Articles | Volume 20, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2927-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2927-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Mar 2020
Research article |
| 11 Mar 2020
| 11 Mar 2020
Ambient air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, during the pre-monsoon: concentrations and sources of particulate matter and trace gases
Md. Robiul Islam
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Thilina Jayarathne
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Isobel J. Simpson
Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA,
USA
Benjamin Werden
Department of Civil, Architectural, and
Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
John Maben
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Ashley Gilbert
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Puppala S. Praveen
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD),
Lalitpur, Nepal
Sagar Adhikari
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD),
Lalitpur, Nepal
MinErgy Pvt. Ltd, Lalitpur, Nepal
Arnico K. Panday
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD),
Lalitpur, Nepal
Maheswar Rupakheti
Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
Donald R. Blake
Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA,
USA
Robert J. Yokelson
Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
Peter F. DeCarlo
Department of Civil, Architectural, and
Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
William C. Keene
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Elizabeth A. Stone
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of
Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Cited
42 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Contribution to the Net-Zero Emissions Target from the Transport Sector through Electric Mobility—A Case of Kathmandu Valley S. Rajbhandari et al. 10.3390/su16031211
- Winter sources of PM2.5 pollution in Podkowa Leśna, a Central-European garden town (Mazovia, Poland) K. Rudziński et al. 10.1007/s11356-022-21673-1
- Quantifying effects of meteorological parameters on air pollution in Kathmandu valley through regression models S. Shrestha 10.1007/s10661-022-10347-7
- Effect of lockdown and associated mobility changes amid COVID-19 on air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal R. Bhandari et al. 10.1007/s10661-023-11949-5
- High gaseous carbonyl concentrations in the upper boundary layer in Shijiazhuang, China Y. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149438
- Influence of the rainfall and temperature oscillation on air quality in Kathmandu valley: The wavelet analysis S. Gautam et al. 10.4491/eer.2022.694
- Reconstructing PM2.5 Data Record for the Kathmandu Valley Using a Machine Learning Model S. Bhatta & Y. Yang 10.3390/atmos14071073
- Particulate matter variability in Kathmandu based on in-situ measurements, remote sensing, and reanalysis data S. Becker et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105623
- Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration in Kathmandu, Nepal A. Mishra et al. 10.1080/00207233.2021.1974757
- A year-long study on PM2.5 and its carbonaceous components over eastern Himalaya in India: Contributions of local and transported fossil fuel and biomass burning during premonsoon S. Mukherjee et al. 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113546
- Air Pollution in New Delhi during Late Winter: An Overview of a Group of Campaign Studies Focusing on Composition and Sources S. Talukdar et al. 10.3390/atmos12111432
- Contrasting nature of aerosols over South Asian cities and its surrounding environment A. Pandey et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124622
- An episode of transboundary air pollution in the central Himalayas during agricultural residue burning season in North India S. Khanal et al. 10.1016/j.apr.2021.101270
- Vertical Evolution of Boundary Layer Volatile Organic Compounds in Summer over the North China Plain and the Differences with Winter S. Wu et al. 10.1007/s00376-020-0254-9
- Long-range transport of Asian emissions to the West Pacific tropical tropopause layer V. Treadaway et al. 10.1007/s10874-022-09430-7
- Wintertime Air Quality in Lumbini, Nepal: Sources of Fine Particle Organic Carbon M. Islam et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00269
- Influence of Monsoonal Driving Factors on the Secondary Inorganic Aerosol over Ambient Air in Dhaka N. Norazman et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00200
- Garbage Burning in South Asia: How Important Is It to Regional Air Quality? E. Saikawa et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c02830
- Total gaseous mercury in Kathmandu, a South Asian metropolis: Temporal variations, sources apportionment and health risk assessment B. Rawat et al. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136644
- Characteristics, primary sources and secondary formation of water-soluble organic aerosols in downtown Beijing Q. Yu et al. 10.5194/acp-21-1775-2021
- Significant contribution of spring northwest transport to volatile organic compounds in Beijing D. Yao et al. 10.1016/j.jes.2020.11.023
- Cost-effective control of air pollution in South Asia: modeling and policy applications P. Purohit et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/ad9b74
- PM2.5 pollution exceeding Indian standard over a semi-urban region at eastern IGP: Chemistry, meteorological impact, and long-range transport S. Mukherjee et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165415
- Particle-ozone complex pollution under diverse synoptic weather patterns in the Yangtze River Delta region: Synergistic relationships and the effects of meteorology and chemical compositions Y. Zhan et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174365
- Submicron Aerosol Composition and Source Contribution across the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, in Winter B. Werden et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00226
- Estimation of the impact of biomass burning based on regional transport of PM2.5 in the Colombian Caribbean J. Bolaño-Truyol et al. 10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101152
- Design, characterization, and first field deployment of a novel aircraft-based aerosol mass spectrometer combining the laser ablation and flash vaporization techniques A. Hünig et al. 10.5194/amt-15-2889-2022
- Surface ozone over Doon valley of the Indian Himalaya: Characteristics, impact assessment, and model results S. Harithasree et al. 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100247
- Investigation of Air Pollutants Related to the Vehicular Exhaust Emissions in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Y. Fukusaki et al. 10.3390/atmos12101322
- CFC-11 measurements in China, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and South Korea (1998–2018): Urban, landfill fire and garbage burning sources I. Simpson et al. 10.1071/EN21139
- Fine micro- and nanoplastics particles (PM2.5) in urban air and their relation to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons B. Kirchsteiger et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119670
- Quantifying the seasonal variations in and regional transport of PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta region, China: characteristics, sources, and health risks Y. Zhan et al. 10.5194/acp-23-9837-2023
- Nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon: Characteristics and sources in the highly polluted mountain valley H. Bhattarai et al. 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.018
- Plastic Burning Impacts on Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter at Urban and Rural Sites in the USA and Bangladesh M. Islam et al. 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00054
- Aerosol Mass Spectral Profiles from NAMaSTE Field-Sampled South Asian Combustion Sources J. Goetz et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00173
- Wintertime Air Quality across the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Concentration, Composition, and Sources of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter M. Islam et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00243
- High rise in carbonaceous aerosols under very low anthropogenic emissions over eastern Himalaya, India: Impact of lockdown for COVID-19 outbreak A. Chatterjee et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117947
- Estimating contributions of black and brown carbon to solar absorption from aethalometer and AERONET measurements in the highly polluted Kathmandu Valley, Nepal S. Kim et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105164
- Pre-monsoon submicron aerosol composition and source contribution in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal B. Werden et al. 10.1039/D2EA00008C
- Annual nonmethane hydrocarbon trends in Beijing from 2000 to 2019 D. Yao et al. 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.017
- Saccharides as Particulate Matter Tracers of Biomass Burning: A Review B. Vincenti et al. 10.3390/ijerph19074387
- Effectiveness of vehicle-free zone in reducing air pollution J. Khadgi et al. 10.1007/s13762-020-02977-6
41 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Contribution to the Net-Zero Emissions Target from the Transport Sector through Electric Mobility—A Case of Kathmandu Valley S. Rajbhandari et al. 10.3390/su16031211
- Winter sources of PM2.5 pollution in Podkowa Leśna, a Central-European garden town (Mazovia, Poland) K. Rudziński et al. 10.1007/s11356-022-21673-1
- Quantifying effects of meteorological parameters on air pollution in Kathmandu valley through regression models S. Shrestha 10.1007/s10661-022-10347-7
- Effect of lockdown and associated mobility changes amid COVID-19 on air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal R. Bhandari et al. 10.1007/s10661-023-11949-5
- High gaseous carbonyl concentrations in the upper boundary layer in Shijiazhuang, China Y. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149438
- Influence of the rainfall and temperature oscillation on air quality in Kathmandu valley: The wavelet analysis S. Gautam et al. 10.4491/eer.2022.694
- Reconstructing PM2.5 Data Record for the Kathmandu Valley Using a Machine Learning Model S. Bhatta & Y. Yang 10.3390/atmos14071073
- Particulate matter variability in Kathmandu based on in-situ measurements, remote sensing, and reanalysis data S. Becker et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105623
- Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration in Kathmandu, Nepal A. Mishra et al. 10.1080/00207233.2021.1974757
- A year-long study on PM2.5 and its carbonaceous components over eastern Himalaya in India: Contributions of local and transported fossil fuel and biomass burning during premonsoon S. Mukherjee et al. 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113546
- Air Pollution in New Delhi during Late Winter: An Overview of a Group of Campaign Studies Focusing on Composition and Sources S. Talukdar et al. 10.3390/atmos12111432
- Contrasting nature of aerosols over South Asian cities and its surrounding environment A. Pandey et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124622
- An episode of transboundary air pollution in the central Himalayas during agricultural residue burning season in North India S. Khanal et al. 10.1016/j.apr.2021.101270
- Vertical Evolution of Boundary Layer Volatile Organic Compounds in Summer over the North China Plain and the Differences with Winter S. Wu et al. 10.1007/s00376-020-0254-9
- Long-range transport of Asian emissions to the West Pacific tropical tropopause layer V. Treadaway et al. 10.1007/s10874-022-09430-7
- Wintertime Air Quality in Lumbini, Nepal: Sources of Fine Particle Organic Carbon M. Islam et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00269
- Influence of Monsoonal Driving Factors on the Secondary Inorganic Aerosol over Ambient Air in Dhaka N. Norazman et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00200
- Garbage Burning in South Asia: How Important Is It to Regional Air Quality? E. Saikawa et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c02830
- Total gaseous mercury in Kathmandu, a South Asian metropolis: Temporal variations, sources apportionment and health risk assessment B. Rawat et al. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136644
- Characteristics, primary sources and secondary formation of water-soluble organic aerosols in downtown Beijing Q. Yu et al. 10.5194/acp-21-1775-2021
- Significant contribution of spring northwest transport to volatile organic compounds in Beijing D. Yao et al. 10.1016/j.jes.2020.11.023
- Cost-effective control of air pollution in South Asia: modeling and policy applications P. Purohit et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/ad9b74
- PM2.5 pollution exceeding Indian standard over a semi-urban region at eastern IGP: Chemistry, meteorological impact, and long-range transport S. Mukherjee et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165415
- Particle-ozone complex pollution under diverse synoptic weather patterns in the Yangtze River Delta region: Synergistic relationships and the effects of meteorology and chemical compositions Y. Zhan et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174365
- Submicron Aerosol Composition and Source Contribution across the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, in Winter B. Werden et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00226
- Estimation of the impact of biomass burning based on regional transport of PM2.5 in the Colombian Caribbean J. Bolaño-Truyol et al. 10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101152
- Design, characterization, and first field deployment of a novel aircraft-based aerosol mass spectrometer combining the laser ablation and flash vaporization techniques A. Hünig et al. 10.5194/amt-15-2889-2022
- Surface ozone over Doon valley of the Indian Himalaya: Characteristics, impact assessment, and model results S. Harithasree et al. 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100247
- Investigation of Air Pollutants Related to the Vehicular Exhaust Emissions in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Y. Fukusaki et al. 10.3390/atmos12101322
- CFC-11 measurements in China, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and South Korea (1998–2018): Urban, landfill fire and garbage burning sources I. Simpson et al. 10.1071/EN21139
- Fine micro- and nanoplastics particles (PM2.5) in urban air and their relation to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons B. Kirchsteiger et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119670
- Quantifying the seasonal variations in and regional transport of PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta region, China: characteristics, sources, and health risks Y. Zhan et al. 10.5194/acp-23-9837-2023
- Nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon: Characteristics and sources in the highly polluted mountain valley H. Bhattarai et al. 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.018
- Plastic Burning Impacts on Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter at Urban and Rural Sites in the USA and Bangladesh M. Islam et al. 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00054
- Aerosol Mass Spectral Profiles from NAMaSTE Field-Sampled South Asian Combustion Sources J. Goetz et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00173
- Wintertime Air Quality across the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Concentration, Composition, and Sources of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter M. Islam et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00243
- High rise in carbonaceous aerosols under very low anthropogenic emissions over eastern Himalaya, India: Impact of lockdown for COVID-19 outbreak A. Chatterjee et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117947
- Estimating contributions of black and brown carbon to solar absorption from aethalometer and AERONET measurements in the highly polluted Kathmandu Valley, Nepal S. Kim et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105164
- Pre-monsoon submicron aerosol composition and source contribution in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal B. Werden et al. 10.1039/D2EA00008C
- Annual nonmethane hydrocarbon trends in Beijing from 2000 to 2019 D. Yao et al. 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.017
- Saccharides as Particulate Matter Tracers of Biomass Burning: A Review B. Vincenti et al. 10.3390/ijerph19074387
1 citations as recorded by crossref.
Latest update: 28 Mar 2025
Short summary
The Kathmandu Valley experiences high levels of air pollution. In this study, atmospheric gases and particulate matter were characterized by online and off-line measurements, with an emphasis on understanding their sources. The major sources of particulate matter and trace gases were identified as garbage burning, biomass burning, and vehicles. The majority of secondary organic aerosol was attributed to anthropogenic precursors, while a minority was attributed to biogenic gases.
The Kathmandu Valley experiences high levels of air pollution. In this study, atmospheric gases...
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