Articles | Volume 22, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9435-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9435-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Jul 2022
Research article |
| 22 Jul 2022
| 22 Jul 2022
Radar observations of winds, waves and tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over South Georgia island (54° S, 36° W) and comparison with WACCM simulations
Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
Nicholas J. Mitchell
Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Neil Cobbett
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Anne K. Smith
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Dave C. Fritts
GATS, Boulder, CO, USA
Diego Janches
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Corwin J. Wright
Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
Tracy Moffat-Griffin
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Related authors
Chaim I. Garfinkel, Zachary D. Lawrence, Amy H. Butler, Etienne Dunn-Sigouin, Irene Erner, Alexey Yu. Karpechko, Gerbrand Koren, Marta Abalos, Blanca Ayarzaguena, David Barriopedro, Natalia Calvo, Alvaro de la Cámara, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Judah Cohen, Daniela I. V. Domeisen, Javier García-Serrano, Neil P. Hindley, Martin Jucker, Hera Kim, Robert W. Lee, Simon H. Lee, Marisol Osman, Froila M. Palmeiro, Inna Polichtchouk, Jian Rao, Jadwiga H. Richter, Chen Schwartz, Seok-Woo Son, Masakazu Taguchi, Nicholas L. Tyrrell, Corwin J. Wright, and Rachel W.-Y. Wu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1762, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1762, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Variability in the extratropical stratosphere and troposphere are coupled, and because of the longer timescales characteristic of the stratosphere, this allows for a window of opportunity for surface prediction. This paper assesses whether models used for operational prediction capture these coupling processes accurately. We find that most processes are too-weak, however downward coupling from the lower stratosphere to the near surface is too strong.
Gunter Stober, Sharon L. Vadas, Erich Becker, Alan Liu, Alexander Kozlovsky, Diego Janches, Zishun Qiao, Witali Krochin, Guochun Shi, Wen Yi, Jie Zeng, Peter Brown, Denis Vida, Neil Hindley, Christoph Jacobi, Damian Murphy, Ricardo Buriti, Vania Andrioli, Paulo Batista, John Marino, Scott Palo, Denise Thorsen, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Kathrin Baumgarten, Johan Kero, Evgenia Belova, Nicholas Mitchell, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Na Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4851–4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4851-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4851-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha‘apai volcano exploded in a vigorous eruption, causing many atmospheric phenomena reaching from the surface up to space. In this study, we investigate how the mesospheric winds were affected by the volcanogenic gravity waves and estimated their propagation direction and speed. The interplay between model and observations permits us to gain new insights into the vertical coupling through atmospheric gravity waves.
Timothy P. Banyard, Corwin J. Wright, Scott M. Osprey, Neil P. Hindley, Gemma Halloran, Lawrence Coy, Paul A. Newman, Neal Butchart, Martina Bramberger, and M. Joan Alexander
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2465–2490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2465-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2465-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2019/2020, the tropical stratospheric wind phenomenon known as the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) was disrupted for only the second time in the historical record. This was poorly forecasted, and we want to understand why. We used measurements from the first Doppler wind lidar in space, Aeolus, to observe the disruption in an unprecedented way. Our results reveal important differences between Aeolus and the ERA5 reanalysis that affect the timing of the disruption's onset and its evolution.
Xue Wu, Lars Hoffmann, Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, M. Joan Alexander, Silvio Kalisch, Xin Wang, Bing Chen, Yinan Wang, and Daren Lyu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3008, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3008, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study identified a noteworthy time-lagged correlation between hurricane intensity and stratospheric gravity wave intensities during hurricane intensification. Meanwhile, the study reveals distinct frequencies, horizontal wavelengths, and vertical wavelengths in the inner core region during hurricane intensification, offering essential insights for monitoring hurricane intensity via satellite observations of stratospheric gravity waves.
Zachary D. Lawrence, Marta Abalos, Blanca Ayarzagüena, David Barriopedro, Amy H. Butler, Natalia Calvo, Alvaro de la Cámara, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Daniela I. V. Domeisen, Etienne Dunn-Sigouin, Javier García-Serrano, Chaim I. Garfinkel, Neil P. Hindley, Liwei Jia, Martin Jucker, Alexey Y. Karpechko, Hera Kim, Andrea L. Lang, Simon H. Lee, Pu Lin, Marisol Osman, Froila M. Palmeiro, Judith Perlwitz, Inna Polichtchouk, Jadwiga H. Richter, Chen Schwartz, Seok-Woo Son, Irene Erner, Masakazu Taguchi, Nicholas L. Tyrrell, Corwin J. Wright, and Rachel W.-Y. Wu
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 977–1001, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-977-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-977-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Forecast models that are used to predict weather often struggle to represent the Earth’s stratosphere. This may impact their ability to predict surface weather weeks in advance, on subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) timescales. We use data from many S2S forecast systems to characterize and compare the stratospheric biases present in such forecast models. These models have many similar stratospheric biases, but they tend to be worse in systems with low model tops located within the stratosphere.
Isabell Krisch, Neil P. Hindley, Oliver Reitebuch, and Corwin J. Wright
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3465–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Aeolus satellite measures global height resolved profiles of wind along a certain line-of-sight. However, for atmospheric dynamics research, wind measurements along the three cardinal axes are most useful. This paper presents methods to convert the measurements into zonal and meridional wind components. By combining the measurements during ascending and descending orbits, we achieve good derivation of zonal wind (equatorward of 80° latitude) and meridional wind (poleward of 70° latitude).
Phoebe Noble, Neil Hindley, Corwin Wright, Chihoko Cullens, Scott England, Nicholas Pedatella, Nicholas Mitchell, and Tracy Moffat-Griffin
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-150, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-150, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We use long term radar data and the WACCM-X model to study the impact of dynamical phenomena, including the 11-year solar cycle, ENSO, QBO and SAM, on Antarctic mesospheric winds. We find that in summer, the zonal wind (both observationally and in the model) is strongly correlated with the solar cycle. We also see important differences in the results from the other processes. In addition we find important and large biases in the winter model zonal winds relative to the observations.
Corwin J. Wright, Richard J. Hall, Timothy P. Banyard, Neil P. Hindley, Isabell Krisch, Daniel M. Mitchell, and William J. M. Seviour
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 1283–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1283-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1283-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are some of the most dramatic events in the atmosphere and are believed to help cause extreme winter weather events such as the 2018 Beast from the East in Europe and North America. Here, we use unique data from the European Space Agency's new Aeolus satellite to make the first-ever measurements at a global scale of wind changes due to an SSW in the lower part of the atmosphere to help us understand how SSWs affect the atmosphere and surface weather.
Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, M. Joan Alexander, Laura A. Holt, and Lars Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5873–5886, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring atmospheric gravity waves in low vertical-resolution data is technically challenging, especially when the waves are significantly longer in the vertical than in the length of the measurement domain. We introduce and demonstrate a modification to the existing Stockwell transform methods of characterising these waves that address these problems, with no apparent reduction in the other capabilities of the technique.
Neil P. Hindley, Corwin J. Wright, Alan M. Gadian, Lars Hoffmann, John K. Hughes, David R. Jackson, John C. King, Nicholas J. Mitchell, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, Andrew C. Moss, Simon B. Vosper, and Andrew N. Ross
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7695–7722, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7695-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7695-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
One limitation of numerical atmospheric models is spatial resolution. For atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) generated over small mountainous islands, the driving effect of these waves on atmospheric circulations can be underestimated. Here we use a specialised high-resolution model over South Georgia island to compare simulated stratospheric GWs to colocated 3-D satellite observations. We find reasonable model agreement with observations, with some GW amplitudes much larger than expected.
Neil P. Hindley, Corwin J. Wright, Nathan D. Smith, Lars Hoffmann, Laura A. Holt, M. Joan Alexander, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15377–15414, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15377-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15377-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a 3–D Stockwell transform is applied to AIRS–Aqua satellite observations in the first extended 3–D study of stratospheric gravity waves over the Southern Ocean during winter. A dynamic environment is revealed that contains some of the most intense gravity wave sources on Earth. A particularly striking result is a large–scale meridional convergence of gravity wave momentum flux towards latitudes near 60 °S, something which is not normally considered in model parameterisations.
Corwin J. Wright and Neil P. Hindley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13703–13731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13703-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13703-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Reanalyses (RAs) are models which assimilate observations and are widely used as proxies for the true atmospheric state. Here, we resample six leading RAs using the weighting functions of four high-res satellite instruments, allowing a like-for-like comparison. We find that the RAs generally reproduce the satellite data well, except at high altitudes and in the tropics. However, we also find that the RAs more tightly correlate with each other than with observations, even those they assimilate.
Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, Lars Hoffmann, M. Joan Alexander, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8553–8575, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8553-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8553-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel 3-D method of measuring atmospheric gravity waves, based around a 3-D Stockwell transform. Our method lets us measure new properties, including wave intrinsic frequencies and phase and group velocities. We apply it to data from the AIRS satellite instrument over the Southern Andes for two consecutive winters. Our results show clear evidence that the waves measured are primarily orographic in origin, and that their group velocity vectors are focused into the polar night jet.
Arthur Gauthier, Claudia Borries, Alexander Kozlovsky, Diego Janches, Peter Brown, Denis Vida, Christoph Jacobi, Damian Murphy, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Johan Kero, Nicholas Mitchell, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Gunter Stober
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-13, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-13, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI)-Meteor Radar(MR) comparison of zonal and meridional winds and their dependence on local time and latitude. The correlation calculation between TIDI winds measurements and MR winds shows good agreement. A TIDI-MR seasonal comparison and the altitude-latitude dependence for winds is performed. TIDI reproduce the mean circulation well when compared with the MRs and might be useful as a lower boundary for general circulation models.
