Articles | Volume 21, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10825-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10825-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measured and modelled air quality trends in Italy over the period 2003–2010
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Gino Briganti
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Lina Vitali
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Antonio Piersanti
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Gaia Righini
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Massimo D'Isidoro
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Andrea Cappelletti
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Mihaela Mircea
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Mario Adani
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Gabriele Zanini
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Luisella Ciancarella
Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development – ENEA, Rome, 00123, Italy
Related authors
Mario Adani, Guido Guarnieri, Lina Vitali, Luisella Ciancarella, Ilaria D'Elia, Mihaela Mircea, Maurizio Gualtieri, Andrea Cappelletti, Massimo D'Isidoro, Gino Briganti, Antonio Piersanti, Milena Stracquadanio, Gaia Righini, Felicita Russo, Giuseppe Cremona, Maria Gabriella Villani, and Gabriele Zanini
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-54, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-54, 2020
Publication in GMD not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The National Air Quality forecasting system FORAIR_IT may be considered a state of the art model, and as far as we know it is the first forecasting system at high spatial resolution proposed at Italian National level. FORAIR_IT may be a useful tool that the policy makers might use in order to apply extraordinary procedure to prevent/mitigate high levels of air pollution. Moreover general population might take advantage of FORAIR_IT to get used to the complexity of air quality issues.
V. Baiocchi, L. M. Falconi, L. Moretti, M. Pollino, C. Puglisi, G. Righini, and G. Vegliante
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1-W1-2023, 33–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W1-2023-33-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W1-2023-33-2023, 2023
Lina Vitali, Kees Cuvelier, Antonio Piersanti, Alexandra Monteiro, Mario Adani, Roberta Amorati, Agnieszka Bartocha, Alessandro D'Ausilio, Paweł Durka, Carla Gama, Giulia Giovannini, Stijn Janssen, Tomasz Przybyła, Michele Stortini, Stijn Vranckx, and Philippe Thunis
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-65, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-65, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Air quality forecasting models play a key role in fostering short-term measures aimed at reducing human exposure to air pollution. Together with this role comes the need for a thorough assessment of the model performances to build confidence in models’ capabilities in particular when model applications support policymaking. In this paper, we propose an evaluation methodology and test it on several domains across Europe, highlighting its strengths and room for improvement.
Svetlana Tsyro, Wenche Aas, Augustin Colette, Camilla Andersson, Bertrand Bessagnet, Giancarlo Ciarelli, Florian Couvidat, Kees Cuvelier, Astrid Manders, Kathleen Mar, Mihaela Mircea, Noelia Otero, Maria-Teresa Pay, Valentin Raffort, Yelva Roustan, Mark R. Theobald, Marta G. Vivanco, Hilde Fagerli, Peter Wind, Gino Briganti, Andrea Cappelletti, Massimo D'Isidoro, and Mario Adani
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7207–7257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7207-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7207-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution causes adverse health effects. In Europe, the emissions caused by anthropogenic activities have been reduced in the last decades. To assess the efficiency of emission reductions in improving air quality, we have studied the evolution of PM pollution in Europe. Simulations with six air quality models and observational data indicate a decrease in PM concentrations by 10 % to 30 % across Europe from 2000 to 2010, which is mainly a result of emission reductions.
Jérôme Barré, Hervé Petetin, Augustin Colette, Marc Guevara, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Laurence Rouil, Richard Engelen, Antje Inness, Johannes Flemming, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Dene Bowdalo, Frederik Meleux, Camilla Geels, Jesper H. Christensen, Michael Gauss, Anna Benedictow, Svetlana Tsyro, Elmar Friese, Joanna Struzewska, Jacek W. Kaminski, John Douros, Renske Timmermans, Lennart Robertson, Mario Adani, Oriol Jorba, Mathieu Joly, and Rostislav Kouznetsov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7373–7394, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7373-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7373-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a comprehensive assessment of air quality changes across the main European urban areas induced by the COVID-19 lockdown using satellite observations, surface site measurements, and the forecasting system from the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS). We demonstrate the importance of accounting for weather and seasonal variability when calculating such estimates.
Mario Adani, Guido Guarnieri, Lina Vitali, Luisella Ciancarella, Ilaria D'Elia, Mihaela Mircea, Maurizio Gualtieri, Andrea Cappelletti, Massimo D'Isidoro, Gino Briganti, Antonio Piersanti, Milena Stracquadanio, Gaia Righini, Felicita Russo, Giuseppe Cremona, Maria Gabriella Villani, and Gabriele Zanini
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-54, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-54, 2020
Publication in GMD not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The National Air Quality forecasting system FORAIR_IT may be considered a state of the art model, and as far as we know it is the first forecasting system at high spatial resolution proposed at Italian National level. FORAIR_IT may be a useful tool that the policy makers might use in order to apply extraordinary procedure to prevent/mitigate high levels of air pollution. Moreover general population might take advantage of FORAIR_IT to get used to the complexity of air quality issues.
Giancarlo Ciarelli, Mark R. Theobald, Marta G. Vivanco, Matthias Beekmann, Wenche Aas, Camilla Andersson, Robert Bergström, Astrid Manders-Groot, Florian Couvidat, Mihaela Mircea, Svetlana Tsyro, Hilde Fagerli, Kathleen Mar, Valentin Raffort, Yelva Roustan, Maria-Teresa Pay, Martijn Schaap, Richard Kranenburg, Mario Adani, Gino Briganti, Andrea Cappelletti, Massimo D'Isidoro, Cornelis Cuvelier, Arineh Cholakian, Bertrand Bessagnet, Peter Wind, and Augustin Colette
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4923–4954, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4923-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4923-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The novel multi-model EURODELTA-Trends exercise provided 21 years of continuous PM components and their gas-phase precursor concentrations over Europe from the year 1990. The models’ capabilities to reproduce PM components and gas-phase PM precursor trends over the 1990–2010 period is the key focus of this study. The models were able to reproduce the observed trends relatively well, indicating a possible shift in the thermodynamic equilibrium between gas and particle phases.
Rita Cesari, Alberto Maurizi, Massimo D'Isidoro, Tony Christian Landi, Mihaela Mircea, Felicita Russo, Piero Malguzzi, and Francesco Tampieri
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-124, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-124, 2019
Publication in GMD not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents the on-line coupled meteorology-chemistry transport model BOLCHEM. The paper describes the meteorological and chemical modules, and presents simulation results on the European domain for one year run. For all considered pollutants (O3, NO2, PM10, PM2.5) the model performances are close to those achieved by the current state-of-the-art model system dedicated to air quality study, e.g. Copernicus CAMS products.
Mark R. Theobald, Marta G. Vivanco, Wenche Aas, Camilla Andersson, Giancarlo Ciarelli, Florian Couvidat, Kees Cuvelier, Astrid Manders, Mihaela Mircea, Maria-Teresa Pay, Svetlana Tsyro, Mario Adani, Robert Bergström, Bertrand Bessagnet, Gino Briganti, Andrea Cappelletti, Massimo D'Isidoro, Hilde Fagerli, Kathleen Mar, Noelia Otero, Valentin Raffort, Yelva Roustan, Martijn Schaap, Peter Wind, and Augustin Colette
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 379–405, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-379-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-379-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Model estimates of the mean European wet deposition of nitrogen and sulfur for 1990 to 2010 were within 40 % of the observed values. As a result of systematic biases, the models were better at estimating relative trends for the periods 1990–2000 and 2000–2010 than the absolute trends. Although the predominantly decreasing trends were mostly due to emission reductions, they were partially offset by other factors (e.g. changes in precipitation) during the first period, but not the second.
Noelia Otero, Jana Sillmann, Kathleen A. Mar, Henning W. Rust, Sverre Solberg, Camilla Andersson, Magnuz Engardt, Robert Bergström, Bertrand Bessagnet, Augustin Colette, Florian Couvidat, Cournelius Cuvelier, Svetlana Tsyro, Hilde Fagerli, Martijn Schaap, Astrid Manders, Mihaela Mircea, Gino Briganti, Andrea Cappelletti, Mario Adani, Massimo D'Isidoro, María-Teresa Pay, Mark Theobald, Marta G. Vivanco, Peter Wind, Narendra Ojha, Valentin Raffort, and Tim Butler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12269–12288, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12269-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12269-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates the capability of air-quality models to capture the observed relationship between surface ozone concentrations and meteorology over Europe. The air-quality models tended to overestimate the influence of maximum temperature and surface solar radiation. None of the air-quality models captured the strength of the observed relationship between ozone and relative humidity appropriately, underestimating the effect of relative humidity, a key factor in the ozone removal processes.
Marta G. Vivanco, Mark R. Theobald, Héctor García-Gómez, Juan Luis Garrido, Marje Prank, Wenche Aas, Mario Adani, Ummugulsum Alyuz, Camilla Andersson, Roberto Bellasio, Bertrand Bessagnet, Roberto Bianconi, Johannes Bieser, Jørgen Brandt, Gino Briganti, Andrea Cappelletti, Gabriele Curci, Jesper H. Christensen, Augustin Colette, Florian Couvidat, Cornelis Cuvelier, Massimo D'Isidoro, Johannes Flemming, Andrea Fraser, Camilla Geels, Kaj M. Hansen, Christian Hogrefe, Ulas Im, Oriol Jorba, Nutthida Kitwiroon, Astrid Manders, Mihaela Mircea, Noelia Otero, Maria-Teresa Pay, Luca Pozzoli, Efisio Solazzo, Svetlana Tsyro, Alper Unal, Peter Wind, and Stefano Galmarini
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10199–10218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10199-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10199-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
European wet and dry atmospheric deposition of N and S estimated by 14 air quality models was found to vary substantially. An ensemble of models meeting acceptability criteria was used to estimate the exceedances of the critical loads for N in habitats within the Natura 2000 network, as well as their lower and upper limits. Scenarios with 20 % emission reductions in different regions of the world showed that European emissions are responsible for most of the N and S deposition in Europe.
