Articles | Volume 22, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-823-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-823-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Jan 2022
Research article |
| 18 Jan 2022
| 18 Jan 2022
Box model trajectory studies of contrail formation using a particle-based cloud microphysics scheme
Andreas Bier
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Insitut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Simon Unterstrasser
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Insitut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Xavier Vancassel
ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab, Palaiseau, France
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Temporal versus spatial jet phase LES for near-field contrails: Impacts on ice microphysics P. Afkari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2026.107262
- Contrail formation for aircraft with hydrogen combustion – Part 2: Engine-related aspects J. Zink & S. Unterstrasser https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3145-2026
- Contrail formation on ambient aerosol particles for aircraft with hydrogen combustion: a box model trajectory study A. Bier et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2319-2024
- Jet aircraft lubrication oil droplets as contrail ice-forming particles J. Ponsonby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2045-2024
- Long-term upper-troposphere climatology of potential contrail occurrence over the Paris area derived from radiosonde observations K. Wolf et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-287-2023
- Contrail formation within cirrus: ICON-LEM simulations of the impact of cirrus cloud properties on contrail formation P. Verma & U. Burkhardt https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8819-2022
- Contrail formation for aircraft with hydrogen combustion – Part 1: A systematic microphysical investigation J. Zink et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3125-2026
- Numerical investigation of engine position effects on contrail formation and evolution in the near-field of a realistic aircraft configuration R. Annunziata et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2025.110703
- An updated microphysical model for particle activation in contrails: the role of volatile plume particles J. Ponsonby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18617-2025
- Evaluating Bypass Effects of Advanced Turbofan Engines on Contrail Formation Using Large Eddy Simulations P. Afkari et al. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C038376
- Towards intermediate complexity modelling of contrail formation: the new dynamical framework RadMod A. Lottermoser & S. Unterstrasser https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2024.130
- Ground-based contrail observations: comparisons with reanalysis weather data and contrail model simulations J. Low et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-37-2025
- Powering aircraft with 100 % sustainable aviation fuel reduces ice crystals in contrails R. Märkl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3813-2024
- Contrail formation: generalised theory and a mitigation proposition for fuel-cell-propelled aircraft D. Hillenbrand & S. Unterstrasser https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2026.10185
- Impact of Parametrizing Microphysical Processes in the Jet and Vortex Phase on Contrail Cirrus Properties and Radiative Forcing A. Bier & U. Burkhardt https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036677
- Role of soot particle properties and activation in contrail formation using LES with online-coupled microphysics P. Afkari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2026.106786
- Investigating the limiting aircraft-design-dependent and environmental factors of persistent contrail formation L. Megill & V. Grewe https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4131-2025
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Temporal versus spatial jet phase LES for near-field contrails: Impacts on ice microphysics P. Afkari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2026.107262
- Contrail formation for aircraft with hydrogen combustion – Part 2: Engine-related aspects J. Zink & S. Unterstrasser https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3145-2026
- Contrail formation on ambient aerosol particles for aircraft with hydrogen combustion: a box model trajectory study A. Bier et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2319-2024
- Jet aircraft lubrication oil droplets as contrail ice-forming particles J. Ponsonby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2045-2024
- Long-term upper-troposphere climatology of potential contrail occurrence over the Paris area derived from radiosonde observations K. Wolf et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-287-2023
- Contrail formation within cirrus: ICON-LEM simulations of the impact of cirrus cloud properties on contrail formation P. Verma & U. Burkhardt https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8819-2022
- Contrail formation for aircraft with hydrogen combustion – Part 1: A systematic microphysical investigation J. Zink et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3125-2026
- Numerical investigation of engine position effects on contrail formation and evolution in the near-field of a realistic aircraft configuration R. Annunziata et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2025.110703
- An updated microphysical model for particle activation in contrails: the role of volatile plume particles J. Ponsonby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18617-2025
- Evaluating Bypass Effects of Advanced Turbofan Engines on Contrail Formation Using Large Eddy Simulations P. Afkari et al. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C038376
- Towards intermediate complexity modelling of contrail formation: the new dynamical framework RadMod A. Lottermoser & S. Unterstrasser https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2024.130
- Ground-based contrail observations: comparisons with reanalysis weather data and contrail model simulations J. Low et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-37-2025
- Powering aircraft with 100 % sustainable aviation fuel reduces ice crystals in contrails R. Märkl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3813-2024
- Contrail formation: generalised theory and a mitigation proposition for fuel-cell-propelled aircraft D. Hillenbrand & S. Unterstrasser https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2026.10185
- Impact of Parametrizing Microphysical Processes in the Jet and Vortex Phase on Contrail Cirrus Properties and Radiative Forcing A. Bier & U. Burkhardt https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036677
- Role of soot particle properties and activation in contrail formation using LES with online-coupled microphysics P. Afkari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2026.106786
- Investigating the limiting aircraft-design-dependent and environmental factors of persistent contrail formation L. Megill & V. Grewe https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4131-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 19 Aug 2026
Short summary
We investigate contrail formation in an aircraft plume with a particle-based multi-trajectory 0D model. Due to the high plume heterogeneity, contrail ice crystals form first near the plume edge and then in the plume centre. The number of ice crystals varies strongly with ambient conditions and soot properties near the contrail formation threshold. Our results imply that the multi-trajectory approach does not necessarily lead to improved scientific results compared to a single mean trajectory.
We investigate contrail formation in an aircraft plume with a particle-based multi-trajectory 0D...
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