Arora, K., Cazenave, A., Engdahl, E. R., Kind, R., Manglik, A., Roy, S.,
Sain, K., and Uyeda, S.: Encyclopedia of solid earth geophysics, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2011.
Bailey, A., Singh, H. K. A., and Nusbaumer, J.: Evaluating a Moist Isentropic
Framework for Poleward Moisture Transport: Implications for Water Isotopes
Over Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 7819–7827,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082965, 2019.
Barnes, E. A., Parazoo, N., Orbe, C., and Denning, A. S.: Isentropic
transport and the seasonal cycle amplitude of CO2, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 8106–8124, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025109, 2016.
Bent, J. D.: Airborne oxygen measurements over the Southern Ocean as an
integrated constraint of seasonal biogeochemical processes, University of
California, San Diego, USA, 2014.
Birner, T., Do, A., and Schumann, U.: How sharp is the tropopause at
midlatitudes?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1–4,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015142, 2002.
Bolton, D.: The computation of equivalent potential temperature, Mon.
Weather Rev., 108, 1046–1053,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1046:TCOEPT>2.0.CO;2, 1980.
Bozem, H., Hoor, P., Kunkel, D., Köllner, F., Schneider, J., Herber, A., Schulz, H., Leaitch, W. R., Aliabadi, A. A., Willis, M. D., Burkart, J., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Characterization of transport regimes and the polar dome during Arctic spring and summer using in situ aircraft measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15049–15071, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15049-2019, 2019.
Butchart, N. and Remsberg, E. E.: The area of the stratospheric polar vortex
as a diagnostic for tracer transport on an isentropic surface, J. Atmos.
Sci., 43, 1319–1339,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1319:TAOTSP>2.0.CO;2, 1986.
Conway, T. J. and Tans, P. P.: Development of the CO2 latitude gradient
in recent decades, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 821–826,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900045, 1999.
Cooperative Global Atmospheric Data Integration Project: Multi-laboratory compilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide data for the period 1957–2018; obspack_co2_1_GLOBALVIEWplus_v5.0_2019_08_12, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, https://doi.org/10.25925/20190812, 2019.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P.,
Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P.,
Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N.,
Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.
B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P.,
Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., Mcnally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M.,
Morcrette, J. J., Park, B. K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C.,
Thépaut, J. N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration
and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Dima, I. M. and Wallace, J. M.: On the Seasonality of the Hadley Cell, J.
Atmos. Sci., 60, 1522–1527,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1522:OTSOTH>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Ehhalt, D. H.: The CH4 concentration over the ocean and its possible
variation with latitude, Tellus, 30, 169–176,
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v30i2.10329, 1978.
Fasullo, J. T. and Trenberth, K. E.: The annual cycle of the energy budget.
Part I: Global mean and land-ocean exchanges, J. Climate, 21, 2297–2312,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1935.1, 2008.
Foltz, G. R. and McPhaden, M. J.: The role of oceanic heat advection in the
evolution of tropical North and South Atlantic SST anomalies, J. Climate,
19, 6122–6138, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3961.1, 2006.
Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs,
L., Randles, C. A., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M. G., Reichle, R., Wargan,
K., Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Akella, S., Buchard, V., Conaty, A.,
da Silva, A. M., Gu, W., Kim, G. K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D.,
Nielsen, J. E., Partyka, G., Pawson, S., Putman, W., Rienecker, M.,
Schubert, S. D., Sienkiewicz, M., and Zhao, B.: The Modern-Era Retrospective
Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), J. Climate,
30, 5419–5454, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1, 2017.
Graven, H. D., Keeling, R. F., Piper, S. C., Patra, P. K., Stephens, B. B.,
Wofsy, S. C., Welp, L. R., Sweeney, C., Tans., P. P., Kelley, J. J., Daube,
B. C., Kort, E. A., Santoni, G. W., and Bent, J. D.: Enhanced seasonal
exchange of CO2 by northern ecosystems since 1960, Science, 341,
1085–1089, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239207, 2013.
Harris, J. M. and Kahl, J. D.: A descriptive atmospheric transport
climatology for the Mauna Loa Observatory, using clustered trajectories, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 95, 13651–13667,
https://doi.org/10.1029/jd095id09p13651, 1990.