Natalie Kaifler, Bernd Kaifler, Markus Rapp, Guiping Liu, Diego Janches, Gerd Baumgarten, and Jose-Luis Hormaechea
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2318, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2318, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Noctilucent clouds (NLC) are silvery clouds that can be viewed during twilight and indicate atmospheric conditions like temperature and water vapor in the upper mesosphere. High-resolution measurements from a remote-sensing laser instrument provide NLC height, brightness and occurrence rate since 2017. Most observations occur in the morning hours, likely caused by strong tidal winds, and NLC ice particles are thus transported from elsewhere to the observing location in the southern hemisphere.
Chaim I. Garfinkel, Zachary D. Lawrence, Amy H. Butler, Etienne Dunn-Sigouin, Irene Erner, Alexey Yu. Karpechko, Gerbrand Koren, Marta Abalos, Blanca Ayarzaguena, David Barriopedro, Natalia Calvo, Alvaro de la Cámara, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Judah Cohen, Daniela I. V. Domeisen, Javier García-Serrano, Neil P. Hindley, Martin Jucker, Hera Kim, Robert W. Lee, Simon H. Lee, Marisol Osman, Froila M. Palmeiro, Inna Polichtchouk, Jian Rao, Jadwiga H. Richter, Chen Schwartz, Seok-Woo Son, Masakazu Taguchi, Nicholas L. Tyrrell, Corwin J. Wright, and Rachel W.-Y. Wu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1762, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1762, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Variability in the extratropical stratosphere and troposphere are coupled, and because of the longer timescales characteristic of the stratosphere, this allows for a window of opportunity for surface prediction. This paper assesses whether models used for operational prediction capture these coupling processes accurately. We find that most processes are too-weak, however downward coupling from the lower stratosphere to the near surface is too strong.
Kimberlee Dube, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, Douglas Degenstein, William Randel, Sean Davis, Michael Schwartz, Nathaniel Livesey, and Anne Smith
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1252, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1252, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gas emissions that warm the troposphere also result in stratospheric cooling. The cooling rate is difficult to quantify above 35 km due to a deficit of long-term observational data in this region. We use satellite observations from several instruments, including a new temperature product from OSIRIS, to show that the upper stratosphere, from 35–60 km, cooled by 0.5 to 1 K/decade over 2005–2021, and by 0.6 K/decade over 1979–2021.
Gunter Stober, Sharon L. Vadas, Erich Becker, Alan Liu, Alexander Kozlovsky, Diego Janches, Zishun Qiao, Witali Krochin, Guochun Shi, Wen Yi, Jie Zeng, Peter Brown, Denis Vida, Neil Hindley, Christoph Jacobi, Damian Murphy, Ricardo Buriti, Vania Andrioli, Paulo Batista, John Marino, Scott Palo, Denise Thorsen, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Kathrin Baumgarten, Johan Kero, Evgenia Belova, Nicholas Mitchell, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Na Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4851–4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4851-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4851-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha‘apai volcano exploded in a vigorous eruption, causing many atmospheric phenomena reaching from the surface up to space. In this study, we investigate how the mesospheric winds were affected by the volcanogenic gravity waves and estimated their propagation direction and speed. The interplay between model and observations permits us to gain new insights into the vertical coupling through atmospheric gravity waves.
Timothy P. Banyard, Corwin J. Wright, Scott M. Osprey, Neil P. Hindley, Gemma Halloran, Lawrence Coy, Paul A. Newman, Neal Butchart, Martina Bramberger, and M. Joan Alexander
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2465–2490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2465-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2465-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2019/2020, the tropical stratospheric wind phenomenon known as the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) was disrupted for only the second time in the historical record. This was poorly forecasted, and we want to understand why. We used measurements from the first Doppler wind lidar in space, Aeolus, to observe the disruption in an unprecedented way. Our results reveal important differences between Aeolus and the ERA5 reanalysis that affect the timing of the disruption's onset and its evolution.
Gareth Chisham, Andrew J. Kavanagh, Neil Cobbett, Paul Breen, and Tim Barnes
Ann. Geophys., 42, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Solar tides in the atmosphere are driven by solar heating on the dayside of the Earth. They result in large-scale periodic motion of the upper atmosphere. This motion can be measured by ground-based radars. This paper shows that making measurements at a higher time resolution than the standard operation provides a better description of higher-frequency tidal variations. This will improve the inputs to empirical atmospheric models and the benefits of data assimilation.
Xue Wu, Lars Hoffmann, Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, M. Joan Alexander, Silvio Kalisch, Xin Wang, Bing Chen, Yinan Wang, and Daren Lyu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3008, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3008, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study identified a noteworthy time-lagged correlation between hurricane intensity and stratospheric gravity wave intensities during hurricane intensification. Meanwhile, the study reveals distinct frequencies, horizontal wavelengths, and vertical wavelengths in the inner core region during hurricane intensification, offering essential insights for monitoring hurricane intensity via satellite observations of stratospheric gravity waves.
Benjamin Witschas, Sonja Gisinger, Stephan Rahm, Andreas Dörnbrack, David C. Fritts, and Markus Rapp
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1087–1101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, a novel scan technique is applied to an airborne coherent Doppler wind lidar, enabling us to measure the vertical wind speed and the horizontal wind speed along flight direction simultaneously with a horizontal resolution of about 800 m and a vertical resolution of 100 m. The performed observations are valuable for gravity wave characterization as they allow us to calculate the leg-averaged momentum flux profile and, with that, the propagation direction of excited gravity waves.
Natalie Kaifler, Bernd Kaifler, Markus Rapp, and David C. Fritts
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 949–961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-949-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-949-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used a lidar to measure polar mesospheric clouds from a balloon floating in the upper stratosphere. The thin-layered ice clouds at 83 km altitude are perturbed by waves. The high-resolution lidar soundings reveal small-scale structures induced by the breaking of those waves. We study these patterns and find that they occur very often. We show their morphology and discuss associated dynamical physical processes, which help to interpret case studies and to guide modelling.
Natalie Kaifler, Bernd Kaifler, Markus Rapp, and David C. Fritts
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4923–4934, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4923-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4923-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs), our Earth’s highest clouds at the edge of space, with a Rayleigh lidar from a stratospheric balloon. We describe how we derive the cloud’s brightness and discuss the stability of the gondola pointing and the sensitivity of our measurements. We present our high-resolution PMC dataset that is used to study dynamical processes in the upper mesosphere, e.g. regarding gravity waves, mesospheric bores, vortex rings, and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities.
Gunter Stober, Alan Liu, Alexander Kozlovsky, Zishun Qiao, Ales Kuchar, Christoph Jacobi, Chris Meek, Diego Janches, Guiping Liu, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Evgenia Belova, Johan Kero, and Nicholas Mitchell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5769–5792, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5769-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5769-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Precise and accurate measurements of vertical winds at the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are rare. Although meteor radars have been used for decades to observe horizontal winds, their ability to derive reliable vertical wind measurements was always questioned. In this article, we provide mathematical concepts to retrieve mathematically and physically consistent solutions, which are compared to the state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic model UA-ICON.
Zachary D. Lawrence, Marta Abalos, Blanca Ayarzagüena, David Barriopedro, Amy H. Butler, Natalia Calvo, Alvaro de la Cámara, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Daniela I. V. Domeisen, Etienne Dunn-Sigouin, Javier García-Serrano, Chaim I. Garfinkel, Neil P. Hindley, Liwei Jia, Martin Jucker, Alexey Y. Karpechko, Hera Kim, Andrea L. Lang, Simon H. Lee, Pu Lin, Marisol Osman, Froila M. Palmeiro, Judith Perlwitz, Inna Polichtchouk, Jadwiga H. Richter, Chen Schwartz, Seok-Woo Son, Irene Erner, Masakazu Taguchi, Nicholas L. Tyrrell, Corwin J. Wright, and Rachel W.-Y. Wu
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 977–1001, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-977-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-977-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Forecast models that are used to predict weather often struggle to represent the Earth’s stratosphere. This may impact their ability to predict surface weather weeks in advance, on subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) timescales. We use data from many S2S forecast systems to characterize and compare the stratospheric biases present in such forecast models. These models have many similar stratospheric biases, but they tend to be worse in systems with low model tops located within the stratosphere.
Abhiram Doddi, Dale Lawrence, David Fritts, Ling Wang, Thomas Lund, William Brown, Dragan Zajic, and Lakshmi Kantha
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4023–4045, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4023-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4023-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Small-scale turbulent structures are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, yet our understanding of their structure and dynamics is vastly incomplete. IDEAL aimed to improve our understanding of small-scale turbulent flow features in the lower atmosphere. A small, unmanned, fixed-wing aircraft was employed to make targeted observations of atmospheric columns. Measured data were used to guide atmospheric model simulations designed to describe the structure and dynamics of small-scale turbulence.
Isabell Krisch, Neil P. Hindley, Oliver Reitebuch, and Corwin J. Wright
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3465–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Aeolus satellite measures global height resolved profiles of wind along a certain line-of-sight. However, for atmospheric dynamics research, wind measurements along the three cardinal axes are most useful. This paper presents methods to convert the measurements into zonal and meridional wind components. By combining the measurements during ascending and descending orbits, we achieve good derivation of zonal wind (equatorward of 80° latitude) and meridional wind (poleward of 70° latitude).
