Articles | Volume 21, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18519-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18519-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
21 Dec 2021
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 21 Dec 2021
| 21 Dec 2021
Secondary ice production during the break-up of freezing water drops on impact with ice particles
Rachel L. James
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Vaughan T. J. Phillips
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Paul J. Connolly
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Cited
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Secondary ice production processes in wintertime alpine mixed-phase clouds P. Georgakaki et al. 10.5194/acp-22-1965-2022
- The impacts of secondary ice production on microphysics and dynamics in tropical convection Z. Qu et al. 10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022
- Secondary ice production – no evidence of efficient rime-splintering mechanism J. Seidel et al. 10.5194/acp-24-5247-2024
- Numerical Simulation of Supercooled Droplet Impact with a Velocity-Gated Darcy Source Y. Wang et al. 10.3390/aerospace12100902
- Effects of secondary ice processes on a stratocumulus to cumulus transition during a cold-air outbreak M. Karalis et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106302
- Dependencies of Four Mechanisms of Secondary Ice Production on Cloud-Top Temperature in a Continental Convective Storm D. Waman et al. 10.1175/JAS-D-21-0278.1
- Microphysical fingerprints in anvil cloud albedo D. Finney et al. 10.5194/acp-25-10907-2025
- Multi-thermals and high concentrations of secondary ice: a modelling study of convective clouds during the Ice in Clouds Experiment – Dust (ICE-D) campaign Z. Cui et al. 10.5194/acp-22-1649-2022
- A bin microphysics parcel model investigation of secondary ice formation in an idealised shallow convective cloud R. James et al. 10.5194/acp-23-9099-2023
- Impact of ice multiplication on the cloud electrification of a cold-season thunderstorm: a numerical case study J. Yang et al. 10.5194/acp-24-5989-2024
- High ice water content in tropical mesoscale convective systems (a conceptual model) A. Korolev et al. 10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024
- Investigating secondary ice production in a deep convective cloud with a 3D bin microphysics model: Part I - Sensitivity study of microphysical processes representations P. Grzegorczyk et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107774
- Measurement report: Influence of particle density on secondary ice production by graupel and frozen drop collisions S. Yadav et al. 10.5194/acp-25-8671-2025
- Molecular simulations reveal that heterogeneous ice nucleation occurs at higher temperatures in water under capillary tension E. Rosky et al. 10.5194/acp-23-10625-2023
- Unraveling ice multiplication in winter orographic clouds via in-situ observations, remote sensing and modeling P. Georgakaki et al. 10.1038/s41612-024-00671-9
- Breakups are complicated: an efficient representation of collisional breakup in the superdroplet method E. de Jong et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-4193-2023
- Influence of secondary ice production on cloud and rain properties: analysis of the HYMEX IOP7a heavy-precipitation event P. Grzegorczyk et al. 10.5194/acp-25-10403-2025
- Secondary ice production during the break-up of freezing water drops on impact with ice particles R. James et al. 10.5194/acp-21-18519-2021
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Secondary ice production processes in wintertime alpine mixed-phase clouds P. Georgakaki et al. 10.5194/acp-22-1965-2022
- The impacts of secondary ice production on microphysics and dynamics in tropical convection Z. Qu et al. 10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022
- Secondary ice production – no evidence of efficient rime-splintering mechanism J. Seidel et al. 10.5194/acp-24-5247-2024
- Numerical Simulation of Supercooled Droplet Impact with a Velocity-Gated Darcy Source Y. Wang et al. 10.3390/aerospace12100902
- Effects of secondary ice processes on a stratocumulus to cumulus transition during a cold-air outbreak M. Karalis et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106302
- Dependencies of Four Mechanisms of Secondary Ice Production on Cloud-Top Temperature in a Continental Convective Storm D. Waman et al. 10.1175/JAS-D-21-0278.1
- Microphysical fingerprints in anvil cloud albedo D. Finney et al. 10.5194/acp-25-10907-2025
- Multi-thermals and high concentrations of secondary ice: a modelling study of convective clouds during the Ice in Clouds Experiment – Dust (ICE-D) campaign Z. Cui et al. 10.5194/acp-22-1649-2022
- A bin microphysics parcel model investigation of secondary ice formation in an idealised shallow convective cloud R. James et al. 10.5194/acp-23-9099-2023
- Impact of ice multiplication on the cloud electrification of a cold-season thunderstorm: a numerical case study J. Yang et al. 10.5194/acp-24-5989-2024
- High ice water content in tropical mesoscale convective systems (a conceptual model) A. Korolev et al. 10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024
- Investigating secondary ice production in a deep convective cloud with a 3D bin microphysics model: Part I - Sensitivity study of microphysical processes representations P. Grzegorczyk et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107774
- Measurement report: Influence of particle density on secondary ice production by graupel and frozen drop collisions S. Yadav et al. 10.5194/acp-25-8671-2025
- Molecular simulations reveal that heterogeneous ice nucleation occurs at higher temperatures in water under capillary tension E. Rosky et al. 10.5194/acp-23-10625-2023
- Unraveling ice multiplication in winter orographic clouds via in-situ observations, remote sensing and modeling P. Georgakaki et al. 10.1038/s41612-024-00671-9
- Breakups are complicated: an efficient representation of collisional breakup in the superdroplet method E. de Jong et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-4193-2023
- Influence of secondary ice production on cloud and rain properties: analysis of the HYMEX IOP7a heavy-precipitation event P. Grzegorczyk et al. 10.5194/acp-25-10403-2025
1 citations as recorded by crossref.
Latest update: 17 Oct 2025
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) plays an important role in ice formation within mixed-phase clouds. We present a laboratory investigation of a potentially new SIP mechanism involving the collisions of supercooled water drops with ice particles. At impact, the supercooled water drop fragments form smaller secondary drops. Approximately 30 % of the secondary drops formed during the retraction phase of the supercooled water drop impact freeze over a temperature range of −4 °C to −12 °C.
Secondary ice production (SIP) plays an important role in ice formation within mixed-phase...
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