CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Hefei National Laboratory for the Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Xinan Yue
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Hanli Liu
High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Xiankang Dou
CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Hefei National Laboratory for the Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
A long-standing mystery of metal ions within Es layers in the Earth's upper atmosphere is the marked seasonal dependence, with a summer maximum and a winter minimum. We report a large-scale winter-to-summer transport of metal ions from 6-year multi-satellite observations and worldwide ground-based stations. A global atmospheric circulation is responsible for the phenomenon. Our results emphasise the effect of this atmospheric circulation on the transport of composition in the upper atmosphere.
A long-standing mystery of metal ions within Es layers in the Earth's upper atmosphere is the...
