Articles | Volume 23, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10267-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10267-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Spatiotemporal modeling of air pollutant concentrations in Germany using machine learning
Vigneshkumar Balamurugan
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
Adrian Wenzel
Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
Frank N. Keutsch
School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Total article views: 4,290 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Cited
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Non-uniform tropospheric NO2 level changes in European Union caused by governmental COVID-19 restrictions and geography G. Varga et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100145
- Clustering of emission–dispersion dynamics in a state space defined by pollution sources and meteorological variables . Yuval et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180051
- Multi-objective machine learning for health-oriented O3 and PM2.5 control: Integrating VOC photochemical consumption and source apportionment H. Jia et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141483
- Estimating surface-level NO2 concentrations in the Madrid region using Sentinel-5P observations and ground-based meteorological data with machine learning approaches C. Morillas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.121904
- Viabilidad e implicaciones de la Inteligencia Artificial para la estimación de la calidad del aire en España C. Morillasa et al. https://doi.org/10.59192/mapping.492
- Spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 and ozone in urban agglomerations of China and meteorological drivers for ozone using explainable machine learning Y. Lyu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125380
- Optimization of spatio-temporal ozone (O3) pollution modeling using an ensemble machine model learning with a swarm-based metaheuristic algorithm S. Razavi-Termeh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118764
- Co-evolving emission controls and climate impacts: A multi-decadal machine learning decomposition of urban O3 and NO2 air quality measurements M. Brancher https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121655
- Bias-corrected exceedance mapping of groundwater nitrate using geostatistical and machine-learning models A. Brenning et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.107097
- Geospatial-based estimation of NMHC concentrations through an ensemble stacking Geo-AI algorithm to advance air quality assessment T. Prahesti et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141210
- TROPOMI-Based PM2.5 Estimates and Their Evaluation During a High-Pollution Event in Germany J. Handschuh et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18040562
- Exploring AI potential in optical analysis of organic and elemental carbons: A review of emerging applications in airborne particulate characterization A. Agibayeva et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2025.102839
- Exploring the key meteorological drivers of air pollution by intrinsically interpretable deep learning C. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106571
- Satellite-driven modelling of NO2 and PM2.5 across Germany (2019–2024): A multi-sensor machine-learning approach R. Miller et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127898
- Sentinel Data for Monitoring of Pollutant Emissions by Maritime Transport—A Literature Review T. Batista et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132202
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Non-uniform tropospheric NO2 level changes in European Union caused by governmental COVID-19 restrictions and geography G. Varga et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100145
- Clustering of emission–dispersion dynamics in a state space defined by pollution sources and meteorological variables . Yuval et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180051
- Multi-objective machine learning for health-oriented O3 and PM2.5 control: Integrating VOC photochemical consumption and source apportionment H. Jia et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141483
- Estimating surface-level NO2 concentrations in the Madrid region using Sentinel-5P observations and ground-based meteorological data with machine learning approaches C. Morillas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.121904
- Viabilidad e implicaciones de la Inteligencia Artificial para la estimación de la calidad del aire en España C. Morillasa et al. https://doi.org/10.59192/mapping.492
- Spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 and ozone in urban agglomerations of China and meteorological drivers for ozone using explainable machine learning Y. Lyu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125380
- Optimization of spatio-temporal ozone (O3) pollution modeling using an ensemble machine model learning with a swarm-based metaheuristic algorithm S. Razavi-Termeh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118764
- Co-evolving emission controls and climate impacts: A multi-decadal machine learning decomposition of urban O3 and NO2 air quality measurements M. Brancher https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121655
- Bias-corrected exceedance mapping of groundwater nitrate using geostatistical and machine-learning models A. Brenning et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.107097
- Geospatial-based estimation of NMHC concentrations through an ensemble stacking Geo-AI algorithm to advance air quality assessment T. Prahesti et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141210
- TROPOMI-Based PM2.5 Estimates and Their Evaluation During a High-Pollution Event in Germany J. Handschuh et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18040562
- Exploring AI potential in optical analysis of organic and elemental carbons: A review of emerging applications in airborne particulate characterization A. Agibayeva et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2025.102839
- Exploring the key meteorological drivers of air pollution by intrinsically interpretable deep learning C. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106571
- Satellite-driven modelling of NO2 and PM2.5 across Germany (2019–2024): A multi-sensor machine-learning approach R. Miller et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127898
- Sentinel Data for Monitoring of Pollutant Emissions by Maritime Transport—A Literature Review T. Batista et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132202
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 15 Aug 2026
Short summary
In this study, machine learning models are employed to model NO2 and O3 concentrations. We employed a wide range of sources of data, including meteorological and column satellite measurements, to model NO2 and O3 concentrations. The spatial and temporal variability, and their drivers, were investigated. Notably, the machine learning model established the relationship between NOx and O3. Despite the fact that metropolitan regions are NO2 hotspots, rural areas have high O3 concentrations.
In this study, machine learning models are employed to model NO2 and O3 concentrations. We...
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