Augustin Colette, Camilla Andersson, Astrid Manders, Kathleen Mar, Mihaela Mircea, Maria-Teresa Pay, Valentin Raffort, Svetlana Tsyro, Cornelius Cuvelier, Mario Adani, Bertrand Bessagnet, Robert Bergström, Gino Briganti, Tim Butler, Andrea Cappelletti, Florian Couvidat, Massimo D'Isidoro, Thierno Doumbia, Hilde Fagerli, Claire Granier, Chris Heyes, Zig Klimont, Narendra Ojha, Noelia Otero, Martijn Schaap, Katarina Sindelarova, Annemiek I. Stegehuis, Yelva Roustan, Robert Vautard, Erik van Meijgaard, Marta Garcia Vivanco, and Peter Wind
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3255–3276, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3255-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3255-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The EURODELTA-Trends numerical experiment has been designed to assess the capability of chemistry-transport models to capture the evolution of surface air quality over the 1990–2010 period in Europe. It also includes sensitivity experiments in order to analyse the relative contribution of (i) emission changes, (ii) meteorological variability, and (iii) boundary conditions to air quality trends. The article is a detailed presentation of the experiment design and participating models.
Bertrand Bessagnet, Guido Pirovano, Mihaela Mircea, Cornelius Cuvelier, Armin Aulinger, Giuseppe Calori, Giancarlo Ciarelli, Astrid Manders, Rainer Stern, Svetlana Tsyro, Marta García Vivanco, Philippe Thunis, Maria-Teresa Pay, Augustin Colette, Florian Couvidat, Frédérik Meleux, Laurence Rouïl, Anthony Ung, Sebnem Aksoyoglu, José María Baldasano, Johannes Bieser, Gino Briganti, Andrea Cappelletti, Massimo D'Isidoro, Sandro Finardi, Richard Kranenburg, Camillo Silibello, Claudio Carnevale, Wenche Aas, Jean-Charles Dupont, Hilde Fagerli, Lucia Gonzalez, Laurent Menut, André S. H. Prévôt, Pete Roberts, and Les White
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12667–12701, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12667-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12667-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The EURODELTA III exercise allows a very comprehensive intercomparison and evaluation of air quality models' performance. On average, the models provide a rather good picture of the particulate matter (PM) concentrations over Europe even if the highest concentrations are underestimated. The meteorology is responsible for model discrepancies, while the lack of emissions, particularly in winter, is mentioned as the main reason for the underestimations of PM.
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Constraining the budget of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide using a 3-D chemical transport model
Atmospheric CO2 inversion reveals the Amazon as a minor carbon source caused by fire emissions, with forest uptake offsetting about half of these emissions
Rapid O3 assimilations – Part 2: Tropospheric O3 changes accompanied by declining NOx emissions in the USA and Europe in 2005–2020
High-resolution air quality simulations of ozone exceedance events during the Lake Michigan Ozone Study
Simulations of winter ozone in the Upper Green River basin, Wyoming, using WRF-Chem
Measurement report: Assessment of Asian emissions of ethane and propane with a chemistry transport model based on observations from the island of Hateruma
Sensitivity of northeastern US surface ozone predictions to the representation of atmospheric chemistry in the Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism (CRACMMv1.0)
Daytime isoprene nitrates under changing NOx and O3
Atmospheric data support a multi-decadal shift in the global methane budget towards natural tropical emissions
Air quality and related health impact in the UNECE region: source attribution and scenario analysis
East Asian methane emissions inferred from high-resolution inversions of GOSAT and TROPOMI observations: a comparative and evaluative analysis
Towards near-real-time air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions: lessons learned from multiple estimates during the COVID-19 pandemic
Spatiotemporal variation of radionuclide dispersion from nuclear power plant accidents using FLEXPART mini-ensemble modeling
Continuous weekly monitoring of methane emissions from the Permian Basin by inversion of TROPOMI satellite observations
Nighttime ozone in the lower boundary layer and its influences on surface ozone: insights from 3-year tower-based measurements in South China and regional air quality modeling
Western European emission estimates of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CCl4 derived from atmospheric measurements from 2008 to 2021
Estimating methane emissions in the Arctic nations using surface observations from 2008 to 2019
Background nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over the United States and its implications for satellite observations and trends: effects of nitrate photolysis, aircraft, and open fires
Seasonal, interannual and decadal variability of tropospheric ozone in the North Atlantic: comparison of UM-UKCA and remote sensing observations for 2005–2018
Quantification of oil and gas methane emissions in the Delaware and Marcellus basins using a network of continuous tower-based measurements
Global sensitivities of reactive N and S gas and particle concentrations and deposition to precursor emissions reductions
A high-resolution Global Aviation emissions Inventory based on ADS-B (GAIA) for 2019–2021
Large simulated future changes in the nitrate radical under the CMIP6 SSP scenarios: implications for oxidation chemistry
Impact of HO2 aerosol uptake on radical levels and O3 production during summertime in Beijing
Benefits of Net Zero policies for future ozone pollution in China
Source attribution of near-surface ozone trends in the United States during 1995–2019
What controls ozone sensitivity in the upper tropical troposphere?
Exploring the drivers of tropospheric hydroxyl radical trends in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AM4.1 atmospheric chemistry–climate model
Impacts of land cover changes on biogenic emission and its contribution to ozone and secondary organic aerosol in China
High-resolution regional emission inventory contributes to the evaluation of policy effectiveness: a case study in Jiangsu Province, China
Why is ozone in South Korea and the Seoul metropolitan area so high and increasing?
Vehicular ammonia emissions: an underappreciated emission source in densely populated areas
Improving ozone simulations in Asia via multisource data assimilation: results from an observing system simulation experiment with GEMS geostationary satellite observations
Opinion: Establishing a Science-into-Policy Process for Tropospheric Ozone Assessment
A three-dimensional simulation and process analysis of tropospheric ozone depletion events (ODEs) during the springtime in the Arctic using CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System)
A high-resolution satellite-based map of global methane emissions reveals missing wetland, fossil fuel, and monsoon sources
Global impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on surface concentration and health risk of atmospheric benzene
Modelling the impacts of emission changes on O3 sensitivity, atmospheric oxidation capacity and pollution transport over the Catalonia region
Variable effects of spatial resolution on modeling of nitrogen oxides
Atmospheric composition and climate impacts of a future hydrogen economy
Tropospheric NO2 vertical profiles over South Korea and their relation to oxidant chemistry: implications for geostationary satellite retrievals and the observation of NO2 diurnal variation from space
A regional modelling study of halogen chemistry within a volcanic plume of Mt Etna’s Christmas 2018 eruption
Assessment of isoprene and near surface ozone sensitivities to water stress over the Euro-Mediterranean region
Simulating impacts on UK air quality from net-zero forest planting scenarios
Potential impact of shipping on air pollution in the Mediterranean region – a multimodel evaluation: comparison of photooxidants NO2 and O3
Development, intercomparison and evaluation of an improved mechanism for the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide in the UKCA model
Summertime ozone pollution in China affected by stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation
Declining, seasonal-varying emissions of sulfur hexafluoride from the United States
Nitrogen oxides in the free troposphere: implications for tropospheric oxidants and the interpretation of satellite NO2 measurements
Climate-driven deterioration of future ozone pollution in Asia predicted by machine learning with multi-source data
Michael P. Cartwright, Richard J. Pope, Jeremy J. Harrison, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Chris Wilson, Wuhu Feng, David P. Moore, and Parvadha Suntharalingam
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10035–10056, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10035-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10035-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A 3-D chemical transport model, TOMCAT, is used to simulate global atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS) distribution. Modelled OCS compares well with satellite observations of OCS from limb-sounding satellite observations. Model simulations also compare adequately with surface and atmospheric observations and suitably capture the seasonality of OCS and background concentrations.
Luana S. Basso, Chris Wilson, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Graciela Tejada, Henrique L. G. Cassol, Egídio Arai, Mathew Williams, T. Luke Smallman, Wouter Peters, Stijn Naus, John B. Miller, and Manuel Gloor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9685–9723, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9685-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9685-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon’s carbon balance may have changed due to forest degradation, deforestation and warmer climate. We used an atmospheric model and atmospheric CO2 observations to quantify Amazonian carbon emissions (2010–2018). The region was a small carbon source to the atmosphere, mostly due to fire emissions. Forest uptake compensated for ~ 50 % of the fire emissions, meaning that the remaining forest is still a small carbon sink. We found no clear evidence of weakening carbon uptake over the period.
Rui Zhu, Zhaojun Tang, Xiaokang Chen, Xiong Liu, and Zhe Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9745–9763, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9745-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9745-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and surface O3 observations are used to investigate the changes in tropospheric O3 in the USA and Europe in 2005–2020. The surface-based assimilations show limited changes in surface and tropospheric column O3. The OMI-based assimilations show larger decreases in tropospheric O3 columns in 2010–2014, related to a decline in free-tropospheric NO2. Analysis suggests limited impacts of local emissions decline on tropospheric O3 over the USA and Europe in 2005–2020.
R. Bradley Pierce, Monica Harkey, Allen Lenzen, Lee M. Cronce, Jason A. Otkin, Jonathan L. Case, David S. Henderson, Zac Adelman, Tsengel Nergui, and Christopher R. Hain
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9613–9635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate two high-resolution model simulations with different meteorological inputs but identical chemistry and anthropogenic emissions, with the goal of identifying a model configuration best suited for characterizing air quality in locations where lake breezes commonly affect local air quality along the Lake Michigan shoreline. This analysis complements other studies in evaluating the impact of meteorological inputs and parameterizations on air quality in a complex environment.
Shreta Ghimire, Zachary J. Lebo, Shane Murphy, Stefan Rahimi, and Trang Tran
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9413–9438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9413-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
High wintertime ozone levels have occurred often in recent years in mountain basins with oil and gas production facilities. Photochemical modeling of ozone production serves as a basis for understanding the mechanism by which it occurs and for predictive capability. We present photochemical model simulations of ozone formation and accumulation in the Upper Green River basin, Wyoming, demonstrating the model's ability to simulate wintertime ozone and the sensitivity of ozone to its precursors.
Adedayo R. Adedeji, Stephen J. Andrews, Matthew J. Rowlinson, Mathew J. Evans, Alastair C. Lewis, Shigeru Hashimoto, Hitoshi Mukai, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Yasunori Tohjima, and Takuya Saito
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9229–9244, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use the GEOS-Chem model to interpret observations of CO, C2H6, C3H8, NOx, NOy and O3 made from Hateruma Island in 2018. The model captures many synoptic-scale events and the seasonality of most pollutants at the site but underestimates C2H6 and C3H8 during the winter. These underestimates are unlikely to be reconciled by increases in biomass burning emissions but could be reconciled by increasing the Asian anthropogenic source of C2H6 and C3H8 by factors of around 2 and 3, respectively.