Phoebe Noble, Neil Hindley, Corwin Wright, Chihoko Cullens, Scott England, Nicholas Pedatella, Nicholas Mitchell, and Tracy Moffat-Griffin
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-150, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-150, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We use long term radar data and the WACCM-X model to study the impact of dynamical phenomena, including the 11-year solar cycle, ENSO, QBO and SAM, on Antarctic mesospheric winds. We find that in summer, the zonal wind (both observationally and in the model) is strongly correlated with the solar cycle. We also see important differences in the results from the other processes. In addition we find important and large biases in the winter model zonal winds relative to the observations.
Corwin J. Wright, Richard J. Hall, Timothy P. Banyard, Neil P. Hindley, Isabell Krisch, Daniel M. Mitchell, and William J. M. Seviour
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 1283–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1283-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1283-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are some of the most dramatic events in the atmosphere and are believed to help cause extreme winter weather events such as the 2018 Beast from the East in Europe and North America. Here, we use unique data from the European Space Agency's new Aeolus satellite to make the first-ever measurements at a global scale of wind changes due to an SSW in the lower part of the atmosphere to help us understand how SSWs affect the atmosphere and surface weather.
Gunter Stober, Ales Kuchar, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Huixin Liu, Han-Li Liu, Hauke Schmidt, Christoph Jacobi, Kathrin Baumgarten, Peter Brown, Diego Janches, Damian Murphy, Alexander Kozlovsky, Mark Lester, Evgenia Belova, Johan Kero, and Nicholas Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13855–13902, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Little is known about the climate change of wind systems in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at the edge of space at altitudes from 70–110 km. Meteor radars represent a well-accepted remote sensing technique to measure winds at these altitudes. Here we present a state-of-the-art climatological interhemispheric comparison using continuous and long-lasting observations from worldwide distributed meteor radars from the Arctic to the Antarctic and sophisticated general circulation models.
Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, M. Joan Alexander, Laura A. Holt, and Lars Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5873–5886, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring atmospheric gravity waves in low vertical-resolution data is technically challenging, especially when the waves are significantly longer in the vertical than in the length of the measurement domain. We introduce and demonstrate a modification to the existing Stockwell transform methods of characterising these waves that address these problems, with no apparent reduction in the other capabilities of the technique.
Matthew J. Griffith, Shaun M. Dempsey, David R. Jackson, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Ann. Geophys., 39, 487–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
There is great scientific interest in extending atmospheric models upwards to include the upper atmosphere. The Met Office’s Unified Model has recently been successfully extended to include this region. Atmospheric tides are an important driver of atmospheric motion at these greater heights. This paper provides a first comparison of winds and tides produced by the new extended model with meteor radar observations, comparing key tidal properties and discussing their similarities and differences.
Neil P. Hindley, Corwin J. Wright, Alan M. Gadian, Lars Hoffmann, John K. Hughes, David R. Jackson, John C. King, Nicholas J. Mitchell, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, Andrew C. Moss, Simon B. Vosper, and Andrew N. Ross
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7695–7722, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7695-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7695-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
One limitation of numerical atmospheric models is spatial resolution. For atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) generated over small mountainous islands, the driving effect of these waves on atmospheric circulations can be underestimated. Here we use a specialised high-resolution model over South Georgia island to compare simulated stratospheric GWs to colocated 3-D satellite observations. We find reasonable model agreement with observations, with some GW amplitudes much larger than expected.
Gunter Stober, Diego Janches, Vivien Matthias, Dave Fritts, John Marino, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, Kathrin Baumgarten, Wonseok Lee, Damian Murphy, Yong Ha Kim, Nicholas Mitchell, and Scott Palo
Ann. Geophys., 39, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1-2021, 2021
Andrew Orr, J. Scott Hosking, Aymeric Delon, Lars Hoffmann, Reinhold Spang, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, James Keeble, Nathan Luke Abraham, and Peter Braesicke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12483–12497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12483-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12483-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are clouds found in the Antarctic winter stratosphere and are implicated in the formation of the ozone hole. These clouds can sometimes be formed or enhanced by mountain waves, formed as air passes over hills or mountains. However, this important mechanism is missing in coarse-resolution climate models, limiting our ability to simulate ozone. This study examines an attempt to include the effects of mountain waves and their impact on PSCs and ozone.
Yoshio Kawatani, Toshihiko Hirooka, Kevin Hamilton, Anne K. Smith, and Masatomo Fujiwara
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9115–9133, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9115-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9115-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on a project to compare the representation of the semiannual oscillation (SAO) among six major global atmospheric reanalyses and with recent satellite observations. The differences among the zonal mean zonal wind as represented by the various reanalyses display a prominent equatorial maximum that increases with height. It is shown that assimilation of satellite temperature measurements is crucial for the realistic representation of the tropical upper stratospheric circulation.
Neil P. Hindley, Corwin J. Wright, Nathan D. Smith, Lars Hoffmann, Laura A. Holt, M. Joan Alexander, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15377–15414, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15377-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15377-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a 3–D Stockwell transform is applied to AIRS–Aqua satellite observations in the first extended 3–D study of stratospheric gravity waves over the Southern Ocean during winter. A dynamic environment is revealed that contains some of the most intense gravity wave sources on Earth. A particularly striking result is a large–scale meridional convergence of gravity wave momentum flux towards latitudes near 60 °S, something which is not normally considered in model parameterisations.
Young-Ha Kim, George N. Kiladis, John R. Albers, Juliana Dias, Masatomo Fujiwara, James A. Anstey, In-Sun Song, Corwin J. Wright, Yoshio Kawatani, François Lott, and Changhyun Yoo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10027–10050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10027-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10027-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Reanalyses are widely used products of meteorological variables, generated using observational data and assimilation systems. We compare six modern reanalyses, with focus on their representation of equatorial waves which are important in stratospheric variability and stratosphere–troposphere exchange. Agreement/spreads among the reanalyses in the spectral properties and spatial distributions of the waves are examined, and satellite impacts on the wave representation in reanalyses are discussed.
Corwin J. Wright and Neil P. Hindley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13703–13731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13703-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13703-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Reanalyses (RAs) are models which assimilate observations and are widely used as proxies for the true atmospheric state. Here, we resample six leading RAs using the weighting functions of four high-res satellite instruments, allowing a like-for-like comparison. We find that the RAs generally reproduce the satellite data well, except at high altitudes and in the tropics. However, we also find that the RAs more tightly correlate with each other than with observations, even those they assimilate.
Gabriel Augusto Giongo, José Valentin Bageston, Paulo Prado Batista, Cristiano Max Wrasse, Gabriela Dornelles Bittencourt, Igo Paulino, Neusa Maria Paes Leme, David C. Fritts, Diego Janches, Wayne Hocking, and Nelson Jorge Schuch
Ann. Geophys., 36, 253–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-253-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-253-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents four events of mesosphere fronts observed on King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, in the year 2011. The atmospheric background environment was analyzed to investigate the propagation conditions for all cases. To investigate the sources for such cases, satellite images were used. In two cases, we found that strong tropospheric instabilities were potential sources, and in the other two cases, it was not possible to associate them with tropospheric sources.
Peter A. Panka, Alexander A. Kutepov, Konstantinos S. Kalogerakis, Diego Janches, James M. Russell, Ladislav Rezac, Artem G. Feofilov, Martin G. Mlynczak, and Erdal Yiğit
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9751–9760, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9751-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9751-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, theoretical and laboratory studies have suggested an additional
nighttime channel of transfer of vibrational energy of OH molecules to CO2 in the
mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). We show that new mechanism brings
modelled 4.3 μm emissions very close to the SABER/TIMED measurements. This
renders new opportunities for the application of the CO2 4.3 μm observations in
the study of the energetics and dynamics of the nighttime MLT.
Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, Lars Hoffmann, M. Joan Alexander, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8553–8575, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8553-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8553-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel 3-D method of measuring atmospheric gravity waves, based around a 3-D Stockwell transform. Our method lets us measure new properties, including wave intrinsic frequencies and phase and group velocities. We apply it to data from the AIRS satellite instrument over the Southern Andes for two consecutive winters. Our results show clear evidence that the waves measured are primarily orographic in origin, and that their group velocity vectors are focused into the polar night jet.
William T. Ball, Aleš Kuchař, Eugene V. Rozanov, Johannes Staehelin, Fiona Tummon, Anne K. Smith, Timofei Sukhodolov, Andrea Stenke, Laura Revell, Ancelin Coulon, Werner Schmutz, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15485–15500, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15485-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15485-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We find monthly, mid-latitude temperature changes above 40 km are related to ozone and temperature variations throughout the middle atmosphere. We develop an index to represent this atmospheric variability. In statistical analysis, the index can account for up to 60 % of variability in tropical temperature and ozone above 27 km. The uncertainties can be reduced by up to 35 % and 20 % in temperature and ozone, respectively. This index is an important tool to quantify current and future ozone recovery.
David A. Newnham, George P. Ford, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Hugh C. Pumphrey
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 3309–3323, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3309-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3309-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate the feasibility of measuring polar atmospheric winds over the altitude range 23–97 km using ground-based millimetre-wave Doppler radiometry. Atmospheric and instrument simulations were carried out for Halley station, Antarctica. This remote sensing technique will provide continuous horizontal wind observations in the stratosphere and mesosphere where measurements are currently very limited. The data are needed for meteorological analyses and atmospheric modelling applications.
Neil P. Hindley, Nathan D. Smith, Corwin J. Wright, D. Andrew S. Rees, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2545–2565, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2545-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2545-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity waves are medium-sized momentum-carrying atmospheric waves that nearly all weather and climate models struggle to represent. Thus, the accurate global measurement of gravity-wave properties in the real atmosphere is of key importance. Here we use a new two-dimensional Stockwell transform (2-DST) method to measure key GW properties in 2-D satellite data. We show that our 2-DST approach greatly improves upon current methods, particularly if a new elliptical spectral window is used.
Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, Andrew C. Moss, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 877–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-877-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-877-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Seven gravity-wave-resolving instruments (satellites, radiosondes and a meteor radar) are used to compare gravity-wave energy and vertical wavelength over the Southern Andes hotspot. Several conclusions are drawn, including that limb sounders and the radar show strong positive correlations. Radiosondes and AIRS weakly anticorrelate with other instruments and we see strong correlations with local stratospheric winds. Short-timescale variability is larger than the seasonal cycle.
Andrew C. Moss, Corwin J. Wright, Robin N. Davis, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Ann. Geophys., 34, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-323-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-323-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity waves are fundamental to the dynamics of the mesosphere. In some years very strong winds are observed in the first phase of the MSAO. It has been proposed that this is due to filtering of ascending gravity waves. We report the first gravity-wave momentum flux observations from the Ascension Island (8° S, 14° W) meteor radar and show that anomalous fluxes were observed during one such event in 2002. Analysis of the underlying winds suggests the wave-filtering hypothesis is not valid.
H. Iimura, D. C. Fritts, D. Janches, W. Singer, and N. J. Mitchell
Ann. Geophys., 33, 1349–1359, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1349-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1349-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The quasi-5-day wave at mid- and high-latitudes in the mesosphere and lower-thermosphere was compared between the hemispheres using meteor radar horizontal wind measurements, spanning June 2010 to December 2012. Variances of the quasi-5-day wave showed a wave activity from July to August in both hemispheres and in April 2012 in the Northern Hemisphere and November 2012 in the Southern Hemisphere with unique characteristics at each site.
N. P. Hindley, C. J. Wright, N. D. Smith, and N. J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7797–7818, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7797-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7797-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In nearly all GCMs, unresolved gravity wave (GW) drag may cause the southern stratospheric winter polar vortex to break down too late. Here, we characterise GWs in this region of the atmosphere using GPS radio occultation. We find GWs may propagate into the region from other latitudes. We develop a new quantitative wave identification method to learn about regional wave populations. We also find intense GW momentum fluxes over the southern Andes and Antarctic Peninsula GW hot spot.
M. P. Langowski, C. von Savigny, J. P. Burrows, W. Feng, J. M. C. Plane, D. R. Marsh, D. Janches, M. Sinnhuber, A. C. Aikin, and P. Liebing
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 273–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-273-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-273-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Global concentration fields of Mg and Mg+ in the Earth's upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (70-150km) are presented. These are retrieved from SCIAMACHY/Envisat satellite grating spectrometer measurements in limb viewing geometry between 2008 and 2012.
These were compared with WACCM-Mg model results and a large fraction of the available measurement results for these species, and an interpretation of the results is done. The variation of these species during NLC presence is discussed.
A. C. Kren, D. R. Marsh, A. K. Smith, and P. Pilewskie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4843–4856, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4843-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4843-2014, 2014
V. F. Andrioli, D. C. Fritts, P. P. Batista, B. R. Clemesha, and D. Janches
Ann. Geophys., 31, 2123–2135, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2123-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2123-2013, 2013
S. S. Dhomse, M. P. Chipperfield, W. Feng, W. T. Ball, Y. C. Unruh, J. D. Haigh, N. A. Krivova, S. K. Solanki, and A. K. Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10113–10123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10113-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10113-2013, 2013
R. N. Davis, J. Du, A. K. Smith, W. E. Ward, and N. J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9543–9564, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9543-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9543-2013, 2013
K. A. Day and N. J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9515–9523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9515-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9515-2013, 2013
V. F. Andrioli, D. C. Fritts, P. P. Batista, and B. R. Clemesha
Ann. Geophys., 31, 889–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-889-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-889-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Dynamics | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Mesosphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Variations in global zonal wind from 18 to 100 km due to solar activity and the quasi-biennial oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation during 2002–2019
Simultaneous in situ measurements of small-scale structures in neutral, plasma, and atomic oxygen densities during the WADIS sounding rocket project
Mesospheric anomalous diffusion during noctilucent cloud scenarios
Thermal structure of the mesopause region during the WADIS-2 rocket campaign
On the origin of the mesospheric quasi-stationary planetary waves in the unusual Arctic winter 2015/2016
Influence of geomagnetic activity on mesopause temperature over Yakutia
Quasi-12 h inertia–gravity waves in the lower mesosphere observed by the PANSY radar at Syowa Station (39.6° E, 69.0° S)
Change in turbopause altitude at 52 and 70° N
High-resolution observations of the near-surface wind field over an isolated mountain and in a steep river canyon
Characteristics and sources of gravity waves observed in noctilucent cloud over Norway
Observation of a mesospheric front in a thermal-doppler duct over King George Island, Antarctica
The role of the QBO in the inter-hemispheric coupling of summer mesospheric temperatures
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, and Vania F. Andrioli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6145–6167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Winds are important in characterizing atmospheric dynamics and coupling. However, it is difficult to directly measure the global winds from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere. We developed a global zonal wind dataset according to the gradient wind theory and SABER and meteor radar observations. Using the dataset, we studied the intra-annual, inter-annual, and long-term variations. This is helpful to understand the variations and coupling of the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere.
Boris Strelnikov, Martin Eberhart, Martin Friedrich, Jonas Hedin, Mikhail Khaplanov, Gerd Baumgarten, Bifford P. Williams, Tristan Staszak, Heiner Asmus, Irina Strelnikova, Ralph Latteck, Mykhaylo Grygalashvyly, Franz-Josef Lübken, Josef Höffner, Raimund Wörl, Jörg Gumbel, Stefan Löhle, Stefanos Fasoulas, Markus Rapp, Aroh Barjatya, Michael J. Taylor, and Pierre-Dominique Pautet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11443–11460, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11443-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11443-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Sounding rockets are the only means of measuring small-scale structures (i.e., spatial scales of kilometers to centimeters) in the Earth's middle atmosphere (50–120 km). We present and analyze brand-new high-resolution measurements of atomic oxygen (O) concentration together with high-resolution measurements of ionospheric plasma and neutral air parameters. We found a new behavior of the O inside turbulent layers, which might be essential to adequately model weather and climate.
Fazlul I. Laskar, Gunter Stober, Jens Fiedler, Meers M. Oppenheim, Jorge L. Chau, Duggirala Pallamraju, Nicholas M. Pedatella, Masaki Tsutsumi, and Toralf Renkwitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5259–5267, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5259-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5259-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Meteor radars are used to track and estimate the fading time of meteor trails. In this investigation, it is observed that the diffusion time estimated from such trail fading time is anomalously higher during noctilucent clouds (NLC) than that in its absence. We propose that NLC particles absorb background electrons and thus modify the background electrodynamics, leading to such an anomaly.
Raimund Wörl, Boris Strelnikov, Timo P. Viehl, Josef Höffner, Pierre-Dominique Pautet, Michael J. Taylor, Yucheng Zhao, and Franz-Josef Lübken
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 77–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-77-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-77-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Simultaneous temperature measurements during the WADIS-2 rocket campaign are used to investigate the thermal structure of the mesopause region. Vertically and horizontally resolved in situ and remote measurements are in good agreement and show dominating long-term and large-scale waves with periods of 24 h and higher tidal harmonics. Only a few gravity waves with periods shorter than 6 h and small amplitudes are there.
Vivien Matthias and Manfred Ern
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4803–4815, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4803-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4803-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this study is to find the origin of mesospheric stationary planetary wave (SPW) in the subtropics and in mid and polar latitudes in mid winter 2015/2016. Our results based on observations show that upward propagating SPW and in situ generated SPWs by longitudinally variable gravity wave drag and by instabilities can be responsible for the occurrence of mesospheric SPWs and that they can act at the same time, which confirms earlier model studies.
Galina Gavrilyeva and Petr Ammosov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3363–3367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3363-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3363-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The study of the response of the upper atmosphere to changes in solar and geomagnetic activity is an important contribution to the study of the Earth's climate. Measurements showed that the change in the atmospheric temperature at an altitude of 87 km above Yakutia lags behind the maximum solar radiation by 2 years and correlates with a change in geomagnetic activity. The winter temperature is higher in the years of the geomagnetic activity maximum than in the years of the minimum.
Ryosuke Shibuya, Kaoru Sato, Masaki Tsutsumi, Toru Sato, Yoshihiro Tomikawa, Koji Nishimura, and Masashi Kohma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6455–6476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6455-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6455-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The first observations made by a complete PANSY radar system (Program of the Antarctic Syowa MST/IS radar) installed at Syowa Station were successfully performed from 16 to 24 March 2015. Over this period, quasi-12 h period disturbances in the mesosphere at heights of 70 to 80 km were observed. Combining the observational data and numerical simulation outputs, we found that quasi-12 h disturbances are due to large-scale inertia–gravity waves, not to semi-diurnal migrating tides.
Chris M. Hall, Silje E. Holmen, Chris E. Meek, Alan H. Manson, and Satonori Nozawa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2299–2308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2299-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2299-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Turbulent energy dissipation rates are calculated using MF-radar signals from 70 and 52° N for the period 2001–2014 inclusive, and they are used to estimate turbopause altitudes. A positive trend in turbopause altitude is identified for 70° N in summer, but not in winter and not at 52° N. The turbopause altitude change between 2001 and 2014 can be used to hypothesize a corresponding change in atomic oxygen concentration.