Harris, J. M., Tans, P. P., Dlugokencky, E. J., Masarie, K. A., Lang, P. M.,
Whittlestone, S., and Steele, L. P.: Variations in atmospheric methane at
Mauna Loa Observatory related to long-range transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97, 6003–6010, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD00158, 1992.
Hoskins, B. J. and Karoly, D. J.: The Steady Linear Response of a Spherical
Atmosphere to Thermal and Orographic Forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 38,
1179–1196, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1179:TSLROA>2.0.CO;2, 1981.
Hurst, D.: UCATS 2-Channel Gas Chromatograph (GC), Version 1.0, UCAR/NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division (GMD), Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, available at: https://data.eol.ucar.edu/dataset/112.021 (last access: 10 May 2020), 2011.
Jacob, D. J.: Introduction to atmospheric chemistry, Princeton University
Press, New Jersey, USA, 1999.
Jin, Y.: yumingjin0521/Mthetae: θ-Mθe Lookup Table Computation Method (Version v1.0.0), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4420417, 2021a.
Jin, Y.: θ-Mθe Lookup Table (ERA-Interim) (Version v1.0.0) [Data set], Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4420398, 2021b.
Kanamitsu, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Woollen, J., Yang, S.-K., Hnilo, J. J.,
Fiorino, M., and Potter, G. L.: NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Renalalysys (R-2), B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1631–1643, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1631,
2002.
Keeling, C. D., Piper, S. C., Bacastow, R. B., Wahlen, M., Whorf, T. P., Heimann, M., and Meijer, H. A.: Exchanges of atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the terrestrial biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global aspects, SIO Reference Series, No. 01-06, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, USA, 88 pp., 2001.
Keppel-Aleks, G., Wennberg, P. O., and Schneider, T.: Sources of variations in total column carbon dioxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3581–3593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3581-2011, 2011.
Li, Z. and Leighton, H. G.: Global climatologies of solar radiation budgets
at the surface and in the atmosphere from 5 years of ERBE data, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 98, 4919–4930, https://doi.org/10.1029/93jd00003, 1993.
Linz, M., Plumb, R. A., GerBer, E. P., and Sheshadri, A.: The Relationship
between Age of Air and the Diabatic Circulation of the Stratosphere, J.
Atmos. Sci., 73, 4507–4518, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0125.1,
2016.
Miyazaki, K. and Iwasaki, T.: Diagnosis of Meridional Ozone Transport Based
on Mass-Weighted Isentropic Zonal Means, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1192–1208,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3394.1, 2005.
Miyazaki, K., Patra, P. K., Takigawa, M., Iwasaki, T., and Nakazawa, T.:
Global-scale transport of carbon dioxide in the troposphere, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 113, D15301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009557, 2008.
Mooney, P. A., Mulligan, F. J., and Fealy, R.: Comparison of ERA-40,
ERA-Interim and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data with observed surface air
temperatures over Ireland, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 545–557,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2098, 2011.
Parazoo, N. C., Denning, A. S., Kawa, S. R., Corbin, K. D., Lokupitiya, R. S., and Baker, I. T.: Mechanisms for synoptic variations of atmospheric CO2 in North America, South America and Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7239–7254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7239-2008, 2008.
Parazoo, N. C., Denning, A. S., Berry, J. A., Wolf, A., Randall, D. A.,
Kawa, S. R., Pauluis, O., and Doney, S. C.: Moist synoptic transport of
CO2 along the mid-latitude storm track, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L09804,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047238, 2011.
Parazoo, N. C., Denning, A. S., Kawa, S. R., Pawson, S., and Lokupitiya, R.: CO2 flux estimation errors associated with moist atmospheric processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6405–6416, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6405-2012, 2012.
Pauluis, O., Czaja, A., and Korty, R.: The global atmospheric circulation on
moist isentropes, Science, 321, 1075–1078,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159649, 2008.
Pauluis, O., Czaja, A., and Korty, R.: The global atmospheric circulation in
moist isentropic coordinates, J. Climate, 23, 3077–3093,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2789.1, 2010.
Petropavlovskikh, I., Hoor, P., Millán, L., Jordan, A., Kunkel, D., Leblanc, T., Manney, G., and Damadeo, R.: An Overview of OCTAV-UTLS (Observed Composition Trends and Variability in the UTLS), a SPARC Activity, EGU General Assembly 2019, 7–12 April 2019, Vienna, Austria, EGU2019-12206-2, 2019.