Bryan K. Place, William T. Hutzell, K. Wyat Appel, Sara Farrell, Lukas Valin, Benjamin N. Murphy, Karl M. Seltzer, Golam Sarwar, Christine Allen, Ivan R. Piletic, Emma L. D'Ambro, Emily Saunders, Heather Simon, Ana Torres-Vasquez, Jonathan Pleim, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Matthew M. Coggon, Lu Xu, William R. Stockwell, and Havala O. T. Pye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9173–9190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9173-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9173-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone is a pollutant with adverse human health and ecosystem effects. Air quality models allow scientists to understand the chemical production of ozone and demonstrate impacts of air quality management plans. In this work, the role of multiple systems in ozone production was investigated for the northeastern US in summer. Model updates to chemical reaction rates and monoterpene chemistry were most influential in decreasing predicted ozone and improving agreement with observations.
Alfred W. Mayhew, Peter M. Edwards, and Jaqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8473–8485, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene nitrates are chemical species commonly found in the atmosphere that are important for their impacts on air quality and climate. This paper investigates modelled changes to daytime isoprene nitrate concentrations resulting from changes in NOx and O3. The results highlight the complex, nonlinear chemistry of this group of species under typical conditions for megacities such as Beijing, with many species showing increased concentrations when NOx is decreased and/or ozone is increased.
Alice Drinkwater, Paul I. Palmer, Liang Feng, Tim Arnold, Xin Lan, Sylvia E. Michel, Robert Parker, and Hartmut Boesch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8429–8452, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8429-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8429-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in atmospheric methane over the last few decades are largely unexplained. Previous studies have proposed different hypotheses to explain short-term changes in atmospheric methane. We interpret observed changes in atmospheric methane and stable isotope source signatures (2004–2020). We argue that changes over this period are part of a large-scale shift from high-northern-latitude thermogenic energy emissions to tropical biogenic emissions, particularly from North Africa and South America.
Claudio A. Belis and Rita Van Dingenen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8225–8240, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8225-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8225-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study assesses the influence that abating emissions in the rest of the world have on exposure and mortality due to ozone and fine particulate matter in the region covered by the Gothenburg protocol (UNECE, mainly Europe and North America). To that end, the impacts of pollutants derived from different geographic areas and anthropogenic sources are analysed in a series of scenarios including measures to abate air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions with different levels of ambition.
Ruosi Liang, Yuzhong Zhang, Wei Chen, Peixuan Zhang, Jingran Liu, Cuihong Chen, Huiqin Mao, Guofeng Shen, Zhen Qu, Zichong Chen, Minqiang Zhou, Pucai Wang, Robert J. Parker, Hartmut Boesch, Alba Lorente, Joannes D. Maasakkers, and Ilse Aben
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8039–8057, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We compare and evaluate East Asian methane emissions inferred from different satellite observations (GOSAT and TROPOMI). The results show discrepancies over northern India and eastern China. Independent ground-based observations are more consistent with TROPOMI-derived emissions in northern India and GOSAT-derived emissions in eastern China.
Marc Guevara, Hervé Petetin, Oriol Jorba, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Jeroen Kuenen, Ingrid Super, Claire Granier, Thierno Doumbia, Philippe Ciais, Zhu Liu, Robin D. Lamboll, Sabine Schindlbacher, Bradley Matthews, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8081–8101, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8081-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8081-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides an intercomparison of European 2020 emission changes derived from official inventories, which are reported by countries under the framework of several international conventions and directives, and non-official near-real-time estimates, the use of which has significantly grown since the COVID-19 outbreak. The results of the work are used to produce recommendations on how best to approach and make use of near-real-time emissions for modelling and monitoring applications.
Seyed Omid Nabavi, Theodoros Christoudias, Yiannis Proestos, Christos Fountoukis, Huda Al-Sulaiti, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7719–7739, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7719-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7719-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of our study is to comprehensively assess the timing of radioactive material transportation and deposition, along with the associated population exposure in the designated region. We employed diverse meteorological inputs, emission specifics, and simulation codes, aiming to quantify the level of uncertainty.
Daniel J. Varon, Daniel J. Jacob, Benjamin Hmiel, Ritesh Gautam, David R. Lyon, Mark Omara, Melissa Sulprizio, Lu Shen, Drew Pendergrass, Hannah Nesser, Zhen Qu, Zachary R. Barkley, Natasha L. Miles, Scott J. Richardson, Kenneth J. Davis, Sudhanshu Pandey, Xiao Lu, Alba Lorente, Tobias Borsdorff, Joannes D. Maasakkers, and Ilse Aben
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7503–7520, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7503-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7503-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use TROPOMI satellite observations to quantify weekly methane emissions from the US Permian oil and gas basin from May 2018 to October 2020. We find that Permian emissions are highly variable, with diverse economic and activity drivers. The most important drivers during our study period were new well development and natural gas price. Permian methane intensity averaged 4.6 % and decreased by 1 % per year.
Guowen He, Cheng He, Haofan Wang, Xiao Lu, Chenglei Pei, Xiaonuan Qiu, Chenxi Liu, Yiming Wang, Nanxi Liu, Jinpu Zhang, Lei Lei, Yiming Liu, Haichao Wang, Tao Deng, Qi Fan, and Shaojia Fan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1043, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1043, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze nighttime ozone in the lower boundary layer (up to 500 m) from the 2017–2019 measurements at the Canton Tower and the WRF-CMAQ model. We identify strong ability of the residual layer to store daytime ozone in the convective mixing layer, investigate the chemical and meteorological factors controlling nighttime ozone in the residual layer, and quantify the contribution of nighttime ozone in the residual layer to both nighttime and the following day’s surface ozone air quality.
Alison L. Redington, Alistair J. Manning, Stephan Henne, Francesco Graziosi, Luke M. Western, Jgor Arduini, Anita L. Ganesan, Christina M. Harth, Michela Maione, Jens Mühle, Simon O'Doherty, Joseph Pitt, Stefan Reimann, Matthew Rigby, Peter K. Salameh, Peter G. Simmonds, T. Gerard Spain, Kieran Stanley, Martin K. Vollmer, Ray F. Weiss, and Dickon Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7383–7398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used in Europe pre-1990, damaging the stratospheric ozone layer. Legislation has controlled production and use, and global emissions have decreased sharply. The global rate of decline in CFC-11 recently slowed and was partly attributed to illegal emission in eastern China. This study concludes that emissions of CFC-11 in western Europe have not contributed to the unexplained part of the global increase in CFC-11 observed in the last decade.
Sophie Wittig, Antoine Berchet, Isabelle Pison, Marielle Saunois, Joël Thanwerdas, Adrien Martinez, Jean-Daniel Paris, Toshinobu Machida, Motoki Sasakawa, Douglas E. J. Worthy, Xin Lan, Rona L. Thompson, Espen Sollum, and Mikhail Arshinov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6457–6485, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6457-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6457-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here, an inverse modelling approach is applied to estimate CH4 sources and sinks in the Arctic from 2008 to 2019. We study the magnitude, seasonal patterns and trends from different sources during recent years. We also assess how the current observation network helps to constrain fluxes. We find that constraints are only significant for North America and, to a lesser extent, West Siberia, where the observation network is relatively dense. We find no clear trend over the period of inversion.
Ruijun Dang, Daniel J. Jacob, Viral Shah, Sebastian D. Eastham, Thibaud M. Fritz, Loretta J. Mickley, Tianjia Liu, Yi Wang, and Jun Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6271–6284, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use the GEOS-Chem model to better understand the magnitude and trend in free tropospheric NO2 over the contiguous US. Model underestimate of background NO2 is largely corrected by considering aerosol nitrate photolysis. Increase in aircraft emissions affects satellite retrievals by altering the NO2 shape factor, and this effect is expected to increase in future. We show the importance of properly accounting for the free tropospheric background in interpreting NO2 observations from space.
Maria Rosa Russo, Brian John Kerridge, Nathan Luke Abraham, James Keeble, Barry Graham Latter, Richard Siddans, James Weber, Paul Thomas Griffiths, John Adrian Pyle, and Alexander Thomas Archibald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6169–6196, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6169-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6169-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone is an important component of the Earth system as it can affect both climate and air quality. In this work we use observed tropospheric ozone derived from satellite observations and compare it to tropospheric ozone from model simulations. Our aim is to investigate recent changes (2005–2018) in tropospheric ozone in the North Atlantic region and to understand what factors are driving such changes.
Zachary Barkley, Kenneth Davis, Natasha Miles, Scott Richardson, Aijun Deng, Benjamin Hmiel, David Lyon, and Thomas Lauvaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6127–6144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using methane monitoring instruments attached to towers, we measure methane concentrations and quantify methane emissions coming from the Marcellus and Permian oil and gas basins. In the Marcellus, emissions were 3 times higher than the state inventory across the entire monitoring period. In the Permian, we see a sharp decline in emissions aligning with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Tower observational networks can be utilized in other basins for long-term monitoring of emissions.
Yao Ge, Massimo Vieno, David S. Stevenson, Peter Wind, and Mathew R. Heal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6083–6112, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6083-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6083-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The sensitivity of fine particles and reactive N and S species to reductions in precursor emissions is investigated using the EMEP MSC-W (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Meteorological Synthesizing Centre – West) atmospheric chemistry transport model. This study reveals that the individual emissions reduction has multiple and geographically varying co-benefits and small disbenefits on different species, demonstrating the importance of prioritizing regional emissions controls.
Roger Teoh, Zebediah Engberg, Marc Shapiro, Lynnette Dray, and Marc Stettler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-724, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-724, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions from aircraft contribute to climate change and degrade air quality. We describe an up-to-date 4D emissions inventory of global aviation from 2019 to 2021 based on actual flown trajectories. In 2019, 40.2 million flights collectively travelled 61 billion kilometres using 283 Tg of fuel. Long-haul flights were responsible for 43 % of CO2. The emissions inventory is made available for use in future studies to evaluate the negative externalities arising from global aviation.