B. W. Butler, N. S. Wagenbrenner, J. M. Forthofer, B. K. Lamb, K. S. Shannon, D. Finn, R. M. Eckman, K. Clawson, L. Bradshaw, P. Sopko, S. Beard, D. Jimenez, C. Wold, and M. Vosburgh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3785–3801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3785-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3785-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Interest in numerical wind models continues to increase, especially for models that can simulate winds at relatively high spatial resolution (~100m). However, limited observational data exist for evaluation of model predictive performance. This study presents high-resolution surface wind data sets collected from an isolated mountain and a steep river canyon. The data are available to the public at http://www.firemodels.org/index.php/windninja-introduction/windninja-publications.
T. D. Demissie, P. J. Espy, N. H. Kleinknecht, M. Hatlen, N. Kaifler, and G. Baumgarten
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12133–12142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12133-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12133-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Summertime gravity waves detected in noctilucent clouds (NLCs) between 64◦ and 74◦N are found to have a similar climatology to those observed between 60◦ and 64◦N, and their direction of propagation is to the north and northeast as observed south of 64◦N. However, a unique population of fast, short wavelength waves propagating towards the SW is observed in the NLC. The sources of the prominent wave structures observed in the NLC are likely to be from waves propagating from near the tropopause.
J. V. Bageston, C. M. Wrasse, P. P. Batista, R. E. Hibbins, D. C Fritts, D. Gobbi, and V. F. Andrioli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12137–12147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12137-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12137-2011, 2011
P. J. Espy, S. Ochoa Fernández, P. Forkman, D. Murtagh, and J. Stegman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 495–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-495-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-495-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Alexander, M. J. and Barnet, C.: Using satellite observations to constrain
parameterizations of gravity wave effects for global models, J. Atmos.
Sci., 64, 1652–1665, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3897.1, 2007. a
Alexander, M. J., Geller, M., McLandress, C., Polavarapu, S., Preusse, P.,
Sassi, F., Sato, K., Eckermann, S., Ern, M., Hertzog, A., Kawatani, Y.,
Pulido, M., Shaw, T. A., Sigmond, M., Vincent, R., and Watanabe, S.: Recent
developments in gravity-wave effects in climate models and the global
distribution of gravity-wave momentum flux from observations and models,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1103–1124, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.637,
2010. a, b
Beard, A., Mitchell, N., Williams, P., and Kunitake, M.: Non-linear
interactions between tides and planetary waves resulting in periodic tidal
variability, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 61,
363–376, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(99)00003-6, 1999. a, b
Becker, E. and Vadas, S. L.: Secondary Gravity Waves in the Winter Mesosphere:
Results From a High‐Resolution Global Circulation Model, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 2605–2627,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027460, 2018. a, b, c, d
Beldon, C. L. and Mitchell, N. J.: Gravity waves in the mesopause region
observed by meteor radar, 2: Climatologies of gravity waves in the Antarctic
and Arctic, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 71,
875–884, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2009.03.009, 2009. a, b
Choi, H.-J., Chun, H.-Y., and Song, I.-S.: Gravity wave temperature variance
calculated using the ray-based spectral parameterization of convective
gravity waves and its comparison with Microwave Limb Sounder observations,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D08111,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011330, 2009. a
Conte, J. F., Chau, J. L., Stober, G., Pedatella, N., Maute, A., Hoffmann, P.,
Janches, D., Fritts, D., and Murphy, D. J.: Climatology of semidiurnal lunar
and solar tides at middle and high latitudes: Interhemispheric comparison,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 7750–7760,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ja024396, 2017. a
Conte, J. F., Chau, J. L., Liu, A., Qiao, Z., Fritts, D. C., Hormaechea, J. L.,
Salvador, J. O., and Milla, M. A.: Comparison of MLT Momentum Fluxes Over the
Andes at Four Different Latitudinal Sectors Using Multistatic Radar
Configurations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127,
e2021JD035982, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035982, 2022. a
Copernicus Climate Change Service: ERA5: Fifth generation of ECMWF
atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate, European Centre For
Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF),
https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/ (last access: December 2018), 2017. a
Danabasoglu, G.: NCAR CESM2-WACCM model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP amip, Earth System Grid Federation [data set], https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.10041, https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/c592c08ed77640f3859447e090ec7db9 (last access: 13 July 2022), 2019. a
Danabasoglu, G., Lamarque, J.-F., Bacmeister, J., Bailey, D. A., DuVivier,
A. K., Edwards, J., Emmons, L. K., Fasullo, J., Garcia, R., Gettelman, A.,
Hannay, C., Holland, M. M., Large, W. G., Lauritzen, P. H., Lawrence, D. M.,
Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lindsay, K., Lipscomb, W. H., Mills, M. J., Neale, R.,
Oleson, K. W., Otto-Bliesner, B., Phillips, A. S., Sacks, W., Tilmes, S.,
Kampenhout, L., Vertenstein, M., Bertini, A., Dennis, J., Deser, C., Fischer,
C., Fox-Kemper, B., Kay, J. E., Kinnison, D., Kushner, P. J., Larson, V. E.,
Long, M. C., Mickelson, S., Moore, J. K., Nienhouse, E., Polvani, L., Rasch,
P. J., and Strand, W. G.: The Community Earth System Model Version 2
(CESM2), J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2019MS001916,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001916, 2020. a
Davis, R.: Wave Dynamics of the Middle Atmosphere, PhD thesis, University of
Bath, 2014. a
Davis, R. N., Du, J., Smith, A. K., Ward, W. E., and Mitchell, N. J.: The diurnal and semidiurnal tides over Ascension Island (∘S, 14∘ W) and their interaction with the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation: studies with meteor radar, eCMAM and WACCM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9543–9564, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9543-2013, 2013. a, b
Day, K. A. and Mitchell, N. J.: The 5-day wave in the Arctic and Antarctic
mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D01109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012545,
2010a. a
Day, K. A. and Mitchell, N. J.: The 16-day wave in the Arctic and Antarctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1461–1472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1461-2010, 2010b. a
de Wit, R. J., Janches, D., Fritts, D. C., and Hibbins, R. E.: QBO modulation
of the mesopause gravity wave momentum flux over Tierra del Fuego,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 4049–4055, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068599,
2016. a
Dempsey, S. M., Hindley, N. P., Moffat-Griffin, T., Wright, C. J., Smith,
A. K., Du, J., and Mitchell, N. J.: Winds and tides of the Antarctic
mesosphere and lower thermosphere: One year of meteor-radar observations over
Rothera (68∘ S, 68∘ W) and comparisons with WACCM and eCMAM, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 212, 105510,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105510, 2021. a
Ern, M., Diallo, M., Preusse, P., Mlynczak, M. G., Schwartz, M. J., Wu, Q., and Riese, M.: The semiannual oscillation (SAO) in the tropical middle atmosphere and its gravity wave driving in reanalyses and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13763–13795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13763-2021, 2021. a
Eyring, V., Gleckler, P. J., Heinze, C., Stouffer, R. J., Taylor, K. E., Balaji, V., Guilyardi, E., Joussaume, S., Kindermann, S., Lawrence, B. N., Meehl, G. A., Righi, M., and Williams, D. N.: Towards improved and more routine Earth system model evaluation in CMIP, Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 813–830, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-813-2016, 2016. a
Fairlie, T. D. A., Fisher, M., and O'Neill, A.: The development of narrow
baroclinic zones and other small-scale structure in the stratosphere during
simulated major warmings, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 116, 287–315, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711649204, 1990. a
Forbes, J. M. and Zhang, X.: Quasi-10-day wave in the atmosphere, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 11079–11089,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023327, 2015. a
Forbes, J. M. and Zhang, X.: The quasi-6 day wave and its interactions with
solar tides, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 4764–4776,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ja023954, 2017. a
Fritts, D. C. and Alexander, M. J.: Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the
middle atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000106, 2003. a
Fritts, D. C., Janches, D., and Hocking, W. K.: Southern Argentina Agile Meteor
Radar: Initial assessment of gravity wave momentum fluxes, J.
Geophys. Res., 115, D19123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd013891, 2010a. a
Fritts, D. C., Janches, D., Iimura, H., Hocking, W. K., Mitchell, N. J.,
Stockwell, R. G., Fuller, B., Vandepeer, B., Hormaechea, J., Brunini, C., and
Levato, H.: Southern Argentina Agile Meteor Radar: System design and initial
measurements of large-scale winds and tides, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D18112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013850,
2010b. a, b, c, d
Fritts, D. C., Lund, T. S., Wan, K., and Liu, H.-L.: Numerical simulation of
mountain waves over the southern Andes, Part 2: Momentum fluxes and
wave/mean-flow interactions, J. Atmos. Sci.,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0207.1, 2021. a, b, c, d
Funke, B., Ball, W., Bender, S., Gardini, A., Harvey, V. L., Lambert, A., López-Puertas, M., Marsh, D. R., Meraner, K., Nieder, H., Päivärinta, S.-M., Pérot, K., Randall, C. E., Reddmann, T., Rozanov, E., Schmidt, H., Seppälä, A., Sinnhuber, M., Sukhodolov, T., Stiller, G. P., Tsvetkova, N. D., Verronen, P. T., Versick, S., von Clarmann, T., Walker, K. A., and Yushkov, V.: HEPPA-II model–measurement intercomparison project: EPP indirect effects during the dynamically perturbed NH winter 2008–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3573–3604, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3573-2017, 2017. a
Garcia, R. R., Smith, A. K., Kinnison, D. E., de la Camara, A., and Murphy,
D. J.: Modification of the Gravity Wave Parameterization in the Whole
Atmosphere Community Climate Model: Motivation and Results, J.
Atmos. Sci., 74, 275–291, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0104.1, 2017. a, b
Geller, M. A.: Dynamics of the Middle Atmosphere, in: Progress in
Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 359–375, Springer Netherlands,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7096-0_28, 1983. a
Gettelman, A., Mills, M. J., Kinnison, D. E., Garcia, R. R., Smith, A. K.,
Marsh, D. R., Tilmes, S., Vitt, F., Bardeen, C. G., McInerny, J., Liu, H.-L.,
Solomon, S. C., Polvani, L. M., Emmons, L. K., Lamarque, J.-F., Richter,
J. H., Glanville, A. S., Bacmeister, J. T., Phillips, A. S., Neale, R. B.,
Simpson, I. R., DuVivier, A. K., Hodzic, A., and Randel, W. J.: The Whole
Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 6 (WACCM6), J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 12380–12403,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030943, 2019. a, b
Gudadze, N., Stober, G., and Chau, J. L.: Can VHF radars at polar latitudes measure mean vertical winds in the presence of PMSE?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4485–4497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4485-2019, 2019. a
Harvey, V. L., Randall, C. E., Becker, E., Smith, A. K., Bardeen, C. G.,
France, J. A., and Goncharenko, L. P.: Evaluation of the Mesospheric Polar
Vortices in WACCM, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124,
10626–10645, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030727, 2019. a, b, c
Hasha, A., Bühler, O., and Scinocca, J.: Gravity Wave Refraction by
Three-Dimensionally Varying Winds and the Global Transport of Angular
Momentum, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2892–2906,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2561.1, 2008. a
Heale, C. J., Bossert, K., Vadas, S. L., Hoffmann, L., Dörnbrack, A.,
Stober, G., Snively, J. B., and Jacobi, C.: Secondary Gravity Waves Generated
by Breaking Mountain Waves Over Europe, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD031662, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd031662, 2020. a, b
Heale, C. J., Bossert, K., and Vadas, S. L.: 3D Numerical Simulation of
Secondary Wave Generation From Mountain Wave Breaking Over Europe, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD035413,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035413, 2022. a, b, c
Hindley, N. P.: nhindley/acp-2021-981: Analysis and Figure code for ACP publication acp-2021-981 Hindley et al., (2022), Zenodo [code],
https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.6819061, 2022. a
Hindley, N. P., Wright, C. J., Smith, N. D., and Mitchell, N. J.: The southern stratospheric gravity wave hot spot: individual waves and their momentum fluxes measured by COSMIC GPS-RO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7797–7818, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7797-2015, 2015. a
Hindley, N. P., Wright, C. J., Smith, N. D., Hoffmann, L., Holt, L. A., Alexander, M. J., Moffat-Griffin, T., and Mitchell, N. J.: Gravity waves in the winter stratosphere over the Southern Ocean: high-resolution satellite observations and 3-D spectral analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15377–15414, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15377-2019, 2019. a, b
Hindley, N. P., Wright, C. J., Hoffmann, L., Moffat-Griffin, T., and Mitchell,
N. J.: An 18-Year Climatology of Directional Stratospheric Gravity Wave
Momentum Flux From 3-D Satellite Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
47, e2020GL089557, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl089557, 2020. a
Hindley, N. P., Wright, C. J., Gadian, A. M., Hoffmann, L., Hughes, J. K., Jackson, D. R., King, J. C., Mitchell, N. J., Moffat-Griffin, T., Moss, A. C., Vosper, S. B., and Ross, A. N.: Stratospheric gravity waves over the mountainous island of South Georgia: testing a high-resolution dynamical model with 3-D satellite observations and radiosondes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7695–7722, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7695-2021, 2021. a
Hocking, W. K. and Thayaparan, T.: Simultaneous and colocated observation of
winds and tides by MF and meteor radars over London, Canada (43∘ N, 81∘ W), during 1994–1996, Radio Sci., 32, 833–865,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96RS03467, 1997. a
Hocking, W. K., Fuller, B., and Vandepeer, B.: Real-time determination of
meteor-related parameters utilizing modern digital technology, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 63, 155–169,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(00)00138-3, 2001. a, b, c
Hoffmann, L., Xue, X., and Alexander, M. J.: A global view of stratospheric
gravity wave hotspots located with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
observations, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 416–434, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018658,
2013. a
Hoffmann, L., Alexander, M. J., Clerbaux, C., Grimsdell, A. W., Meyer, C. I., Rößler, T., and Tournier, B.: Intercomparison of stratospheric gravity wave observations with AIRS and IASI, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4517–4537, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4517-2014, 2014. a
Holton, J. R.: The Influence of Gravity Wave Breaking on the General
Circulation of the Middle Atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci.,
40, 2497–2507, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<2497:TIOGWB>2.0.CO;2, 1983. a, b
Holton, J. R.: The Generation of Mesospheric Planetary Waves by Zonally
Asymmetric Gravity Wave Breaking, J. Atmos. Sci., 41,
3427–3430, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<3427:tgompw>2.0.co;2, 1984. a
Houghton, J. T.: The stratosphere and mesosphere, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710443902, 1978. a
Jackson, D. R., Fuller-Rowell, T. J., Griffin, D. J., Griffith, M. J., Kelly,
C. W., Marsh, D. R., and Walach, M.-T.: Future Directions for Whole
Atmosphere Modeling: Developments in the Context of Space Weather, Space
Weather, 17, 1342–1350, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019sw002267, 2019. a, b, c
Jacobi, C., Portnyagin, Y., Solovjova, T., Hoffmann, P., Singer, W.,
Fahrutdinova, A., Ishmuratov, R., Beard, A., Mitchell, N., Muller, H.,
Schminder, R., Kürschner, D., Manson, A., and Meek, C.: Climatology of
the semidiurnal tide at 52–56∘N from ground-based
radar wind measurements 1985–1995, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 61, 975–991, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(99)00065-6,
1999. a
Kalisch, S., Preusse, P., Ern, M., Eckermann, S. D., and Riese, M.: Differences
in gravity wave drag between realistic oblique and assumed vertical
propagation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119,
10081–10099, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021779, 2014. a
Kogure, M., Yue, J., Nakamura, T., Hoffmann, L., Vadas, S. L., Tomikawa, Y.,
Ejiri, M. K., and Janches, D.: First Direct Observational Evidence for
Secondary Gravity Waves Generated by Mountain Waves Over the Andes,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088845, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl088845, 2020. a, b, c, d
Kvissel, O.-K., Orsolini, Y. J., Stordal, F., Limpasuvan, V., Richter, J., and
Marsh, D. R.: Mesospheric intrusion and anomalous chemistry during and after
a major stratospheric sudden warming, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 78–79, 116–124,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2011.08.015, 2012. a
Laskar, F. I., Chau, J. L., Stober, G., Hoffmann, P., Hall, C. M., and
Tsutsumi, M.: Quasi-biennial oscillation modulation of the middle- and
high-latitude mesospheric semidiurnal tides during August–September, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 4869–4879,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015ja022065, 2016. a
Lilienthal, F. and Jacobi, C.: Nonlinear forcing mechanisms of the migrating terdiurnal solar tide and their impact on the zonal mean circulation, Ann. Geophys., 37, 943–953, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-943-2019, 2019. a, b
Lilienthal, F., Jacobi, C., and Geißler, C.: Forcing mechanisms of the terdiurnal tide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15725–15742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15725-2018, 2018. a, b, c
Lindzen, R. S.: Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal
breakdown, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9707,
https://doi.org/10.1029/jc086ic10p09707, 1981. a
Liu, G., Janches, D., Lieberman, R. S., Moffat-Griffin, T., Mitchell, N. J.,
Kim, J.-H., and Lee, C.: Wind Variations in the Mesosphere and Lower
Thermosphere Near 60S Latitude During the 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric
Warming, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 126, e2020JA028909,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ja028909, 2021. a, b
Liu, H.-L.: On the large wind shear and fast meridional transport above the
mesopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08815, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028789,
2007. a
Liu, H.-L., Foster, B. T., Hagan, M. E., McInerney, J. M., Maute, A., Qian, L.,
Richmond, A. D., Roble, R. G., Solomon, S. C., Garcia, R. R., Kinnison, D.,
Marsh, D. R., Smith, A. K., Richter, J., Sassi, F., and Oberheide, J.:
Thermosphere extension of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A12302,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010ja015586, 2010. a
Liu, H.-L., Bardeen, C. G., Foster, B. T., Lauritzen, P., Liu, J., Lu, G.,
Marsh, D. R., Maute, A., McInerney, J. M., Pedatella, N. M., Qian, L.,
Richmond, A. D., Roble, R. G., Solomon, S. C., Vitt, F. M., and Wang, W.:
Development and Validation of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
With Thermosphere and Ionosphere Extension (WACCM-X 2.0), J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 10, 381–402,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001232, 2018. a
Liu, X., Xu, J., Yue, J., Vadas, S. L., and Becker, E.: Orographic Primary and
Secondary Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere From 16-Year SABER
Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 4512–4522,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082256, 2019. a
Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., Wagner, P. A., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A.,
Manney, G. L., Millán Valle, L., Pumphrey, H. C., Santee, M. L.,
Schwartz, M. J., Wang, S., Fuller, R. A., Jarnot, R. F., Knosp, B. W., and
Martinez, E.: Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)
Data Quality and Description, version 4.2, NASA, https://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/eos-aura-mls/data-documentation (last access: 13 July 2022), 2015. a
Lund, T. S., Fritts, D. C., Wan, K., Laughman, B., and Liu, H.-L.: Numerical
Simulation of Mountain Waves over the Southern Andes. Part I: Mountain Wave
and Secondary Wave Character, Evolutions, and Breaking, J.
