Articles | Volume 20, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9459-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9459-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Aug 2020
Research article |
| 13 Aug 2020
| 13 Aug 2020
Reformulating the bromine alpha factor and equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC): evolution of ozone destruction rates of bromine and chlorine in future climate scenarios
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Debra K. Weisenstein
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Ross J. Salawitch
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
David M. Wilmouth
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Cited
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Rapid ozone depletion after humidification of the stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga Eruption S. Evan et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg2551
- Chlorine (Cl) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) solubility in hydrous silicate melts: implications for volcanic gas composition M. Rusiecka & B. Wood https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-026-02332-x
- Surface modification and application properties of heat-resistant ultrafine KAl(OH)₂CO₃ dry powder fire extinguishing agent L. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121935
- Sensitivity of stratospheric ozone to the latitude, season, and halogen content of a contemporary explosive volcanic eruption F. Østerstrøm et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32574-9
- Reformulating the bromine alpha factor and equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC): evolution of ozone destruction rates of bromine and chlorine in future climate scenarios J. Klobas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9459-2020
- A review of the status of organic pollutants in geothermal waters J. Kibet https://doi.org/10.36937/janset.2021.004.005
- The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding global climatology of BrONO2 2002–2012: a test for stratospheric bromine chemistry M. Höpfner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18433-2021
- Integrated ozone depletion as a metric for ozone recovery J. Pyle et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04968-8
- Photochemistry of dibromine peroxide, BrOOBr W. Chebbi et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CP02124C
- Sensitivity of Iodine-Mediated Stratospheric Ozone Loss Chemistry to Future Chemistry-Climate Scenarios J. Klobas et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.617586
- Global seasonal distribution of CH2Br2 and CHBr3 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere M. Jesswein et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15049-2022
- Measurements and Modeling of the Interhemispheric Differences of Atmospheric Chlorinated Very Short‐Lived Substances B. Roozitalab et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039518
- A novel, balloon-borne UV–Vis spectrometer for direct sun measurements of stratospheric bromine K. Voss et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4507-2024
- Scaling up Seaweed Production for Enteric Methane Reduction: A Systematic Literature Review on Environmental and Ozone Impacts in the Case of Asparagopsis Macroalgae M. Kelliher et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane4020009
- Kinetics of the Reactions of Ozone with Halogen Atoms in the Stratosphere S. Vijayakumar et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081053
- Unidentified Halon-2402 emissions in East Asia are driving the global trend H. Choi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01399-4
- Enhanced release of volatile halocarbons of microalgae in response to antibiotic-induced stress: Based on laboratory and ship-field experiments X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106754
- Evolution of Ozone above Togo during the 1979–2020 Period K. Ayassou et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13122066
- Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions G. Bernhard et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-023-00371-y
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Rapid ozone depletion after humidification of the stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga Eruption S. Evan et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg2551
- Chlorine (Cl) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) solubility in hydrous silicate melts: implications for volcanic gas composition M. Rusiecka & B. Wood https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-026-02332-x
- Surface modification and application properties of heat-resistant ultrafine KAl(OH)₂CO₃ dry powder fire extinguishing agent L. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121935
- Sensitivity of stratospheric ozone to the latitude, season, and halogen content of a contemporary explosive volcanic eruption F. Østerstrøm et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32574-9
- Reformulating the bromine alpha factor and equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC): evolution of ozone destruction rates of bromine and chlorine in future climate scenarios J. Klobas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9459-2020
- A review of the status of organic pollutants in geothermal waters J. Kibet https://doi.org/10.36937/janset.2021.004.005
- The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding global climatology of BrONO2 2002–2012: a test for stratospheric bromine chemistry M. Höpfner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18433-2021
- Integrated ozone depletion as a metric for ozone recovery J. Pyle et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04968-8
- Photochemistry of dibromine peroxide, BrOOBr W. Chebbi et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CP02124C
- Sensitivity of Iodine-Mediated Stratospheric Ozone Loss Chemistry to Future Chemistry-Climate Scenarios J. Klobas et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.617586
- Global seasonal distribution of CH2Br2 and CHBr3 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere M. Jesswein et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15049-2022
- Measurements and Modeling of the Interhemispheric Differences of Atmospheric Chlorinated Very Short‐Lived Substances B. Roozitalab et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039518
- A novel, balloon-borne UV–Vis spectrometer for direct sun measurements of stratospheric bromine K. Voss et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4507-2024
- Scaling up Seaweed Production for Enteric Methane Reduction: A Systematic Literature Review on Environmental and Ozone Impacts in the Case of Asparagopsis Macroalgae M. Kelliher et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane4020009
- Kinetics of the Reactions of Ozone with Halogen Atoms in the Stratosphere S. Vijayakumar et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081053
- Unidentified Halon-2402 emissions in East Asia are driving the global trend H. Choi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01399-4
- Enhanced release of volatile halocarbons of microalgae in response to antibiotic-induced stress: Based on laboratory and ship-field experiments X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106754
- Evolution of Ozone above Togo during the 1979–2020 Period K. Ayassou et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13122066
- Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions G. Bernhard et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-023-00371-y
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Short summary
The rates of important ozone-destroying chemical reactions in the stratosphere are likely to change in the future. We employ a computer model to evaluate how the rates of ozone destruction by chlorine and bromine may evolve in four climate change scenarios with the introduction of the eta factor. We then show how these changing rates will impact the ozone-depleting power of the stratosphere with a new metric known as Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Benchmark-normalized Chlorine (EESBnC).
The rates of important ozone-destroying chemical reactions in the stratosphere are likely to...
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