Ambient air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, during the pre-monsoon: concentrations and sources of particulate matter and trace gases

Islam, Md. Robiul; Jayarathne, Thilina; Simpson, Isobel J.; Werden, Benjamin; Maben, John; Gilbert, Ashley; Praveen, Puppala S.; Adhikari, Sagar; Panday, Arnico K.; Rupakheti, Maheswar; Blake, Donald R.; Yokelson, Robert J.; DeCarlo, Peter F.; Keene, William C.; Stone, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.5194/acp-20-2927-2020

Articles | Volume 20, issue 5

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2927-2020

© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2927-2020

© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 20, issue 5

Research article

|

11 Mar 2020

Research article |

| 11 Mar 2020

Ambient air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, during the pre-monsoon: concentrations and sources of particulate matter and trace gases

Md. Robiul Islam, Thilina Jayarathne, Isobel J. Simpson, Benjamin Werden, John Maben, Ashley Gilbert, Puppala S. Praveen, Sagar Adhikari, Arnico K. Panday, Maheswar Rupakheti, Donald R. Blake, Robert J. Yokelson, Peter F. DeCarlo, William C. Keene, and Elizabeth A. Stone

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Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
May 2019	248	76	6	330
Jun 2019	48	16	0	64
Jul 2019	20	12	0	32
Aug 2019	25	4	0	29
Sep 2019	11	8	0	19
Oct 2019	41	11	1	53
Nov 2019	37	16	2	55
Dec 2019	23	9	1	33
Jan 2020	34	6	0	40
Feb 2020	21	9	2	32
Mar 2020	326	59	0	385
Apr 2020	130	34	1	165
May 2020	96	34	4	134
Jun 2020	69	21	2	92
Jul 2020	65	20	5	90
Aug 2020	52	20	1	73
Sep 2020	39	7	0	46
Oct 2020	22	9	1	32
Nov 2020	38	7	0	45
Dec 2020	24	8	1	33
Jan 2021	43	19	0	62
Feb 2021	36	18	0	54
Mar 2021	63	18	2	83
Apr 2021	50	15	0	65
May 2021	40	16	2	58
Jun 2021	32	6	0	38
Jul 2021	42	20	0	62
Aug 2021	42	22	0	64
Sep 2021	40	28	0	68
Oct 2021	39	62	0	101
Nov 2021	48	44	2	94
Dec 2021	48	19	1	68
Jan 2022	33	16	1	50
Feb 2022	30	29	3	62
Mar 2022	32	23	2	57
Apr 2022	45	10	2	57
May 2022	41	20	1	62
Jun 2022	34	8	1	43
Jul 2022	49	25	0	74
Aug 2022	162	44	0	206
Sep 2022	77	18	0	95
Oct 2022	63	13	1	77
Nov 2022	49	17	3	69
Dec 2022	44	16	3	63
Jan 2023	66	18	1	85
Feb 2023	73	18	4	95
Mar 2023	85	22	8	115
Apr 2023	38	24	2	64
May 2023	40	21	1	62
Jun 2023	59	23	2	84
Jul 2023	41	19	2	62
Aug 2023	45	15	5	65
Sep 2023	45	10	1	56
Oct 2023	47	17	1	65
Nov 2023	45	4	1	50
Dec 2023	49	15	1	65
Jan 2024	86	10	0	96
Feb 2024	89	20	2	111
Mar 2024	90	38	1	129
Apr 2024	95	21	5	121
May 2024	93	24	3	120
Jun 2024	105	19	1	125
Jul 2024	84	18	1	103
Aug 2024	66	15	3	84
Sep 2024	52	6	0	58
Oct 2024	37	22	0	59
Nov 2024	65	15	1	81
Dec 2024	105	15	1	121
Jan 2025	118	16	4	138
Feb 2025	92	14	2	108
Mar 2025	106	18	0	124
Apr 2025	153	19	0	172
May 2025	120	13	1	134
Jun 2025	99	17	3	119
Jul 2025	118	28	2	148
Aug 2025	155	31	1	187
Sep 2025	125	21	3	149
Oct 2025	64	22	2	88
Nov 2025	116	10	4	130

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 08 May 2019)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
May 2019	248	76	6	330
Jun 2019	48	16	0	64
Jul 2019	20	12	0	32
Aug 2019	25	4	0	29
Sep 2019	11	8	0	19
Oct 2019	41	11	1	53
Nov 2019	37	16	2	55
Dec 2019	23	9	1	33
Jan 2020	34	6	0	40
Feb 2020	21	9	2	32
Mar 2020	326	59	0	385
Apr 2020	130	34	1	165
May 2020	96	34	4	134
Jun 2020	69	21	2	92
Jul 2020	65	20	5	90
Aug 2020	52	20	1	73
Sep 2020	39	7	0	46
Oct 2020	22	9	1	32
Nov 2020	38	7	0	45
Dec 2020	24	8	1	33
Jan 2021	43	19	0	62
Feb 2021	36	18	0	54
Mar 2021	63	18	2	83
Apr 2021	50	15	0	65
May 2021	40	16	2	58
Jun 2021	32	6	0	38
Jul 2021	42	20	0	62
Aug 2021	42	22	0	64
Sep 2021	40	28	0	68
Oct 2021	39	62	0	101
Nov 2021	48	44	2	94
Dec 2021	48	19	1	68
Jan 2022	33	16	1	50
Feb 2022	30	29	3	62
Mar 2022	32	23	2	57
Apr 2022	45	10	2	57
May 2022	41	20	1	62
Jun 2022	34	8	1	43
Jul 2022	49	25	0	74
Aug 2022	162	44	0	206
Sep 2022	77	18	0	95
Oct 2022	63	13	1	77
Nov 2022	49	17	3	69
Dec 2022	44	16	3	63
Jan 2023	66	18	1	85
Feb 2023	73	18	4	95
Mar 2023	85	22	8	115
Apr 2023	38	24	2	64
May 2023	40	21	1	62
Jun 2023	59	23	2	84
Jul 2023	41	19	2	62
Aug 2023	45	15	5	65
Sep 2023	45	10	1	56
Oct 2023	47	17	1	65
Nov 2023	45	4	1	50
Dec 2023	49	15	1	65
Jan 2024	86	10	0	96
Feb 2024	89	20	2	111
Mar 2024	90	38	1	129
Apr 2024	95	21	5	121
May 2024	93	24	3	120
Jun 2024	105	19	1	125
Jul 2024	84	18	1	103
Aug 2024	66	15	3	84
Sep 2024	52	6	0	58
Oct 2024	37	22	0	59
Nov 2024	65	15	1	81
Dec 2024	105	15	1	121
Jan 2025	118	16	4	138
Feb 2025	92	14	2	108
Mar 2025	106	18	0	124
Apr 2025	153	19	0	172
May 2025	120	13	1	134
Jun 2025	99	17	3	119
Jul 2025	118	28	2	148
Aug 2025	155	31	1	187
Sep 2025	125	21	3	149
Oct 2025	64	22	2	88
Nov 2025	116	10	4	130

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Short summary

The Kathmandu Valley experiences high levels of air pollution. In this study, atmospheric gases and particulate matter were characterized by online and off-line measurements, with an emphasis on understanding their sources. The major sources of particulate matter and trace gases were identified as garbage burning, biomass burning, and vehicles. The majority of secondary organic aerosol was attributed to anthropogenic precursors, while a minority was attributed to biogenic gases.


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