Prather, M. J., Flynn, C. M., Fiore, A., Correa, G., Strode, S. A., Steenrod, S. D., Murray, L. T., and Lamarque, J. F.: ATom: Simulated Data Stream for Modeling ATom-like Measurements, ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1597, 2018.
Randerson, T., Thompson, V., Conway, J., Fung, I. Y., and Field, B.: The
contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the seasonal
cycle of atmospheric carbon dioxide, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11,
535–560, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GB02268, 1997.
Rasmussen, R. A. and Khalil, R. A. K.: Atmospheric Methane (CH4):
Trends and Seasonal Cycles, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9826–9832,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC086iC10p09826, 1981.
Rödenbeck, C.: Estimating CO2 sources and sinks from atmospheric mixing ratio measurements using a global inversion of atmospheric transport, Technical Report 6, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany, https://doi.org/10.17871/CarboScope-s04oc_v4.3, 2005.
Rödenbeck, C., Houweling, S., Gloor, M., and Heimann, M.: CO2 flux history 1982–2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1919–1964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1919-2003, 2003.
Santoni, G. W., Daube, B. C., Kort, E. A., Jiménez, R., Park, S., Pittman, J. V., Gottlieb, E., Xiang, B., Zahniser, M. S., Nelson, D. D., McManus, J. B., Peischl, J., Ryerson, T. B., Holloway, J. S., Andrews, A. E., Sweeney, C., Hall, B., Hintsa, E. J., Moore, F. L., Elkins, J. W., Hurst, D. F., Stephens, B. B., Bent, J., and Wofsy, S. C.: Evaluation of the airborne quantum cascade laser spectrometer (QCLS) measurements of the carbon and greenhouse gas suite – CO2, CH4, N2O, and CO – during the CalNex and HIPPO campaigns, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1509–1526, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1509-2014, 2014.
Stephens, B. B., Morgan, E. J., Bent, J. D., Keeling, R. F., Watt, A. S., Shertz, S. R., and Daube, B. C.: Airborne measurements of oxygen concentration from the surface to the lower stratosphere and pole to pole, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-294, in review, 2020.
Stull, R. B.: An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2012.
Sweeney, C., Karion, A., Wolter, S., Newberger, T., Guenther, D., Higgs, J.
A., Andrews, A. E., Lang, P. M., Neff, D., Dlugokencky, E., Miller, J. B.,
Montzka, S. A., Miller, B. R., Masarie, K. A., Biraud, S. C., Novelli, P.
C., Crotwell, M., Crotwell, A. M., Thoning, K., and Tans, P. P.: Seasonal
climatology of CO2 across North America from aircraft measurements in
the NOAA/ESRL Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 5155–5190, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022591, 2015.
Tohjima, Y., Minejima, C., Mukai, H., MacHida, T., Yamagishi, H., and Nojiri,
Y.: Analysis of seasonality and annual mean distribution of atmospheric
potential oxygen (APO) in the Pacific region, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
26, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004110, 2012.
Tung, K. K.: On the Two-Dimensional Transport of Stratospheric Tracer Gases
in Isentropic Coordinates, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2330–2355,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2330:OTTDTO>2.0.CO;2, 1982.
Walin, G.: On the relation between sea-surface heat flow and thermal
circulation in the ocean, Tellus, 34, 187–195,
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v34i2.10801, 1982.
Wang, J. W., Denning, A. S., Lu, L., Baker, I. T., Corbin, K. D., and Davis,
K. J.: Observations and simulations of synoptic, regional, and local
variations in atmospheric CO2, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D04108,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007410, 2007.
Wexler, A.: Vapor pressure equation for water in the range 0 to
100∘ C, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A Phys. Chem., 80A,
775–785, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.075a.022, 1976.
Wills, R. C. J. and Schneider, T.: Mechanisms setting the strength of
orographic Rossby waves across a wide range of climates in a moist idealized
GCM, J. Climate, 31, 7679–7700, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0700.1,
2018.
Wofsy, S. C.: HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO): fine-grained,
global-scale measurements of climatically important atmospheric gases and
aerosols, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 369,
2073–2086, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0313, 2011.
Wofsy, S., Daube, B., Jimenez, R., Kort, E., Pittman, J., Park, S., Commane, R., Xiang, B., Santoni, G., Jacob, D., Fisher, J., Pickett-Heaps, C., Wang, H., Wecht, K., Wang, Q., Stephens, B., Shertz, S., Watt, A., Romashkin, P., Campos, T., Haggerty, J., Cooper, W., Rogers, D., Beaton, S., Hendershot, R., Elkins, J., Fahey, D., Gao, R., Moore, F., Montzka, S., Schwarz, J., Perring, A., Hurst, D., Miller, B., Sweeney, C., Oltmans, S., Nance, D., Hintsa, E., Dutton, G., Watts, L., Spackman, J., Rosenlof, K., Ray, E., Hall, B., Zondlo, M., Diao, M., Keeling, R., Bent, J., Atlas, E., Lueb, R., and Mahoney, M. J.: HIPPO MEDUSA Flask Sample Trace Gas And Isotope Data, Version
1.0, UCAR/NCAR – Earth Observing Laboratory.
https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/HIPPO_014, 2017a.
Wofsy, S., Daube, B., Jimenez, R., Kort, E., Pittman, J., Park, S., Commane, R., Xiang, B., Santoni, G., Jacob, D., Fisher, J., Pickett-Heaps, C., Wang, H., Wecht, K., Wang, Q., Stephens, B., Shertz, S., Watt, A., Romashkin, P., Campos, T., Haggerty, J., Cooper, W., Rogers, D., Beaton, S., Hendershot, R., Elkins, J., Fahey, D., Gao, R., Moore, F., Montzka, S., Schwarz, J., Perring, A., Hurst, D., Miller, B., Sweeney, C., Oltmans, S., Nance, D., Hintsa, E., Dutton, G., Watts, L., Spackman, J., Rosenlof, K., Ray, E., Hall, B., Zondlo, M., Diao, M., Keeling, R., Bent, J., Atlas, E., Lueb, R., and Mahoney, M. J.: HIPPO Merged 10-Second Meteorology, Atmospheric Chemistry, and
Aerosol Data, Version 1.0, UCAR/NCAR – Earth Observing Laboratory.
https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/HIPPO_010, 2017b.
Wofsy, S. C., Afshar, S., Allen, H. M., Apel, E., Asher, E. C., Barletta, B., Bent, J., Bian, H., Biggs, B. C., Blake, D. R., Blake, N., Bourgeois, I., Brock, C. A., Brune, W. H., Budney, J. W., Bui, T. P., Butler, A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Chang, C. S., Chin, M., Commane, R., Correa, G., Crounse, J. D., Cullis, P. D., Daube, B. C., Day, D. A., Dean-Day, J. M., Dibb, J. E., Digangi, J. P., Diskin, G. S., Dollner, M., Elkins, J. W., Erdesz, F., Fiore, A. M., Flynn, C. M., Froyd, K., Gesler, D. W., Hall, S. R., Hanisco, T. F., Hannun, R. A., Hills, A. J., Hintsa, E. J., Hoffman, A., Hornbrook, R. S., Huey, L. G., Hughes, S., Jimenez, J. L., Johnson, B. J., Katich, J. M., Keeling, R., Kim, M. J., Kupc, A., Lait, L. R., Lamarque, J. F., Liu, J., McKain, K., McLaughlin, R. J., Meinardi, S., Miller, D. O., Montzka, S. A., Moore, F. L., Morgan, E. J., Murphy, D. M., Murray, L. T., Nault, B. A., Neuman, J. A., Newman, P. A., Nicely, J. M., Pan, X., Paplawsky, W., Peischl, J., Prather, M. J., Price, D. J., Ray, E., Reeves, J. M., Richardson, M., Rollins, A. W., Rosenlof, K. H., Ryerson, T. B., Scheuer, E., Schill, G. P., Schroder, J. C., Schwarz, J. P., St. Clair, J. M., Steenrod, S. D., Stephens, B. B., Strode, S. A., Sweeney, C., Tanner, D., Teng, A. P., Thames, A. B., Thompson, C. R., Ullmann, K., Veres, P. R., Vizenor, N., Wagner, N. L., Watt, A., Weber, R., Weinzierl, B., Wennberg, P. O., Williamson, C. J., Wilson, J. C., Wolfe, G. M., Woods, C. T., and Zeng, L. H.: ATom: Merged
Atmospheric Chemistry, Trace Gases, and Aerosols, ORNL DAAC,
https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1581, 2018.
Yang, H., Chen, G., Tang, Q., and Hess, P.: Quantifying isentropic
stratosphere-troposphere exchange of ozone, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121,
3372–3387, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024180, 2016.