Scott Archer-Nicholls, Rachel Allen, Nathan L. Abraham, Paul T. Griffiths, and Alex T. Archibald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5801–5813, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5801-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5801-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The nitrate radical is a major oxidant at nighttime, but much less is known about it than about the other oxidants ozone and OH. We use Earth system model calculations to show how the nitrate radical has changed in abundance from 1850–2014 and to 2100 under a range of different climate and emission scenarios. Depending on the emissions and climate scenario, significant increases are projected with implications for the oxidation of volatile organic compounds and the formation of fine aerosol.
Joanna E. Dyson, Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Archit Mehra, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Jingsha Xu, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lianfang Wei, Pingqing Fu, Xinming Wang, Stephen R. Arnold, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5679–5697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl (OH) and closely coupled hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals are vital for their role in the removal of atmospheric pollutants. In less polluted regions, atmospheric models over-predict HO2 concentrations. In this modelling study, the impact of heterogeneous uptake of HO2 onto aerosol surfaces on radical concentrations and the ozone production regime in Beijing in the summertime is investigated, and the implications for emissions policies across China are considered.
Zhenze Liu, Oliver Wild, Ruth M. Doherty, Fiona M. O’Connor, and Steven T. Turnock
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-230, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-230, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of Net Zero policies on surface ozone pollution in China. A chemistry-climate model is used to simulate ozone changes driven by local and external emissions, methane concentrations and warmer climates. We apply a deep learning model to generate more robust ozone projection. While the benefits of Net Zero policies on ozone mitigation may be overestimated with the chemistry-climate model, it is clear that the policies can substantially reduce ozone pollution in future.
Pengwei Li, Yang Yang, Hailong Wang, Su Li, Ke Li, Pinya Wang, Baojie Li, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5403–5417, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5403-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5403-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use a novel technique that can attribute O3 to precursors to investigate O3 changes in the United States during 1995–2019. We found that the US domestic energy and surface transportation emission reductions are primarily responsible for the O3 decrease in summer. In winter, factors such as nitrogen oxide emission reduction in the context of its inhibition of ozone production, increased aviation and shipping activities, and large-scale circulation changes contribute to the O3 increases.
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Horst Fischer, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-816, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-816, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a greenhouse gas and contributes to the earth’s radiative energy budget and therefore to global warming. This effect is largest in the upper troposphere. In this study, we investigate the processes controlling ozone formation and the sensitivity to its precursors in the upper tropical troposphere based on model simulations by the ECHAM5/MESSy2 Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model. We find that NOx emissions from lightning most importantly affect ozone chemistry at these altitudes.
Glen Chua, Vaishali Naik, and Larry Wayne Horowitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4955–4975, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4955-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4955-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl radical (OH) is an atmospheric
detergent, removing air pollutants and greenhouse gases like methane from the atmosphere. Thus, understanding how it is changing and responding to its various drivers is important for air quality and climate. We found that OH has increased by about 5 % globally from 1980 to 2014 in our model, mostly driven by increasing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. This suggests potential climate tradeoffs from air quality policies solely targeting NOx emissions.
Jinlong Ma, Shengqiang Zhu, Siyu Wang, Peng Wang, Jianmin Chen, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4311–4325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An updated version of the CMAQ model with biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from MEGAN was applied to study the impacts of different land cover inputs on O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in China. The estimated BVOC emissions ranged from 25.42 to 37.39 Tg using different leaf area index (LAI) and land cover (LC) inputs. Those differences further induced differences of 4.8–6.9 ppb in O3 concentrations and differences of 5.3–8.4 µg m−3 in SOA concentrations in China.
Chen Gu, Lei Zhang, Zidie Xu, Sijia Xia, Yutong Wang, Li Li, Zeren Wang, Qiuyue Zhao, Hanying Wang, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4247–4269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrated the development of a high-resolution emission inventory and its application to evaluate the effectiveness of emission control actions, by incorporating the improved methodology, the best available data, and air quality modeling. We show that substantial efforts for emission controls indeed played an important role in air quality improvement even with worsened meteorological conditions and that the contributions of individual measures to emission reduction were greatly changing.
Nadia K. Colombi, Daniel J. Jacob, Laura Hyesung Yang, Shixian Zhai, Viral Shah, Stuart K. Grange, Robert M. Yantosca, Soontae Kim, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4031–4044, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4031-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4031-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone, detrimental to human and ecosystem health, is very high and increasing in South Korea. Using a global model of the atmosphere, we found that emissions from South Korea and China contribute equally to the high ozone observed. We found that in the absence of all anthropogenic emissions over East Asia, ozone is still very high, implying that the air quality standard in South Korea is not practically achievable unless this background external to East Asia can be decreased.
Yifan Wen, Shaojun Zhang, Ye Wu, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3819–3828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3819-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3819-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study established a high-resolution vehicular NH3 emission inventory for mainland China to quantify the absolute value and relative importance of on-road NH3 emissions for different regions, seasons and population densities. Our results indicate that the significant role of on-road NH3 emissions in populated urban areas may have been underappreciated, suggesting the control of vehicular NH3 emission can be a feasible and cost-effective way of mitigating haze pollution in urban areas.
Lei Shu, Lei Zhu, Juseon Bak, Peter Zoogman, Han Han, Song Liu, Xicheng Li, Shuai Sun, Juan Li, Yuyang Chen, Dongchuan Pu, Xiaoxing Zuo, Weitao Fu, Xin Yang, and Tzung-May Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3731–3748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3731-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3731-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the benefit of multisource observations (GEMS, LEO satellite, and surface) on ozone simulations in Asia. Data assimilation improves the monitoring of exceedance, spatial pattern, and diurnal variation of surface ozone, with the regional mean bias reduced from −2.1 to −0.2 ppbv. Data assimilation also better represents ozone vertical distributions in the middle to upper troposphere at low latitudes. Our results offer a valuable reference for future ozone simulations.
Richard G. Derwent, David D. Parrish, and Ian C. Faloona
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-426, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-426, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations driven by anthropogenic precursor emissions is a world-wide health and environmental concern; however, this issue lacks a generally accepted understanding of the scientific issues. Here we briefly outline the elements required to conduct an international assessment process to establish a simplified model of the underpinning science and motivate international policy forums for regulating ozone production over hemispheric and global scales.
Le Cao, Simeng Li, Yicheng Gu, and Yuhan Luo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3363–3382, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3363-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3363-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a 3-D mesoscale model study on ozone depletion events (ODEs) occurring in the spring of 2019 at Barrow using an air quality model, CMAQ. Many ODEs observed at Barrow were captured by the model, and the contribution from each physical or chemical process to ozone and bromine species during ODEs was quantitatively evaluated. We found the ODEs at Barrow to be strongly influenced by horizontal transport. In contrast, over the sea, local chemistry significantly reduced the surface ozone.
Xueying Yu, Dylan B. Millet, Daven K. Henze, Alexander J. Turner, Alba Lorente Delgado, A. Anthony Bloom, and Jianxiong Sheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3325–3346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combine satellite measurements with a novel downscaling method to map global methane emissions at 0.1°×0.1° resolution. These fine-scale emission estimates reveal unreported emission hotspots and shed light on the roles of agriculture, wetlands, and fossil fuels for regional methane budgets. The satellite-derived emissions point in particular to missing fossil fuel emissions in the Middle East and to a large emission underestimate in South Asia that appears to be tied to monsoon rainfall.
Chaohao Ling, Lulu Cui, and Rui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3311–3324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An ensemble machine-learning model coupled with chemical transport models (CTMs) was applied to assess the impact of COVID-19 on ambient benzene. The change ratio of the deweathered benzene concentration from the pre-lockdown to lockdown period was in the order of India (−23.6 %) > Europe (−21.9 %) > the United States (−16.2 %) > China (−15.6 %), which might be associated with local serious benzene pollution and substantial emission reduction in the industrial and transportation sectors.
Alba Badia, Veronica Vidal, Sergi Ventura, Roger Curcoll, Ricard Segura, and Gara Villalba
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-160, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-160, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Improving air quality is a top priority in urban areas. In this study, we used an air quality model to analyse the air quality changes occurring over the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona and other rural areas affected by transport of the atmospheric plume from the city during mobility restrictions. Our results show that mitigation strategies intended to reduce O3 should be designed according to the local meteorology, air transport, particular ozone chemistry of the urban area.
Chi Li, Randall V. Martin, Ronald C. Cohen, Liam Bindle, Dandan Zhang, Deepangsu Chatterjee, Hongjian Weng, and Jintai Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3031–3049, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3031-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3031-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Models are essential to diagnose the significant effects of nitrogen oxides (NOx) on air pollution. We use an air quality model to illustrate the variability of NOx resolution-dependent simulation biases; how these biases depend on specific chemical environments, driving mechanisms, and vertical variabilities; and how these biases affect the interpretation of satellite observations. High-resolution simulations are thus critical to accurately interpret NOx and its relevance to air quality.
Nicola J. Warwick, Alex T. Archibald, Paul T. Griffiths, James Keeble, Fiona M. O'Connor, John A. Pyle, and Keith P. Shine
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2023-29, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2023-29, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
We have used a chemistry-climate model to explore the atmospheric response to changes in emissions of hydrogen and other species associated with a shift from fossil fuel to hydrogen use. We find that leakage of hydrogen results in an indirect global warming, offsetting greenhouse gas emission reductions from reduced fossil fuel use. To maximise the benefit of hydrogen as an energy source, hydrogen leakage and emissions of methane, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides should be minimised.
Laura Hyesung Yang, Daniel J. Jacob, Nadia K. Colombi, Shixian Zhai, Kelvin H. Bates, Viral Shah, Ellie Beaudry, Robert M. Yantosca, Haipeng Lin, Jared F. Brewer, Heesung Chong, Katherine R. Travis, James H. Crawford, Lok N. Lamsal, Ja-Ho Koo, and Jhoon Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2465–2481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A geostationary satellite can now provide hourly NO2 vertical columns, and obtaining the NO2 vertical columns from space relies on NO2 vertical distribution from the chemical transport model (CTM). In this work, we update the CTM to better represent the chemistry environment so that the CTM can accurately provide NO2 vertical distribution. We also find that the changes in NO2 vertical distribution driven by a change in mixing depth play an important role in the NO2 column's diurnal variation.
Herizo Narivelo, Paul David Hamer, Virginie Marécal, Luke Surl, Tjarda Roberts, Sophie Pelletier, Béatrice Josse, Jonathan Guth, Mickaël Bacles, Simon Warnach, Thomas Wagner, Stefano Corradini, Giuseppe Salerno, and Lorenzo Guerrieri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-184, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-184, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic emissions provide large amounts of gases and particles that can have important effects on the atmosphere. This is why the paper presents a study of the fate of the volcanic emissions from the Mt Etna’s eruption from 24 to 30 December 2018. Using a numerical model and satellite observations, we analyse the impact of the volcanic plume as it travels and how it modifies the air composition over the whole Mediterranean basin.
Susanna Strada, Andrea Pozzer, Filippo Giorgi, Graziano Giuliani, Erika Coppola, Fabien Solmon, Xiaoyan Jiang, and Alex Guenther
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1522, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1522, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water deficit modifies emissions of isoprene, an aromatic compound released by plants that influence the production of a pollutant such as surface ozone. Numerical modeling shows that, during the warmest and driest summers, isoprene decreases between −20 to −60 % over the Euro-Mediterranean region, while surface ozone only diminishes by few percents. Decreases in isoprene emissions not only happen simultaneously of dry conditions, but could also occur after prolonged or repeated water deficit.
Gemma Purser, Mathew R. Heal, Edward J. Carnell, Stephen Bathgate, Julia Drewer, James I. L. Morison, and Massimo Vieno
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-782, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Forest expansion is a ‘net zero’ pathway, but change in landcover alters air quality in many ways. This study combines data on tree planting suitability with UK-specific emissions of biogenic volatile organic compound to simulate spatial and temporal changes in atmospheric composition for planting scenarios of four species. Decreases in fine particulate matter are relatively larger than increases in ozone which may indicate a net benefit of tree planting on human health aspects of air quality.
Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Jana Moldanova, Sara Jutterström, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Elisa Majamäki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1825–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Potential ship impact on air pollution in the Mediterranean Sea was simulated with five chemistry transport models. An evaluation of the results for NO2 and O3 air concentrations and dry deposition is presented. Emission data, modeled year and domain were the same. Model run outputs were compared to measurements from background stations. We focused on comparing model outputs regarding the concentration of regulatory pollutants and the relative ship impact on total air pollution concentrations.
Ben A. Cala, Scott Archer-Nicholls, James Weber, Nathan Luke Abraham, Paul T. Griffiths, Lorrie Jacob, Y. Matthew Shin, Laura E. Revell, Matthew Woodhouse, and Alexander T. Archibald
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2023-42, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2023-42, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
DMS is an important trace gas emitted from the ocean recognised as setting the sulfate aerosol background. But its oxidation is complex. As a result representation in chemistry-climate models is greatly simplified. We develop & compare a new mechanism to existing mechanisms via a series of global and box model experiments. Our global model studies show our updated DMS scheme is a significant improvement. However, sensitivity studies underscore need for further lab & observational constraints.
Mengyun Li, Yang Yang, Hailong Wang, Huimin Li, Pinya Wang, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1533–1544, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1533-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1533-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the GEOS-Chem model, the impact of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) on summertime tropospheric O3 in China is investigated. In the warm phases of sea surface temperature anomalies over the eastern tropical Pacific, the QBO has a significant positive correlation with near-surface O3 concentrations over central China. The QBO impacts on O3 pollution in China are mainly a result of changing vertical transport of O3.
Lei Hu, Deborah Ottinger, Stephanie Bogle, Stephen A. Montzka, Philip L. DeCola, Ed Dlugokencky, Arlyn Andrews, Kirk Thoning, Colm Sweeney, Geoff Dutton, Lauren Aepli, and Andrew Crotwell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1437–1448, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1437-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1437-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Effective mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relies on an accurate understanding of emissions. Here we demonstrate the added value of using inventory- and atmosphere-based approaches for estimating US emissions of SF6, the most potent GHG known. The results suggest a large decline in US SF6 emissions, shed light on the possible processes causing the differences between the independent estimates, and identify opportunities for substantial additional emission reductions.
Viral Shah, Daniel J. Jacob, Ruijun Dang, Lok N. Lamsal, Sarah A. Strode, Stephen D. Steenrod, K. Folkert Boersma, Sebastian D. Eastham, Thibaud M. Fritz, Chelsea Thompson, Jeff Peischl, Ilann Bourgeois, Ilana B. Pollack, Benjamin A. Nault, Ronald C. Cohen, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jose L. Jimenez, Simone T. Andersen, Lucy J. Carpenter, Tomás Sherwen, and Mat J. Evans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1227–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1227-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1227-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
NOx in the free troposphere (above 2 km) affects global tropospheric chemistry and the retrieval and interpretation of satellite NO2 measurements. We evaluate free tropospheric NOx in global atmospheric chemistry models and find that recycling NOx from its reservoirs over the oceans is faster than that simulated in the models, resulting in increases in simulated tropospheric ozone and OH. Over the U.S., free tropospheric NO2 contributes the majority of the tropospheric NO2 column in summer.
Huimin Li, Yang Yang, Jianbing Jin, Hailong Wang, Ke Li, Pinya Wang, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1131–1145, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1131-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1131-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Future climate change will aggravate ozone pollution in Asia, especially in high-forcing scenarios. Ozone pollution in China will expand from North China to South China and extend into the cold season in a warmer future. The emphasis of this work is to quantify the impacts of future climate change on O3 pollution in Asia, which is of great significance for future O3 pollution mitigation strategies.
Cited articles
Airbase: Air quality e-reporting, available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/aqereporting-8, last access:
15 July 2020.
Amato, F., Karanasiou, A., Moreno, T., Alastuey, A., Orza, J., Lumbreras,
J., Borge, R., Boldo, E., Linares, C., and Querol, X.: Emission factors from
road dust resuspension in a Mediterranean freeway, Atmos. Environ., 61,
580–587, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.065, 2012.
Apte, J. S., Brauer, M., Cohen, A. J., Ezzati, M., and Pope III, C. A.: Ambient PM2.5 Reduces Global and Regional Life Expectancy, Environ. Sci. Tech. Lett., 5, 546–551, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00360, 2018.
Arianet: SURFPRO3 User's guide (SURFace-atmosphere interface PROcessor,
Version 3), Software manual, Arianet R2011.31, Milan, Italy, 2011.
Arianet: Emission Manager. Modular processing system for model-ready
emission input Preparation, Software Manual, Milan, Italy, 2014.
Badia, A. and Jorba, O.: Gas-phase evaluation of the online NMMB/BSC-CTM
model over Europe for 2010 in the framework of the AQMEII-Phase2 project,
Atmos. Environ., 115, 657–669,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.055, 2015.
Bessagnet, B., Pirovano, G., Mircea, M., Cuvelier, C., Aulinger, A., Calori, G., Ciarelli, G., Manders, A., Stern, R., Tsyro, S., García Vivanco, M., Thunis, P., Pay, M.-T., Colette, A., Couvidat, F., Meleux, F., Rouïl, L., Ung, A., Aksoyoglu, S., Baldasano, J. M., Bieser, J., Briganti, G., Cappelletti, A., D'Isidoro, M., Finardi, S., Kranenburg, R., Silibello, C., Carnevale, C., Aas, W., Dupont, J.-C., Fagerli, H., Gonzalez, L., Menut, L., Prévôt, A. S. H., Roberts, P., and White, L.: Presentation of the EURODELTA III intercomparison exercise – evaluation of the chemistry transport models' performance on criteria pollutants and joint analysis with meteorology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12667–12701, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12667-2016, 2016.
Bigi, A. and Ghermandi, G.: Trends and variability of atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10–2.5 concentration in the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15777–15788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15777-2016, 2016.
Binkowski, F. S. and Roselle, S. J.: Models-3 community multiscale air
quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component 1. Model description, J. Geophys.
Res., 108, 4183, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001409,
2003.
BRACE: http://www.brace.sinanet.apat.it/web/struttura.html (last access: 14 July 2021), 2013.
Cadum, E., Rossi, G., Mirabelli, D., Vigotti, M.A., Natale, P., Albano, L.,
Marchi, G., Di Meo, V., Cristofani, R., and Costa, G.: Air pollution and
daily mortality in Turin, 1991–1996, Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, 23,
268–276, available at: https://europepmc.org/article/med/10730467 (last access: 15 May 2020), 1999 (in Italian).
Carnell, E., Vieno, M., Vardoulakis, S., Beck, R., Heaviside, C., Tomlinson,
S., Dragosits, U., Healand, M. R., and Reis, S.: Modelling public health
improvements as a result of air pollution control policies in the UK over
four decades – 1970 to 2010, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 074001,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1542, 2019.
Carslaw, D. C. and Ropkins, K.: Openair – an R package for air quality data
analysis, Environ. Modell. Softw., 27–28, 52–61,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.09.008, 2012.
Carter, W. P. L.: Documentation of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism for VOC
reactivity assessment. Final Report to California Air Resources Board,
Contract No. 92-329, and (in part) 95-308, Sacramento, CA, USA, 2000.
Carugno, M., Consonni, D., Bertazzi, P.A., Biggeri, A., and Baccini, M.:
Temporal trends of PM10 and its impact on mortality in Lombardy, Italy,
Environ. Poll., 227, 280–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.077, 2017.
Casale, G. R., Meloni, D., Miano, S., Palmieri, S., Siani, A. M., and
Cappellani, F.: Solar UV-B irradiance and total ozone in Italy: Fluctuations
and trends, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4895-4901, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900303, 2000.
Cattani, G., Di Menno di Bucchianico, A., Dina, D., Inglessis, M., Notaro,
C., Settimo, G., Viviano, G., and Marconi, A.: Evaluation of the temporal
variation of air quality in Rome, Italy, from 1999 to 2008, Ann. Ist. Super
Sanità, 46, 242–253, https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_10_03_04, 2010.
