Articles | Volume 21, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3215-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3215-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Mar 2021
Research article |
| 03 Mar 2021
| 03 Mar 2021
Effects of marine fuel sulfur restrictions on particle number concentrations and size distributions in ship plumes in the Baltic Sea
Sami D. Seppälä
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute,
Helsinki 00560, Finland
Joel Kuula
Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute,
Helsinki 00560, Finland
Antti-Pekka Hyvärinen
Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute,
Helsinki 00560, Finland
Sanna Saarikoski
Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute,
Helsinki 00560, Finland
Topi Rönkkö
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33100, Finland
Jorma Keskinen
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33100, Finland
Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute,
Helsinki 00560, Finland
Hilkka Timonen
Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute,
Helsinki 00560, Finland
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Measurement report: Characterization of uncertainties in fluxes and fuel sulfur content from ship emissions in the Baltic Sea J. Walden et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18175-2021
- Ship fuel sulfur content regulations may exacerbate mass coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef R. Ryan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03088-1
- Assessment of the Effect of International Maritime Regulations on Air Quality in the Southern North Sea W. Van Roy et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14060969
- Ship Air Emission and Their Air Quality Impacts in the Panama Canal Area: An Integrated AIS-Based Estimation During Hotelling Mode in Anchorage Zone Y. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101888
- Successful adoption of maritime environmental policy: The Mediterranean emission control area A. Thébault Guët et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106228
- The local ship speed reduction effect on black carbon emissions measured at a remote marine station M. Heikkilä et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8927-2024
- Measurement report: A 1-year study to estimate maritime contributions to PM10 in a coastal area in northern France F. Ledoux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8607-2023
- Long-term trends of satellite-based fine-mode aerosol optical depth over the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, over two decades (2001–2020) S. Itahashi et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac03db
- Lightning declines over shipping lanes following regulation of fuel sulfur emissions C. Wright et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2937-2025
- Long-range transport influence on wintertime submicron aerosol chemical composition from simultaneous measurements in Lithuania and Southern Sweden A. Minderytė et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121162
- Potential impacts of marine fuel regulations on an Arctic stratocumulus case and its radiative response L. Escusa dos Santos et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-119-2025
- Measurement report: The effects of SECA regulations on the atmospheric SO2 concentrations in the Baltic Sea, based on long-term observations on the Finnish island, Utö A. Maragkidou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2443-2025
- Influence of ship emission control area policy on air quality at Shanghai Port—local and regional perspectives F. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110951
- Measurements and modelling of the three-dimensional near-field dispersion of particulate matter emitted from passenger ships in a port environment M. Haugen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119384
- Effects of emission sources on the particle number size distribution of ambient air in the residential area S. Harni et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119419
- Detection of large-scale cloud microphysical changes within a major shipping corridor after implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2020 fuel sulfur regulations M. Diamond https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8259-2023
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as fuel-dependent markers in ship engine emissions using single-particle mass spectrometry L. Anders et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00035H
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Measurement report: Characterization of uncertainties in fluxes and fuel sulfur content from ship emissions in the Baltic Sea J. Walden et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18175-2021
- Ship fuel sulfur content regulations may exacerbate mass coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef R. Ryan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03088-1
- Assessment of the Effect of International Maritime Regulations on Air Quality in the Southern North Sea W. Van Roy et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14060969
- Ship Air Emission and Their Air Quality Impacts in the Panama Canal Area: An Integrated AIS-Based Estimation During Hotelling Mode in Anchorage Zone Y. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101888
- Successful adoption of maritime environmental policy: The Mediterranean emission control area A. Thébault Guët et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106228
- The local ship speed reduction effect on black carbon emissions measured at a remote marine station M. Heikkilä et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8927-2024
- Measurement report: A 1-year study to estimate maritime contributions to PM10 in a coastal area in northern France F. Ledoux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8607-2023
- Long-term trends of satellite-based fine-mode aerosol optical depth over the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, over two decades (2001–2020) S. Itahashi et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac03db
- Lightning declines over shipping lanes following regulation of fuel sulfur emissions C. Wright et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2937-2025
- Long-range transport influence on wintertime submicron aerosol chemical composition from simultaneous measurements in Lithuania and Southern Sweden A. Minderytė et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121162
- Potential impacts of marine fuel regulations on an Arctic stratocumulus case and its radiative response L. Escusa dos Santos et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-119-2025
- Measurement report: The effects of SECA regulations on the atmospheric SO2 concentrations in the Baltic Sea, based on long-term observations on the Finnish island, Utö A. Maragkidou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2443-2025
- Influence of ship emission control area policy on air quality at Shanghai Port—local and regional perspectives F. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110951
- Measurements and modelling of the three-dimensional near-field dispersion of particulate matter emitted from passenger ships in a port environment M. Haugen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119384
- Effects of emission sources on the particle number size distribution of ambient air in the residential area S. Harni et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119419
- Detection of large-scale cloud microphysical changes within a major shipping corridor after implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2020 fuel sulfur regulations M. Diamond https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8259-2023
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as fuel-dependent markers in ship engine emissions using single-particle mass spectrometry L. Anders et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00035H
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 25 Aug 2026
Short summary
The effects of fuel sulfur content restrictions implemented by the International Maritime Organization in the Baltic Sea (in July 2010 and January 2015) on the particle properties of ship exhaust plumes and ambient aerosol were studied. The restrictions reduced the particle number concentrations and median particle size in plumes and number concentrations in ambient aerosol. These changes may improve human health in coastal areas and decrease the cooling effect of exhaust emissions from ships.
The effects of fuel sulfur content restrictions implemented by the International Maritime...
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