Atmos. Sci., 77, 4337–4356, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0356.1, 2020. a, b, c
Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., Hall, C. M., Nozawa, S., Mitchell, N. J., Pancheva, D., Singer, W., and Hoffmann, P.: Mesopause dynamics from the scandinavian triangle of radars within the PSMOS-DATAR Project, Ann. Geophys., 22, 367–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-367-2004, 2004. a
Marsh, D. R., Garcia, R. R., Kinnison, D. E., Boville, B. A., Sassi, F.,
Solomon, S. C., and Matthes, K.: Modeling the whole atmosphere response to
solar cycle changes in radiative and geomagnetic forcing, J.
Geophys. Res., 112, D23306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd008306, 2007. a
Matthes, K., Funke, B., Andersson, M. E., Barnard, L., Beer, J., Charbonneau, P., Clilverd, M. A., Dudok de Wit, T., Haberreiter, M., Hendry, A., Jackman, C. H., Kretzschmar, M., Kruschke, T., Kunze, M., Langematz, U., Marsh, D. R., Maycock, A. C., Misios, S., Rodger, C. J., Scaife, A. A., Seppälä, A., Shangguan, M., Sinnhuber, M., Tourpali, K., Usoskin, I., van de Kamp, M., Verronen, P. T., and Versick, S.: Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2247–2302, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2247-2017, 2017. a
McLandress, C. and Scinocca, J. F.: The GCM Response to Current
Parameterizations of Nonorographic Gravity Wave Drag, J.
Atmos. Sci., 62, 2394–2413, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3483.1, 2005. a
Mitchell, N. J.: University of Bath: King Edward Point Skiymet meteor radar data (2016–2020), Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/061fc7fd1ca940e7ad685daf146db08f, 2019. a
Mitchell, N. J., Pancheva, D., Middleton, H. R., and Hagan, M. E.: Mean winds
and tides in the Arctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res.,
107, SIA 2-1–2-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900127, 2002. a, b, c, d
Moudden, Y. and Forbes, J. M.: A decade-long climatology of terdiurnal tides
using TIMED/SABER observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 4534–4550, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50273, 2013. a, b, c
Murgatroyd, R. J. and Singleton, F.: Possible meridional circulations in the
stratosphere and mesosphere, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 87, 125–135, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708737202, 1961. a
Murphy, D. J., Forbes, J. M., Walterscheid, R. L., Hagan, M. E., Avery, S. K.,
Aso, T., Fraser, G. J., Fritts, D. C., Jarvis, M. J., McDonald, A. J.,
Riggin, D. M., Tsutsumi, M., and Vincent, R. A.: A climatology of tides in
the Antarctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 111, D23104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006803, 2006. a, b
Neely III, R. R. and Schmidt, A.: VolcanEESM: Global volcanic sulphur dioxide
(SO2) emissions database from 1850 to present – Version 1.0, Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5285/76EBDC0B-0EED-4F70-B89E-55E606BCD568, 2016. a
Osprey, S. M., Butchart, N., Knight, J. R., Scaife, A. A., Hamilton, K.,
Anstey, J. A., Schenzinger, V., and Zhang, C.: An unexpected disruption of
the atmospheric quasi-biennial oscillation, Science, 353, 1424–1427,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4156, 2016. a
Pancheva, D., Mukhtarov, P., Siskind, D. E., and Smith, A. K.: Global
distribution and variability of quasi 2 day waves based on the
NOGAPS-ALPHA reanalysis model, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 11422–11449, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ja023381, 2016. a
Pancheva, D., Mukhtarov, P., and Siskind, D. E.: Climatology of the quasi-2-day
waves observed in the MLS/Aura measurements (2005–2014), J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 171, 210–224,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.05.002, 2018. a, b
Pancheva, D., Mukhtarov, P., Hall, C., Meek, C., Tsutsumi, M., Pedatella, N.,
and Nozawa, S.: Climatology of the main (24-h and 12-h) tides observed by
meteor radars at Svalbard and Tromsø: Comparison with the models
CMAM-DAS and WACCM-X, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 207, 105339, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105339, 2020. a
Pancheva, D., Mukhtarov, P., Hall, C., Smith, A., and Tsutsumi, M.: Climatology
of the short-period (8-h and 6-h) tides observed by meteor radars at
Tromsø and Svalbard, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy.,
212, 105513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105513, 2021. a
Pedatella, N. M., Fuller-Rowell, T., Wang, H., Jin, H., Miyoshi, Y., Fujiwara,
H., Shinagawa, H., Liu, H.-L., Sassi, F., Schmidt, H., Matthias, V., and
Goncharenko, L.: The neutral dynamics during the 2009 sudden stratosphere
warming simulated by different whole atmosphere models, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 119, 1306–1324,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013ja019421, 2014. a, b
Preusse, P., Dörnbrack, A., and Eckermann, S.: Space-based measurements of
stratospheric mountain waves by CRISTA 1. Sensitivity, analysis method, and a
case study, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8178, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000699, 2002. a
Qian, L., Burns, A., and Yue, J.: Evidence of the Lower Thermospheric
Winter-to-Summer Circulation From SABER CO2 Observations, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 44, 10100–10107,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075643, 2017. a
Ramesh, K., Smith, A. K., Garcia, R. R., Marsh, D. R., Sridharan, S., and
Kishore Kumar, K.: Long-Term Variability and Tendencies in Middle Atmosphere
Temperature and Zonal Wind From WACCM6 Simulations During 1850–2014,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD033579,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033579, 2020. a, b, c
Rao, J., Garfinkel, C. I., White, I. P., and Schwartz, C.: The Southern
Hemisphere Minor Sudden Stratospheric Warming in September 2019 and its
Predictions in S2S Models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125,
e2020JD032723, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032723, 2020. a, b
Ribstein, B., Millet, C., Lott, F., and de la Camara, A.: Can We Improve the
Realism of Gravity Wave Parameterizations by Imposing Sources at All
Altitudes in the Atmosphere?, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy.,
14, e2021MS002563, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002563, 2022. a
Richter, J. H., Sassi, F., and Garcia, R. R.: Toward a Physically Based Gravity
Wave Source Parameterization in a General Circulation Model, J.
Atmos. Sci., 67, 136–156, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3112.1, 2010. a
Salby, M. L.: Rossby Normal Modes in Nonuniform Background Configurations. Part
I: Simple Fields, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1803–1826,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1803:rnminb>2.0.co;2, 1981a. a
Salby, M. L.: Rossby Normal Modes in Nonuniform Background Configurations. Part
II. Equinox and Solstice Conditions, J. Atmos. Sci.,
38, 1827–1840, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1827:rnminb>2.0.co;2,
1981b. a, b
Sandford, D. J., Beldon, C. L., Hibbins, R. E., and Mitchell, N. J.: Dynamics of the Antarctic and Arctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere – Part 1: Mean winds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10273–10289, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10273-2010, 2010. a, b, c
Sassi, F., McCormack, J. P., and McDonald, S. E.: Whole Atmosphere Coupling on
Intraseasonal and Interseasonal Time Scales: A Potential Source of Increased
Predictive Capability, Radio Sci., 54, 913–933,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019rs006847, 2019. a, b
Sato, K. and Yoshiki, M.: Gravity Wave Generation around the Polar Vortex in
the Stratosphere Revealed by 3-Hourly Radiosonde Observations at Syowa
Station, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3719–3735,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2539.1, 2008. a
Schoeberl, M. R. and Clark, J. H. E.: Resonant Planetary Waves in a Spherical
Atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 20–28,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0020:rpwias>2.0.co;2, 1980. a
Schoeberl, M. R., Douglass, A., Hilsenrath, E., Bhartia, P., Beer, R., Waters, J.,
Gunson, M., Froidevaux, L., Gille, J., Barnett, J., Levelt, P., and DeCola,
P.: Overview of the EOS aura mission, IEEE T. Geosci.
Remote Sens., 44, 1066–1074, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2005.861950, 2006. a
Schwartz, M. J., Lambert, A., Manney, G. L., Read, W. G., Livesey, N. J.,
Froidevaux, L., Ao, C. O., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Cofield, R. E.,
Daffer, W. H., Drouin, B. J., Fetzer, E. J., Fuller, R. A., Jarnot, R. F.,
Jiang, J. H., Jiang, Y. B., Knosp, B. W., Krüger, K., Li, J.-L. F.,
Mlynczak, M. G., Pawson, S., Russell, J. M., Santee, M. L., Snyder, W. V.,
Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Tompkins, A. M., Wagner, P. A., Walker, K. A.,
Waters, J. W., and Wu, D. L.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder
temperature and geopotential height measurements, J. Geophys.