Cattani, G., Bernetti, A., Caricchia, A., De Lauretis, R., De Marco, S., Di
Menno di Bucchianico, A., Gaeta, A., Gandolfo, G., and Taurino, E.: Analisi
dei trend dei principali inquinanti atmosferici in Italia 2003–2012, ISPRA,
Rome, Italy, report 203/2014, 2014 (in Italian).
Cattani, G., Di Menno di Bucchianico, A., Fioravanti, G., Gaeta, A.,
Gandolfo, G., Lena, F., and Leone, G.: Analisi dei trend dei principali
inquinanti atmosferici in Italia 2008–2017, ISPRA, Rome, Italy, report
302/2018, 2018 (in Italian).
Chang, J. C. and Hanna, S. R.: Air quality model performance evaluation,
Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 87, 167–196,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-003-0070-7, 2004.
Chemel, C., Sokhi, R. S., Yu, Y., Hayman, G. D., Vincent, K. J., Dore, A.
J., Tang, Y. S., Prain, H. D., and Fisher, B.: Evaluation of a CMAQ
simulation at high resolution over the UK for the calendar year 2003, Atmos.
Environ., 44, 2927–2939, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.029, 2010.
Chen, C. and Cotton, W. R.: A one-dimensional simulation of the
stratocumulus-capped mixed layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 25, 289–321, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119541, 1983.
Ciarelli, G., Theobald, M. R., Vivanco, M. G., Beekmann, M., Aas, W., Andersson, C., Bergström, R., Manders-Groot, A., Couvidat, F., Mircea, M., Tsyro, S., Fagerli, H., Mar, K., Raffort, V., Roustan, Y., Pay, M.-T., Schaap, M., Kranenburg, R., Adani, M., Briganti, G., Cappelletti, A., D'Isidoro, M., Cuvelier, C., Cholakian, A., Bessagnet, B., Wind, P., and Colette, A.: Trends of inorganic and organic aerosols and precursor gases in Europe: insights from the EURODELTA multi-model experiment over the 1990–2010 period, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4923–4954, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4923-2019, 2019.
Ciucci, A., D'Elia, I., Wagner, F., Sander, R., Ciancarella, L., Zanini, G.,
and Schöpp, W.: Cost-effective reductions of PM2.5 concentrations and exposure in Italy, Atmos. Environ., 140, 84–93,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.049, 2016.
Cohen, A. J., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Anderson, H. R., Frostad, J., Estep,
K., Balakrishnan, K., Brunekreef, B., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Feigin, V.,
Freedman, G., Hubbell, B., Jobling, A., Kan, H., Knibbs, L., Liu, Y.,
Martin, R., Morawska, L., Pope, C. A., Shin, H., Straif, K., Shaddick, G.,
Thomas, M., van Dingenen, R., van Donkelaar, A., Vos, T., Murray, C. J. L.,
and Forouzanfar, M. H.: Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of
disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the
Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015, Lancet, 389, 1907–1918,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6, 2017.
Colette, A., Granier, C., Hodnebrog, Ø., Jakobs, H., Maurizi, A., Nyiri, A., Bessagnet, B., D'Angiola, A., D'Isidoro, M., Gauss, M., Meleux, F., Memmesheimer, M., Mieville, A., Rouïl, L., Russo, F., Solberg, S., Stordal, F., and Tampieri, F.: Air quality trends in Europe over the past decade: a first multi-model assessment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11657–11678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11657-2011, 2011.
Colette, A., Aas, W., Banin, L., Braban, C. F., Ferm, M., González
Ortiz, A., Ilyin, I., Mar, K., Pandolfi, M., Putaud, J.-P., Shatalov, V.,
Solberg, S., Spindler, G., Tarasova, O., Vana, M., Adani, M., Almodovar, P.,
Berton, E., Bessagnet, B., Bohlin-Nizzetto, P., Boruvkova, J., Breivik, K.,
Briganti, G., Cappelletti, A., Cuvelier, K., Derwent, R., D'Isidoro, M.,
Fagerli, H., Funk, C., Garcia Vivanco, M., Haeuber, R., Hueglin, C.,
Jenkins, S., Kerr, J., de Leeuw, F., Lynch, J., Manders, A., Mircea, M.,
Pay, M. T., Pritula, D., Querol, X., Raffort, V., Reiss, I., Roustan, Y.,
Sauvage, S., Scavo, K., Simpson, D., Smith, R. I., Tang, Y. S., Theobald,
M., Tørseth, K., Tsyro, S., van Pul, A., Vidic, S., Wallasch, M., and
Wind, P.: Air pollution trends in the EMEP region between 1990 and 2012,
NILU, Oslo, Norway, 2016.
Colette, A., Andersson, C., Manders, A., Mar, K., Mircea, M., Pay, M.-T., Raffort, V., Tsyro, S., Cuvelier, C., Adani, M., Bessagnet, B., Bergström, R., Briganti, G., Butler, T., Cappelletti, A., Couvidat, F., D'Isidoro, M., Doumbia, T., Fagerli, H., Granier, C., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., Ojha, N., Otero, N., Schaap, M., Sindelarova, K., Stegehuis, A. I., Roustan, Y., Vautard, R., van Meijgaard, E., Vivanco, M. G., and Wind, P.: EURODELTA-Trends, a multi-model experiment of air quality hindcast in Europe over 1990–2010, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3255–3276, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3255-2017, 2017a.
Colette, A., Solberg, S., Beauchamp, M., Bessagnet, B., Malherbe, L.,
Guerreiro, C., Andersson, A., Cuvelier, C., Manders, A., Mar, K. A., Mircea,
M., Pay, M. T., Raffort, V., Tsyro, S., Adani, M., Bergström, R.,
Briganti, G., Cappelletti, A., Couvidat, F., D'Isidoro, M., Fagerli, H.,
Ojha, N., Otero, N., and Wind, P.: Long term air quality trends in Europe.
Contribution of meteorological variability, natural factors and emissions,
ETC/ACM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands, Technical Paper 2016/7, 2017b.
Cotton, W. R., Pielke Sr., R. A., Walko, R. L., Liston, G. E., Tremback, C.
J., Jiang, H., McAnelly, R. L., Harrington, J. Y., Nicholls, M. E., Carrio,
G. G., and McFadden, J. P.: RAMS 2001: Current status and future directions,
Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 82, 5–29, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-001-0584-9, 2003 (data available at: http://www.atmet.com/software/rams_soft.shtml, last access: 19 October 2020).
Cristofanelli, P., Scheel, H.-E., Steinbacher, M., Saliba, M., Azzopardi,
F., Ellul, R., Fröhlich, M., Tositti, L., Brattich, E., Maione, M.,
Calzolari, F., Duchi, R., Landi, T. C., Marinoni, A., and Bonasoni, P.:
Long-term surface ozone variability at Mt. Cimone WMO/GAW global station
(2165 m a.s.l., Italy), Atmos. Environ., 101, 23–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.012, 2015.
D'Elia, I., Bencardino, M., Ciancarella, L., Contaldi, M., and Vialetto, G.:
Technical and Non-Technical Measures for air pollution emission reduction:
The integrated assessment of the regional Air Quality Management Plans
through the Italian national model, Atmos. Environ., 43, 6182–6189,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09.003, 2009.
D'Elia, I., Piersanti, A., Briganti, G., Cappelletti, A., Ciancarella, L.,
and Peschi, E.: Evaluation of mitigation measures for air quality in Italy
in 2020 and 2030, Atmos. Poll. Res., 9, 977–988,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.03.002, 2018.
De Marco, A., Proietti, C., Anav, A., Ciancarella, L., D'Elia, I., Fares,
S., Fornasier, M.F., Fusaro, L., Gualtieri, M., Manes, F., Marchetto, A.,
Mircea, M., Paoletti, E., Piersanti, A., Rogora, M., Salvati, L., Salvatori,
E., Screpanti, A., and Leonardi, C.: Impacts of air pollution on human and
ecosystem health, and implications for the National Emission Ceilings
Directive: Insight from Italy, Environ. Int., 125, 320–333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.064, 2019.
Dufour, G., Eremenko, M., Beekmann, M., Cuesta, J., Foret, G., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Lachâtre, M., Lin, W., Liu, Y., Xu, X., and Zhang, Y.: Lower tropospheric ozone over the North China Plain: variability and trends revealed by IASI satellite observations for 2008–2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16439–16459, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16439-2018, 2018.
European Commission (EC): Council Decision 97/101/EC of 27 January 1997
establishing a reciprocal exchange of information and data from networks and
individual stations measuring ambient air pollution within the Member
States, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 35, 14–22, 1997.
European Commission (EC): Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for
Europe (The Framework Directive), Official Journal European Union En.
Series, OJ L 152, 11 June 2008, 1–44, Brussels, Belgium, 2008.
European Commission (EC): Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national
emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC
and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC. Official Journal of the European Union,
OJ L 344, 17 December 2016, 1–31, Brussels, Belgium, 2016.
European Environmental Agency (EEA): Assessment of ground-level ozone in EEA
member countries, with a focus on long-term trends, European Environment
Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 56, https://doi.org/10.2800/11798, 2009.
European Environmental Agency (EEA): Air quality in Europe – 2020 report.
EEA, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Report, 09/2020, https://doi.org/10.2800/786656, 2020.
Feng, Z., De Marco, A., Anav, A., Gualtieri, M., Sicard, P., Tian, H.,
Fornasier, F., Tao, F., Guo, A., and Paoletti, E.: Economic losses due to
ozone impacts on human health, forest productivity and crop yield across
China, Environ. Int., 131, 104966,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104966, 2019.
Fountoukis, C. and Nenes, A.: ISORROPIA II: a computationally efficient
thermodynamic equilibrium model for
K+–Ca2+–Mg2+– –Na+– – –Cl−–H2O
aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4639–4659,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4639-2007, 2007.
Fuzzi, S., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K., Decesari, S., Denier van der Gon, H., Facchini, M. C., Fowler, D., Koren, I., Langford, B., Lohmann, U., Nemitz, E., Pandis, S., Riipinen, I., Rudich, Y., Schaap, M., Slowik, J. G., Spracklen, D. V., Vignati, E., Wild, M., Williams, M., and Gilardoni, S.: Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8217–8299, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8217-2015, 2015.
Gariazzo, C., Silibello, C., Finardi, S., Radice, P., Piersanti, A., Calori,
G., Cecinato, A., Perrino, C., Nussio, F., Cagnoli, M., Pelliccioni, A.,
Gobbi, G. P., and Di Filippo, P.: A gas/aerosol air pollutants study over
the urban area of Rome using a comprehensive chemical transport model,
Atmos. Environ., 41, 7286–7303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.018, 2007.
Gilardoni, S., Tarozzi, L., Sandrini, S., Ielpo, P., Contini, D., Putaud,
J-P., Cavalli, F., Poluzzi, V., Bacco, D., Leonardi, C., Genga, A., Langone,
L., and Fuzzi, S.: Reconstructing Elemental Carbon Long-Term Trend in the Po
Valley (Italy) from Fog Water Samples, Atmos., 11, 580, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060580, 2020.
Gualtieri, G., Crisci, A., Tartaglia, M., Toscano, P., Vagnoli, C., Adreini,
B. P., and Gioli, B.: Analysis of 20-year air quality trends and relationship
with emission data: The case of Florence (Italy), Urban Climate, 10,
530–549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.03.010, 2014.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
Guerreiro, C. B. B., Foltescu, V., and de Leeuw, F.: Air quality status and trends in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 98, 376–384, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.017, 2014.
Henschel, S., Le Tertre, A., Atkinson, R. W., Querol, X., Pandolfi, M.,
Zeka, A., Haluza, D., Analitis, A., Katsouyanni, K., Bouland, C., Pascal,
M., Medina, S., and Goodman, P. G.: Trends of nitrogen oxides in ambient air
in nine European cities between 1999 and 2010, Atmos. Environ., 117,
234–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.07.013, 2015.
Iannone, F., Ambrosino, F., Bracco, G., De Rosa, M., Funel, A., Guarnieri,
G., Migliori, S., Palombi, F., Ponti, G., Santomauro, G., and Procacci, P.:
CRESCO ENEA HPC clusters: a working example of a multifabric GPFS Spectrum
Scale layout, 2019 International Conference on High Performance Computing
& Simulation (HPCS), 15–19 July 2019, Dublin, Ireland, 1051–1052,
https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCS48598.2019.9188135, 2019.
IIR: Italian Emission Inventory 1990–2019, Informative Inventory
Report 2021. Ispra Technical Report, 342/2021, Rome, Italy, 2021.
Im, U., Bianconi, R., Solazzo, E., Kioutsioukis, I., Badia, A., Balzarini, A., Baró, R., Bellasio, R., Brunner, D., Chemel, C., Curci, G., van der Gon, H. D., Flemming, J., Forkel, R., Giordano, L., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Hirtl, M., Hodzic, A., Honzak, L., Jorba, O., Knote, C., Makar, P.A., Manders-Groot, A., Neal, L., Pérez, J. L., Pirovano, G., Pouliot, G., San Jose, R., Savage, N., Schroder, W., Sokhi, R. S., Syrakov, D., Torian, A., Tuccella, P., Wang, K., Werhahn, J., Zabkar, R., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Hogrefe, C., and Galmarini, S.: Evaluation
of operational online-coupled regional air quality models over Europe and
North America in the context of AQMEII phase 2. Part II: Particulate matter,
Atmos. Environ., 115, 421–441,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.072, 2015.
ISPRA: Brace, available at:
http://www.brace.sinanet.apat.it/web/struttura.html?p_livello_1=18&p_main=web/area_download.inizio&p_scroll=, last access: 14 July 2021.
Iversen, T.: Modeled and measured transboundary acidifying pollution in
Europe: Verification and trends, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 889–920, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90008-M, 1993.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L.,
Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M.,
Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang,
J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR
Reanalysis 40-year Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437–471,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Kendall, M. G.: Rank correlation methods., Charles Griffin & Co. Ltd.,
London, UK, 1975.
Kukkonen, J., Olsson, T., Schultz, D. M., Baklanov, A., Klein, T., Miranda, A. I., Monteiro, A., Hirtl, M., Tarvainen, V., Boy, M., Peuch, V.-H., Poupkou, A., Kioutsioukis, I., Finardi, S., Sofiev, M., Sokhi, R., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Karatzas, K., San José, R., Astitha, M., Kallos, G., Schaap, M., Reimer, E., Jakobs, H., and Eben, K.: A review of operational, regional-scale, chemical weather forecasting models in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1-2012, 2012.
Lanzi, E. and Dellink, R.: Economic interactions between climate change and
outdoor air pollution. OECD Publishing, Paris, France, Environment Working
Papers, No. 148, https://doi.org/10.1787/8e4278a2-en, 2019.
Lefohn, A. S., Malley, C. S., Simon, H., Wells, B., Xu, X., Zhang, L., and
Wang, T.: Responses of human health and vegetation exposure metrics to
changes in ozone concentration distributions in the European Union, United
States, and China, Atmos. Environ., 152, 123–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.025, 2017.
Lefohn, A. S., Malley, C. S., Smith, L., Wells, B., Hazucha, M., Simon, H.,
Naik, V., Mills, G., Schultz, M. G., Paoletti, E., De Marco, A., Xu, X.,
Zhang, L., Wang, T., Neufeld, H. S., Musselman, R. C., Tarasick, D., Brauer,
M., Feng, Z., Tang, H., Kobayashji, K., Sicard, P., Solberg, S., and Gerosa,
G.: Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate
change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research, Elem. Sci. Anth., 6, 28,
https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.279, 2018.
Lonati, G. and Cernuschi, S.: Temporal and spatial variability of atmospheric ammonia in the Lombardy region (Northern Italy), Atmos. Poll. Res., 11, 2154–2163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.06.004, 2020.
Maas, R. and Grennfelt, P. (Eds.): Towards Cleaner Air. Scientific
Assessment Report 2016. EMEP Steering Body and Working Group on Effects of
the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, Oslo, Norway,
2016.
Mann, H. B.: Nonparametric tests against trend, Econometrica, 13,
245–259, https://doi.org/10.2307/1907187, 1945.
Mar, K. A., Colette, A., Adani, M., Bessagnet, B., Briganti, G.,
Cappelletti, A., Cuvelier, C., D'Isidoro, M., Fagerli, H., Vivanco, M. G.,
Manders, A., Pay, M. T., Raffort, V., Roustan, Y., Theobald, M., Tsyro, S.,
Wind, P., Ojha, N., Pozzer, A., and Butler, T.: Twenty years of ozone air
quality in Europe: trends in models and measurements, in: Quadrennial Ozone
Symposium of the International Ozone Commission (IO3C), 4–9 September 2016, Edinburgh, UK, 2016.
Masiol, M., Squizzato, S., Formenton, G., Harrison, R. M., and Agostinelli,
C.: Air quality across a European hotspot: Spatial gradients, seasonality,
diurnal cycles and trends in the Veneto region, NE Italy, Sci. Total
Environ., 576, 210–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.042, 2017.
Mellor, G. L. and Yamada, T.: Development of a turbulence closure model for
geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys., 20, 851–875, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG020i004p00851, 1982.
Mircea, M., Ciancarella, L., Briganti, G., Calori, G., Cappelletti, A.,
Cionni, I., Costa, M., Cremona, G., D'Isidoro, M., Finardi, S., Pace, G.,
Piersanti, A., Righini, G., Silibello, C., Vitali, L., and Zanini, G.:
Assessment of the AMS-MINNI system capabilities to predict air quality over
Italy for the calendar year 2005, Atmos. Environ., 84, 178–188,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.006, 2014.
Mircea, M., Grigoras, G., D'Isidoro, M., Righini, G., Adani, M., Briganti,
G., Ciancarella, L., Cappelletti, A., Calori, G., Cionni, I., Finardi, S.,
Larsen, B.R., Pace, G., Perrino, C., Piersanti, A., Silibello, C., and
Zanini, G.: Impact of grid resolution on aerosol predictions: a case study
over Italy, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 16, 1253–1267, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.02.0058, 2016.
Monteiro, A., Gama, C., Candido, M., Ribeiro, I., Carvalho, D., and Lopes,
M.: Investigating ozone high levels and the role of sea breeze on its
transport, Atmos. Poll. Res.,7, 339–347,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2015.10.013, 2016.
OECD: The economic consequences of outdoor air pollution. OECD Publishing,
Paris, France, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264257474-en, 2016.
Padoan, E., Ajmone-Marsan, F., Querol, X., and Amato, F.: An empirical model
to predict road dust emissions based on pavement and traffic
characteristics, Environ. Poll., 237, 713–720, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.115, 2018.
Pay, M. T., Martínez, F., Guevara, M., and Baldasano, J. M.: Air quality forecasts on a kilometer-scale grid over complex Spanish terrains, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1979–1999, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1979-2014, 2014.
Piersanti, A., Cremona, G., Righini, G., Ciancarella, L., Cionni, I.,
D'Isidoro, M., Mircea, M., and Vitali, L.: GIS-based procedure for
evaluation of performances of the Italian atmospheric modelling system
simulated data versus observed measurement, In: Proceedings of the 6th
International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, 1–5 July 2012, Leipzig, Germany, iEMSs 2012, no. 172, 2012.
Pirovano, G., Balzarini, A., Bessagnet, B., Emery, C., Kallos, G., Meleux,
F., Mitsakou, C., Nopmongcol,U., Riva, G. M., and Yarwood, G.: Investigating
impacts of chemistry and transport model formulation on model performance at
European scale, Atmos. Environ., 53, 93–109,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.052, 2012.
Pope III, C. A. and Dockery, D. W.: Health effects of fine particulate air
pollution: lines that connect, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 56, 709–742,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485, 2006.
Pope III, C. A., Coleman, N., Pond, Z. A., and Burnett, R. T.: Fine particulate
air pollution and human mortality: 25+ years of cohort studies, Environ.
Res., 183, 108924, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108924, 2020.
Pozzer, A., Bacer, S., De Zolt Sappadina, S., Predicatori, F., and Caleffi,
A.: Long-term concentrations of fine particulate matter and impact on human
health in Verona, Italy, Atmos. Poll. Res., 10, 731–738, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.11.012, 2019.
Putaud, J. P., Cavalli, F., Martins dos Santos, S., and Dell'Acqua, A.: Long-term trends in aerosol optical characteristics in the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9129–9136, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9129-2014, 2014.
Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Pandolfi, M., Reche, C., Perez, N., Minguillon,
M.C., Moreno, T., Viana, M., Escudero, M., Orio, A., Pallares, M., and
Reina, F.: 2001-2012 trends on air quality in Spain, Sci. Tot. Environ.,
490, 957–959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.074, 2014.
Rajagopalan, S., Al-Kindi, S. A., and Brook, R. D.: Air pollution and
cardiovascular disease: JACC State-of-the-Art review, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
72, 2054–2070, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099, 2018.
Schaap, M., Cuvelier, C., Hendriks, C., Bessagnet, B., Baldasano, J. M.,
Colette, A., Thunis, P., Karam, D., Fagerli, H., Graff, A., Kranenburg, R.,
Nyiri, A., Pay, M. T., Rouil, L., Schulz, M., Simpson, D., Stern, R.,
Terrenoire, E., and Wind, P.: Performance of European chemistry transport
models as function of horizontal resolution, Atmos. Environ., 112, 90–105,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.003 , 2015.
Schell, B., Ackermann, I. J., Hass, H., Binkowski, F. S., and Ebel, A.:
Modeling the formation of secondary organic aerosol within a comprehensive
air quality modeling system, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28275-28293,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000384, 2001.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics – from
air pollution to climate change, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA,
1998.
Sen, P. K.: Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau,
J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 63, 1379–1389,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934, 1968.
Sheng, J.-X., Jacob, D. J., Turner, A. J., Maasakkers, J. D., Benmergui, J., Bloom, A. A., Arndt, C., Gautam, R., Zavala-Araiza, D., Boesch, H., and Parker, R. J.: 2010–2016 methane trends over Canada, the United States, and Mexico observed by the GOSAT satellite: contributions from different source sectors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12257–12267, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12257-2018, 2018.
Sicard, P., Coddeville, P., and Galloo, J. C.: Near-surface ozone levels and
trends at rural stations in France over the 1995–2003 period, Environ.
Monitor. Assess., 156, 141–157,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0470-8, 2009.
Silibello, C., Calori, G., Brusasca, G., Giudici, A., Angelino, E., Fossati,
G., Peroni, E., and Buganza, E.: Modelling of PM10 concentrations over
Milano urban area using two aerosol modules, Environ. Modell. Softw., 23,
333–343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.04.002, 2008.
Sillman, S.: The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban
and polluted rural environments, Atmos. Environ., 33, 1821–1845,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00345-8, 1999.
Simon, H., Baker, K. R., and Phillips, S.: Compilation and interpretation of
photochemical model performance statistics published between 2006 and 2012,
Atmos. Environ., 61, 124–139,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.012, 2012.
Solazzo, E., Bianconi, R., Pirovano, G., Matthias, V., Vautard, R., Moran,
M. D., Appel, K. W., Bessagnet, B., Brandt, J., Christensen, J. H., Chemel,
C., Coll, I., Ferreira, J., Forkel, R., Francis, X. V., Grell, G., Grossi,
P., Hansen, A. B., Hogrefe, C., Miranda, A. I., Nopmongco, U., Prank, M.,
Sartelet, K. N., Schaap, M., Silver, J. D., Sokhi, R. S., Vira, J., Werhahn,
J., Wolke, R., Yarwood, G., Zhang, J., Rao, S. T., and Galmarini, S.:
Operational model evaluation for particulate matter in Europe and North
America in the context of AQMEII, Atmos. Environ., 53, 75–92,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.045, 2012.
Solberg, S., Colette, A., and Guerreiro, C.: Discounting the impact of
meteorology to the ozone concentration trends. ETC/ACM, Bilthoven, the
Netherlands, Technical Paper 2015/9, 2015.
Taurino, E., Bernetti, A., De Lauretis, R., D'Elia, I., Di Cristofaro, E.,
Gagna, A, Gonella, B., Lena, B., Pantaleoni, M., Peschi, E., Romano, D., and
Vitullo, M.: Italian Emission Inventory 1990–2015. Informative Inventory
report 2017, ISPRA, Rome, Italy, Report 262/2017, 2017.
Theil, H.: A rank-invariant method of linear and polynomial regression
analysis, Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands. Acad. Sci. 53, 386–392,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2546-8_20, 1950.
Tremback, C. J.: Numerical simulation of a mesoscale convective complex:
Model development and numerical results, PhD Diss., Colorado State
University, Dissertation Abstracts International, 51-06, B, 2941, Colorado State University, available at: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhDT........56T (last access: 14 July 2021), 1990.
Tsyro, S. Andersson, C., Bessagnet, B., Colette, A., Couvidat, F., Cuvelier,
C., Manders, A., Mar, K., Mircea, M., Otero, N., Aas, W., Pay, M-T.,
Raffort, V., Roustan, Y., Theobald, M., Vivanco, M. G., Briganti, G.,
Cappelletti, A., D'Isidoro, M., Fagerli, H., and Wind, P.: Multi-model
assessment of PM Trends in Europe during two decades (1990–2010), in:
Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Harmonisation
within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes (HARMO 18), 9–12 October 2017, Bologne, Italy, 2017.
Uccelli, R., Mastrantonio, M., Altavista, P., Caiaffa, E., Cattani, G.,
Belli, S., and Comba, P.: Female lung cancer mortality and long-term
exposure to particulate matter in Italy, Eur. J. Public Health,
27, 178–183, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw203, 2017.
UNECE: Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution, available at: http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/welcome.html.html (last access: 22 June
2020), 1979.
Vautard, R., Bessagnet, B., Chin, M., and Menut, L.: On the contribution of
natural Aeolian sources to particulate matter concentrations in Europe:
Testing hypotheses with a modelling approach, Atmos. Environ., 39,
3291–3303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.01.051, 2005.
Velders, G. J. M., Maas, R. J. M., Geilenkirchen, G. P., de Leeuw, F. A. A. M.,
Ligterink, N. E., Ruyssenaars, P., de Vries, W. J., and Wesseling, J.: Effects
of European emission reductions on air quality in the Netherlands and the
associated health effects, Atmos. Environ., 221, 117109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117109, 2020.
Vitali, L., Adani, M., Briganti, G., Cappelletti, A., Ciancarella, L.,
Cremona, G., D'Elia, I., D'Isidoro, M., Guarnieri, G., Mircea, M.,
Piersanti, A., Righini, G., Russo, F., Villani, M. G., and Zanini, G.:
AMS-MINNI National Air Quality Simulation on Italy for the Calendar Year
2015. Annual Air Quality Simulation of MINNI Atmospheric Modelling System:
Results for the Calendar Year 2015 and Comparison with Observed Data, ENEA
Technical Report, RT/2019/15/ENEA, ISSN 2499-5347, available at:
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12079/52259 (last access: 14 July 2021), 2019.
Walko, R. L., Tremback, C. J., Pielke, R. A., and Cotton, W. R.: An interactive
nesting algorithm for stretched grids and variable nesting ratios, J. Appl.
Meteor., 34, 994–999, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0994:AINAFS>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Walko, R. L., Band, L. E., Baron, J., Kittel, T. G. F., Lammers, R., Lee, T. J.,
Ojima, D., Pielke, R. A., Taylor, C., Tague, C., Tremback, C. J., and Vidale,
P. L.: Coupled Atmosphere–Biophysics–Hydrology Models for Environmental
Modeling, J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 931–944, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0931:CABHMF>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Boykoff,
M., Byass, P., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Capstick, S., Chambers, J.,
Dalin, C., Daly, M., Dasandi, N., Davies, M., Drummond, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi,
K. L., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Escobar, L. E., Fernandez, Montoya, L.,
Georgeson, L., Graham, H., Haggar, P., Hamilton, I., Hartinger, S., Hess,
J., Kelman, I., Kiesewetter, G., Kjellstrom, T., Kniveton, D., Lemke, B.,
Liu, Y., Lott, M., Lowe, R., Sewe, M. O., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Maslin, M.,
McAllister, L., McGushin, A., Jankin, Mikhaylov, S., Milner, J.,
Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morrissey, K., Murray, K., Munzert, S., Nilsson, M.,
Neville, T., Oreszczyn, T., Owfi, F., Pearman, O., Pencheon, D., Phung, D.,
Pye, S., Quinn, R., Rabbaniha, M., Robinson, E., Rocklöv, J., Semenza,
J. C., Sherman, J., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Tabatabaei, M., Taylor, J.,
Trinanes, J., Wilkinson, P., Costello, A., Gong, P., and Montgomery, H.: The
2019 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring
that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate,
Lancet, 394, 1836–1878,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6, 2019.
WHO (World Health Organization): Healthy environments for healthier
populations: Why do they matter, and what can we do?, WHO/CED/PHE/DO/19.01, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, available at:
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-CED-PHE-DO-19.01 (last access: 14 July 2021),
2019.
Wilson, R. C., Fleming, Z. L., Monks, P. S., Clain, G., Henne, S., Konovalov, I. B., Szopa, S., and Menut, L.: Have primary emission reduction measures reduced ozone across Europe? An analysis of European rural background ozone trends 1996–2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 437–454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-437-2012, 2012.
Yan, Y., Pozzer, A., Ojha, N., Lin, J., and Lelieveld, J.: Analysis of European ozone trends in the period 1995–2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5589–5605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5589-2018, 2018.
Zhai, S., Jacob, D. J., Wang, X., Shen, L., Li, K., Zhang, Y., Gui, K., Zhao, T., and Liao, H.: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) trends in China, 2013–2018: separating contributions from anthropogenic emissions and meteorology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11031–11041, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11031-2019, 2019.
Zhang, K. M., Knipping, E. M., Wexler, A. S., Bhave, P. V., and Tonnesen, G. S.: Size distribution of sea-salt emissions as a function of relative humidity, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3373–3379,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.032, 2005.
Short summary
We present an analysis of modelled trends of PM10, NO2, and O3 airborne concentrations over the Italian territory in 2003–2010. Our analysis shows a general downward simulated trend for all pollutants, with good agreement between observed and modelled values and the model widening both coverage and significance of air concentration trends. Due to the complex atmospheric dynamics, emission reductions do not always result in decreasing concentrations, especially for secondary pollutants.
We present an analysis of modelled trends of PM10, NO2, and O3 airborne concentrations over the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint