the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Atmospheric photo-oxidation of myrcene: OH reaction rate constant, gas-phase oxidation products and radical budgets
Zhaofeng Tan
Luisa Hantschke
Martin Kaminski
Ismail-Hakki Acir
Birger Bohn
Changmin Cho
Hans-Peter Dorn
Anna Novelli
Sascha Nehr
Franz Rohrer
Ralf Tillmann
Robert Wegener
Andreas Hofzumahaus
Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
Andreas Wahner
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- Final revised paper (published on 29 Oct 2021)
- Supplement to the final revised paper
- Preprint (discussion started on 20 Jul 2021)
- Supplement to the preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on acp-2021-556', Anonymous Referee #1, 24 Aug 2021
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2021-556/acp-2021-556-RC1-supplement.pdf
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Hendrik Fuchs, 27 Sep 2021
We thank the reviewer for his/her comments, which helped to improve the manuscript. Please find below our answers.
Comment: PG 3: Oxidation mechanism of myrcene: The SAR of Peeters 2007 has recently been used and updated in the protocol by Jenkin et al., 2018 on the “Estimation of rate coefficients and branching ratios for gas-phase reactions of OH with aliphatic organic compounds for use in automated mechanism construction”. Have you looked at this to see if it gives different results to Peeters 2017? Never the less, the Jenkin et al., 2018 work should be citied here also.
Answer: Thanks for reminding us of the work by Jenkin et al.. The SAR used in Peeters et al. (2017) and Jenkin et al. (2018) give indeed similar predictions of the reaction rate constant of the reaction of myrcene with OH. We added in Line 415 “The reaction rate constants calculated from structure-activity relationship (SAR) by Peeters et al. (2007) and Jenkin et al. (2018) give similar results between 1.8 to 1.9 ×10−10 cm3 s−1. Values are approximately 20 % lower than the experimentally derived reaction rate constants. However, differences are within the accuracy of SAR predictions.” Reaction rate constants derived from Jenkin et al. (2018) are added in Table 4.
Comment: Could epoxide formation in this system (c.f. IEPOX from isoprene + OH) also be an important pathway in the myrcene mechanism, with important implications on SOA formation?
Answer: products are formed as a third-generation product and are not very reactive with OH. For potential SOA formation not investigated in these experiments, epoxide formation could be of importance. However, for the photochemistry experiments in this work the chemistry was dominated by the first oxidation step of myrcene. This was ensured by the re-injection of myrcene once it had reacted away. Therefore, the formation of third-generation products did not play a role for the gas-phase chemistry. Thus, we cannot draw any conclusions about potential formation of epoxide products from these experiments.Comment: PG 3: Spelling: “epxerimental” and “Peters”
Answer: Corrected.
Comment: PG 4, line 111: Should “Fig 1” be “Fig 2”?
Answer: Corrected.
Comment: PG 5, line 129: “e.g.” wrong place
Answer: Corrected.
Comment: PG 5, line 130: add the experiment RH values to Table 1Answer: Added.
Comment: PG 5, line 131: define “medium” NO in the context of your experimentsAnswer: We clarify in Line 131: “two of which were done at medium levels of nitric oxide (NO) ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 ppbv (18 August 2012…”
Comment: PG 5, line 140: “Approx 50 ppbv O3 added…” - therefore ozonolysis of myrcene will form products similar to the OH reaction, potentially interfering with the mechanistic results. This needs to be discussed further here, and you need to show evidence that interferences from ozonolysis is minimized in these experiments (which you discuss later).Answer: We added in Line 140: “Products from the ozonolysis of myrcene are similar to the products formed from the reaction with OH. These could lead to systematic errors in the conclusions with respect to the OH oxidation scheme. Given the typical OH concentration in this study (5×106 cm-3), the contribution of ozonolysis to the entire oxidation of myrcene is less than 20%. The potential interfering is minimized in the medium NO cases, where ozonolysis only contributes 10% of the myrcene oxidation.”
Comment: PG 5, line 142 – 145: I am unsure how these concentrations discussed here map onto those given in Table 1, i.e. 2.3 ppbv for the first injection in the "medium" NO expts and 0.8 ppbv for the first injection in the lower NO experiments...?Answer: We corrected the numbers in the text: “Injections were done 2 times (approximately 2 ppbv each) in experiments with medium NO and four injections with smaller concentrations (approximately 1 ppbv) were done in the other experiments.”
Comment: PG 5, line 146 – 149: again, cross reference the concentration data with the data given in Table 1Answer: We changed the numbers in Table 1.
Comment: PG 6, line 163: How do the different methods of measuring HCHO compare? ( and show evidence they are comparable in the experiments here, or that they are comparable from other SAPHIR experiments)Answer: We added in Line 163: “The HCHO concentrations measured by the different methods has been shown to agree within 10% in a series of experiments in the SAPHIR chamber, in which both instruments concurrently measured (Glowania et al. 2020).”
Comment: PG 7, line 197: VOC reactivity and RO2 speciation in myrcene experiments – give a brief explanation of how k’(OH) was measured hereAnswer: We added after the first sentence of this paragraph: “Total OH reactivity was measured by LP-LIF while the speciated OH reactivity for individual species X was calculated from the products of concentrations of X and its reaction rate versus OH.”
Comment: PG 11, line 313: you need to provide information on where the ozonolysis OH and RO2 yields are derived from in Table 3. What about the ozonolysis yields of HO2?Answer: We added in Line 313: “The applied rate constants are listed in Table 3. The OH and RO2 yields are taken from Deng et al. (2018)., In their work, the yield of HO2 is zero.”
Comment: PG 13, line 378: “reacivity”Answer: Corrected.
Comment: PG 13, line 379: Why was the methane experiment, which is key to understanding the uncertainties of this analysis, not repeated with the DOAS OH measurements? (and ideally a different CH4 measurement?) Could experiments on a simple, well known alkene + OH system (such as ethene or TME) also be useful here?Answer: In other experiments, DOAS and LIF measurements well agreed as demonstrated in a number of publications. One example is shown in the work Novelli et al. (2020), in which isoprene oxidation experiments are analyzed. It is certainly useful and will also be done to repeat the experiment regularly and to use other systems. In this work, we want to demonstrate the concept of the analysis and to estimate the accuracy that can be achieved.
Comment: PG 13, line 386: Both JPL and IUPAC need to be referenced appropriatelyAnswer: We added the references.
Comment: PG 14, line 399 and 401: appropriately reference “?”
Answer: Corrected.Comment: PG 14, line 415: Jenkin et al., 2018 gives an My + OH rate constant (298 K) of 1.88E-10 cm-3 s-1 (see earlier comment with respect to update to the Peeters 2007 SAR…)
Answer: We added the results from Jenkin et al., 2018 in the text and in Table 4.Comment: PG 15, line 440: Derive the yields from Jenkin et al., 2018 as well. Could you not also use a simple model to show the impact of RO2 isomerisation reactions on the carbonyl yields? Which instrument(s) was used to measure the HCHO yields in the different experiments here? How do the different methods compare?
Answer: We derived the yields from Jenkin et al. (2018) and changed the first sentence: “… the isoprenyl part (Peeters et al., 2007). In comparison, the SAR developed by Jenkin et al. (2018) predicts a branching ratio of 63:37 for the OH addition to the −CH=C(CH3)2 moiety and the isoprenyl part, consistent with values reported in Peeters et al. (2007).”
The calculation of the formaldehyde yield from measurements takes into account the sources and sinks, in order to derive the yield from the OH oxidation of myrcene. This is compared to numbers expected from the oxidation scheme. A chemical model essential would give the same answer. This is also the case for other carbonyl products.
The question about the formaldehyde measurements is answered above.
Comment: PG 17, line 499: “well agrees”Answer: Corrected.
Comment: PG 18, line 534: “Sensitivity model runs” Explain how these models were built and run here. In fact, there was no “model run”, but numbers were varied to calculate turnover rates of reactions.Answer: We changed the sentence: “A sensitivity test shows that using a bulk isomerization reaction rate constant of 0.05 s−1 instead of 0.02 s-1 would be sufficient to balance the RO2 production rate.”
Comment: Table 2: “acetaldehyde” (spelling): How and why was this measured here?
Answer: We removed the information about acetaldehyde in the table as its photolysis only makes a negligible contribution to the radical production rate.Comment: Table 3: R4 - ?
Answer: Corrected.
Comment: Table 4: Add the value derived from Jenkin et al., 2018 – 1.88E-10 cm3 s1
Answer: We added the value in Table 4.Comment: Figure 8: This figure is a bit messy, and could be clearer. Separate into 2 Figures (i.e. Figure 8a and Figure 8b)
Answer: We changed the figure as suggested.
References
Jenkin, M. E., et al., Estimation of rate coefficients and branching ratios for gas-phase
reactions of OH with aliphatic organic compounds for use in automated mechanism
construction., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9297–9328, 2018 .https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9297-2018Novelli, A., Vereecken, L., Bohn, B., Dorn, H. P., Gkatzelis, G. I., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Reimer, D., Rohrer, F., Rosanka, S., Taraborrelli, D., Tillmann, R.,Wegener, R., Yu, Z., Kiendler-Scharr, A.,Wahner, A., and Fuchs, H.: Importance of isomerization reactions for OH radical regeneration from the photo-oxidation of isoprene investigated in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3333–3355, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3333-2020, 2020.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-556-AC1
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Hendrik Fuchs, 27 Sep 2021
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RC2: 'Review of Tan et al.', Anonymous Referee #2, 31 Aug 2021
This paper presents measurements of the oxidation of myrcene in the SAPHIR chamber that are used to test a proposed OH-initiated oxidation mechanism. This is one of the first detailed experimental investigation of the myrcene oxidation mechanism. The authors include rapid RO2 interconversion steps through reversible oxygen addition as well as H-shift isomerization reactions similar to that in the oxidation of isoprene with estimated rate constants based on structure activity relationships (SAR). To test the mechanism, the authors measure OH, HO2, and RO2 radicals and several products during oxidation experiments at different mixing ratios of NO. In addition to measuring the rate constant for the OH + myrcene reaction, the authors measured the product yields of acetone and formaldehyde as well as the yield of organic nitrates and compared their results to previous measurements and SAR predictions. A radical budget analysis using the measured concentrations of radicals and their sources and sinks revealed that the total radical production and loss could only be balanced if the rate constant for the HO2 + myrcene RO2 termination reaction was approximately 40% lower than that predicted by the SAR or if this reaction significantly regenerated HOx radicals. Overall, the measurements suggest that the myrcene oxidation mechanism is complex and likely involves RO2 interconversion and isomerization reactions.
The paper is well written and provides new information regarding the myrcene oxidation mechanism and will be suitable for publication after the authors have addressed the following minor comments.
Page 6, line 170: While it does appear that a calibration error may be responsible for the discrepancy between the LIF and DOAS measurements of OH on 22 August given that the LIF and DOAS measurements agree during the 2013 measurements, the authors should comment on whether an unknown interference similar to that observed by Fuchs et al. (AMT, 9, 1431–1447, 2016) might be responsible for the discrepancy.
Page 14, lines 399 and 401: The authors should clarify the “?” reference referred to in this section.
Page 16, line 496 and Figure 10: The authors should clarify the adjustments made to the MyO2+HO2 reaction to bring the radical loss into balance with production with the actual factor used to (between 0.4 and 0.7) in the text and in the caption to Fig. 10, perhaps also including the uncorrected loss rates for comparison.
Pages 17-18, lines 528-530: The authors provide a sensitivity study to show the impact of additional MyO2 isomerization reactions on the production and loss of RO2 radicals in Figs. 11 and 12, producing one HOx radical for each isomerization reaction (line 529). How does the addition HOx production impact the OH and HO2 radical budgets in Figs.11 and 12? Does it improve the radical balance or make it worse?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-556-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Hendrik Fuchs, 27 Sep 2021
We thank the reviewer for his/her comments, which helped to improve the manuscript. Please find below our answers.
Comment: Page 6, line 170: While it does appear that a calibration error may be responsible for the discrepancy between the LIF and DOAS measurements of OH on 22 August given that the LIF and DOAS measurements agree during the 2013 measurements, the authors should comment on whether an unknown interference similar to that observed by Fuchs et al. (AMT, 9, 1431–1447, 2016) might be responsible for the discrepancy.
Answer: We added discussion in the end of the paragraph: “Interference could occur in OH measurements by the LIF instrument from alkene ozonolysis at exceptionally high concentrations of reactants (Fuchs et al., 2016). However, the ozone and myrcene concentrations used in this study were much lower compared to concentrations used in the characterization experiments in Fuchs et al. (2016). Therefore, it is not expected that similar interferences were significant for measurements in these experiments. Thus, the observed differences in the OH measurements of the LIF and DOAS instruments were most likely caused by calibration errors.”
Comment: Page 14, lines 399 and 401: The authors should clarify the “?” reference referred to in this section.
Answer: Corrected.
Comment: Page 16, line 496 and Figure 10: The authors should clarify the adjustments made to the MyO2+HO2 reaction to bring the radical loss into balance with production with the actual factor used to (between 0.4 and 0.7) in the text and in the caption to Fig. 10, perhaps also including the uncorrected loss rates for comparison.
Answer: We revised the sentence: “The reaction rate constant of 2.1×10−11 cm3s−1 suggested by Jenkin et al. (2019) would need to be reduced between a factor of 0.4 and 0.7 (0.9 to 1.6×10−11 cm3s−1 (T = 298 K, Table 3) or the yield of radical products would need to be in the range of 0.3 and 0.6 to match the range of radical production.”
Figures 10 was updated to show the impact of the change in the reaction rate constant of the HO2+MyO2 reaction on the ROx destruction rate.
We revised the caption: “ROx primary production, P , (upper panels), termination L (middle panels) rates and their difference (lower panels). The rate constant of the reaction of MyO2 with HO2 was adjusted, to minimize the difference between radical production and destruction (see text for more explanation). The HO2 +RO2 (SAR) shows the additional radical loss if the unadjusted reaction rate constant is applied. In the bottom row, the lines show the difference between radical destruction and production (L − P ) with adjusted rate constant of the reaction of MyO2 with HO2. Grey areas in the lower panels give the uncertainty of L − P .”
Comment: Pages 17-18, lines 528-530: The authors provide a sensitivity study to show the impact of additional MyO2 isomerization reactions on the production and loss of RO2 radicals in Figs. 11 and 12, producing one HOx radical for each isomerization reaction (line 529). How does the addition HOx production impact the OH and HO2 radical budgets in Figs.11 and 12? Does it improve the radical balance or make it worse?
Answer: We added in Line 529 to discuss the potential impact on the OH and HO2 radical budget: “Because the yield of OH and HO2 from potential isomerization and decomposition reactions of MyO2 is not known, an upper limit of one OH and one HO2 radical for each isomerization reaction is applied.” In Line 534 we added: “Similar as for the RO2 loss rate, potential production of OH and HO2 from MyO2 isomerization reactions would overcompensate the imbalances in their production and destruction rates.”
Figures 11 and 12 are updated to show the maximum impact of OH and HO2 production from isomerization reactions of MyO2.
The captions are extended: “Upper limits for yields of OH and HO2 radicals from MyO2 isomerization reactions of one are assumed in the calculations of their production rates.”
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-556-AC2
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Hendrik Fuchs, 27 Sep 2021