Res., 113, D15S11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd008783, 2008. a
Schwartz, M., Livesey, N., and Read, W.: MLS/Aura Level 2 Temperature V005, NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/AURA/MLS/DATA2520, 2021. a
Siskind, D. E., Merkel, A. W., Marsh, D. R., Randall, C. E., Hervig, M. E.,
Mlynczak, M. G., and Russell III, J. M.: Understanding the Effects of Polar
Mesospheric Clouds on the Environment of the Upper Mesosphere and Lower
Thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123,
11705–11719, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028830, 2018. a
Smith, A. K.: Structure of the terdiurnal tide at 95 km, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 27, 177–180, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl010843, 2000. a
Smith, A. K.: The Origin of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Upper Mesosphere,
J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 3033–3041,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<3033:toospw>2.0.co;2, 2003. a
Smith, A. K.: Observations and modeling of the 6-hour tide in the upper
mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D10105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004421,
2004. a
Smith, A. K., Garcia, R. R., Marsh, D. R., and Richter, J. H.: WACCM
simulations of the mean circulation and trace species transport in the winter
mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D20115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016083,
2011. a, b
Smith, A. K., Garcia, R. R., Moss, A. C., and Mitchell, N. J.: The Semiannual
Oscillation of the Tropical Zonal Wind in the Middle Atmosphere Derived from
Satellite Geopotential Height Retrievals, J. Atmos.
Sci., 74, 2413–2425, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0067.1, 2017. a, b
Smith, S. A., Fritts, D. C., and VanZandt, T. E.: Evidence for a saturated
spectrum of atmospheric graity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1404–1410,
https://doi.org/10/dnvtfc, 1987. a
Soloman, S. and Garcia, R. R.: Current understanding of mesospheric transport
processes, Philos. T. R. Soc. S.-A, 323, 655–666,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1987.0112, 1987. a
Song, B.-G., Song, I.-S., Chun, H.-Y., Lee, C., Kam, H., Kim, Y. H., Kang,
M.-J., Hindley, N. P., and Mitchell, N. J.: Activities of Small-Scale Gravity
Waves in the Upper Mesosphere Observed From Meteor Radar at King Sejong
Station, Antarctica (62.22∘ S, 58.78∘ W) and Their Potential Sources, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034528,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034528, 2021. a
Song, I.-S. and Chun, H.-Y.: A Lagrangian Spectral Parameterization of Gravity
Wave Drag Induced by Cumulus Convection, J. Atmos. Sci.,
65, 1204–1224, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAS2369.1, 2008. a
Song, I. S., Lee, C., Kim, J. H., Jee, G., Kim, Y. H., Choi, H. J., Chun,
H. Y., and Kim, Y. H.: Meteor radar observations of vertically propagating
low-frequency inertia-gravity waves near the southern polar mesopause
region, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 4777–4800, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022978, 2017. a, b
Stober, G., Sommer, S., Rapp, M., and Latteck, R.: Investigation of gravity waves using horizontally resolved radial velocity measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2893–2905, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2893-2013, 2013. a
Stober, G., Janches, D., Matthias, V., Fritts, D., Marino, J., Moffat-Griffin, T., Baumgarten, K., Lee, W., Murphy, D., Kim, Y. H., Mitchell, N., and Palo, S.: Seasonal evolution of winds, atmospheric tides, and Reynolds stress components in the Southern Hemisphere mesosphere–lower thermosphere in 2019, Ann. Geophys., 39, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1-2021, 2021a. a
Stober, G., Kozlovsky, A., Liu, A., Qiao, Z., Tsutsumi, M., Hall, C., Nozawa, S., Lester, M., Belova, E., Kero, J., Espy, P. J., Hibbins, R. E., and Mitchell, N.: Atmospheric tomography using the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster and Chilean Observation Network De Meteor Radars: network details and 3D-Var retrieval, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6509–6532, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6509-2021, 2021b. a
Stober, G., Kuchar, A., Pokhotelov, D., Liu, H., Liu, H.-L., Schmidt, H., Jacobi, C., Baumgarten, K., Brown, P., Janches, D., Murphy, D., Kozlovsky, A., Lester, M., Belova, E., Kero, J., and Mitchell, N.: Interhemispheric differences of mesosphere–lower thermosphere winds and tides investigated from three whole-atmosphere models and meteor radar observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13855–13902, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13855-2021, 2021c. a, b, c, d, e, f
Stockwell, R. G., Mansinha, L., and Lowe, R. P.: Localization of the complex
spectrum: the S transform, IEEE T. Signal Proces., 44,
998–1001, https://doi.org/10.1109/78.492555, 1996. a, b
Sun, Y.-Y., Liu, H., Miyoshi, Y., Liu, L., and Chang, L. C.: El Niño
Southern Oscillation effect on quasi-biennial oscillations of temperature
diurnal tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, Earth Planet.
Space, 70, 85, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0832-6, 2018. a
Thurairajah, B., Bailey, S. M., Nielsen, K., Randall, C. E., Lumpe, J. D.,
Taylor, M. J., and Russell, J. M.: Morphology of polar mesospheric clouds as
seen from space, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 104,
234–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2012.09.009, 2013. a
Tilmes, S., Hodzic, A., Emmons, L. K., Mills, M. J., Gettelman, A., Kinnison,
D. E., Park, M., Lamarque, J.-F., Vitt, F., Shrivastava, M., Campuzano-Jost,
P., Jimenez, J. L., and Liu, X.: Climate Forcing and Trends of Organic
Aerosols in the Community Earth System Model (CESM2), J. Adv.
Model. Earth Sy., 11, 4323–4351, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001827, 2019. a
Tunbridge, V. M. and Mitchell, N. J.: The two-day wave in the Antarctic and Arctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6377–6388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6377-2009, 2009. a
Tunbridge, V. M., Sandford, D. J., and Mitchell, N. J.: Zonal wave numbers of
the summertime 2 day planetary wave observed in the mesosphere by EOS Aura
Microwave Limb Sounder, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D11103,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014567, 2011. a
Vadas, S. L. and Becker, E.: Numerical Modeling of the Excitation, Propagation,
and Dissipation of Primary and Secondary Gravity Waves during Wintertime at
McMurdo Station in the Antarctic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9326–9369, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027974, 2018. a, b, c, d
Vadas, S. L. and Becker, E.: Numerical Modeling of the Generation of Tertiary
Gravity Waves in the Mesosphere and Thermosphere During Strong Mountain Wave
Events Over the Southern Andes, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 7687–7718, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026694, 2019. a, b
Vadas, S. L., Zhao, J., Chu, X., and Becker, E.: The Excitation of Secondary
Gravity Waves From Local Body Forces: Theory and Observation, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9296–9325,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027970, 2018. a, b, c
Vargas, F., Swenson, G., and Liu, A.: Evidence of high frequency gravity wave
forcing on the meridional residual circulation at the mesopause region,
Adv. Space Res., 56, 1844–1853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2015.07.040,
2015. a
Vargas, F., Chau, J. L., Charuvil Asokan, H., and Gerding, M.: Mesospheric gravity wave activity estimated via airglow imagery, multistatic meteor radar, and SABER data taken during the SIMONe–2018 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13631–13654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13631-2021, 2021.
a
Vincent, R. A.: The dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere: a brief
review, Prog. Earth Planet. Sc., 2, 4,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-015-0035-8, 2015. a
Wang, J. C., Palo, S. E., Forbes, J. M., Marino, J., Moffat-Griffin, T., and
Mitchell, N. J.: Unusual Quasi 10-Day Planetary Wave Activity and the
Ionospheric Response During the 2019 Southern Hemisphere Sudden Stratospheric
Warming, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 126,
e2021JA029286, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029286, 2021. a, b
Waters, J., Froidevaux, L., Harwood, R., Jarnot, R., Pickett, H., Read, W.,
Siegel, P., Cofield, R., Filipiak, M., Flower, D., Holden, J., Lau, G.,
Livesey, N., Manney, G., Pumphrey, H., Santee, M., Wu, D., Cuddy, D., Lay,
R., Loo, M., Perun, V., Schwartz, M., Stek, P., Thurstans, R., Boyles, M.,
Chandra, K., Chavez, M., Chen, G.-S., Chudasama, B., Dodge, R., Fuller, R.,
Girard, M., Jiang, J., Jiang, Y., Knosp, B., LaBelle, R., Lam, J., Lee, K.,
Miller, D., Oswald, J., Patel, N., Pukala, D., Quintero, O., Scaff, D.,
Snyder, W. V., Tope, M., Wagner, P., and Walch, M.: The Earth observing
system microwave limb sounder (EOS MLS) on the aura Satellite, IEEE
T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1075–1092,
https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2006.873771, 2006. a
Yamazaki, Y., Matthias, V., Miyoshi, Y., Stolle, C., Siddiqui, T.,
Kervalishvili, G., Laštovička, J., Kozubek, M., Ward, W., Themens, D. R.,
Kristoffersen, S., and Alken, P.: September 2019 Antarctic Sudden
Stratospheric Warming: Quasi-6-Day Wave Burst and Ionospheric Effects,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086577,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086577, 2020. a
Yamazaki, Y., Matthias, V., and Miyoshi, Y.: Quasi-4-Day Wave: Atmospheric
Manifestation of the First Symmetric Rossby Normal Mode of Zonal Wavenumber
2, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034855,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034855, 2021. a
Yasui, R., Sato, K., and Miyoshi, Y.: The Momentum Budget in the Stratosphere,
Mesosphere, and Lower Thermosphere. Part II: The In Situ Generation of
Gravity Waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 3635–3651,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0337.1, 2018. a
Short summary
We present observations of winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) from a recently installed meteor radar on the remote island of South Georgia (54° S, 36° W). We characterise mean winds, tides, planetary waves, and gravity waves in the MLT at this location and compare our measured winds with a leading climate model. We find that the observed wintertime winds are unexpectedly reversed from model predictions, probably because of missing impacts of secondary gravity waves in the model.
We present observations of winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) from a recently...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint