaign,
J. Atmos. Solar-Terrest. Phys., 217, 105559,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105559, 2021. a
Strelnikov, B., Staszak, T., Latteck, R., Renkwitz, T., Strelnikova, I.,
Lübken, F.-J., Baumgarten, G., Fiedler, J., Chau, J. L., Stude, J., Rapp,
M., Friedrich, M., Gumbel, J., Hedin, J., Belova, E., Hörschgen-Eggers, M.,
Giono, G., Hörner, I., Löhle, S., Eberhart, M., and Fasoulas, S.: Sounding
rocket project ”PMWE” for investigation of polar mesosphere winter echoes,
J. Atmos. Solar-Terrest. Phys., 218, 105596,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105596, 2021.
a
Verronen, P. T., Seppälä, A., Clilverd, M. A., Rodger, C. J., Kyrölä, E.,
Enell, C.-F., Ulich, T., and Turunen, E.: Diurnal variation of ozone
depletion during the October-November 2003 solar proton events, J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 110, A09S32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010932,
2005. a
Verronen, P. T., Andersson, M. E., Marsh, D. R., Kovács, T., and Plane, J.
M. C.: WACCM-D—Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with
D-region ion chemistry, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 8,
954–975, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015MS000592, 2016. a
Vuthaluru, R.: MF radar observations of D-region electron densities at
Adelaide, PhD thesis, University Adelaide, 2003. a
Worthington, E. R. and Cohen, M. B.: The Estimation of D-Region Electron
Densities From Trans-Ionospheric Very Low Frequency Signals,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys., 126, e2021JA029256,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029256, 2021. a
Zhu, M., Xu, T., Sun, S., Zhou, C., Hu, Y., Ge, S., Li, N., Deng, Z., Zhang,
Y., and Liu, X.: Physical Model of D-Region Ionosphere and
Preliminary Comparison with IRI and Data of MF Radar at Kunming,
Atmosphere, 14, 235, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020235, 2023. a, b
Short summary
The paper focuses on remote sensing of the lowermost part of the ionosphere (D region) between ca. 50 and 90 km altitude, which overlaps widely with the mesosphere. We present a climatology of electron density over northern Norway, covering solar-maximum and solar-minimum conditions (2014–2022). Excluding detected energetic particle precipitation events, we derived a quiet-profile climatology. We also found a spring–fall asymmetry, while a symmetric solar zenith angle dependence was expected.
The paper focuses on remote sensing of the lowermost part of the ionosphere (D region) between...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint