Articles | Volume 20, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15793-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15793-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Dec 2020
Research article |
| 18 Dec 2020
| 18 Dec 2020
A foehn-induced haze front in Beijing: observations and implications
Institute of Urban Meteorology, Beijing, China
Zhaobin Sun
Institute of Urban Meteorology, Beijing, China
Donald H. Lenschow
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Mingyu Zhou
National Marine Environment Forecast Center, Beijing, China
Youjun Dou
Institute of Urban Meteorology, Beijing, China
Zhigang Cheng
Institute of Urban Meteorology, Beijing, China
Yaoting Wang
Institute of Urban Meteorology, Beijing, China
Qingchun Li
Institute of Urban Meteorology, Beijing, China
Related authors
Ju Li, Jingjiang Zhang, Mengxin Bai, Jie Su, Qingchun Li, and Xingcan Jia
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8683–8700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8683-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8683-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This research examines foehn events in Beijing using weather station data from 2015 to 2020. We found an average of 56.5 foehn days annually, primarily in winter. These winds can raise temperatures significantly and are associated with air pollution levels. Strong foehn winds tend to reduce pollution, while weaker winds may increase it. Our study highlights the impact of foehn events on air quality, providing valuable insights for urban planning and environmental management.
Ju Li, Jingjiang Zhang, Mengxin Bai, Jie Su, Qingchun Li, and Xingcan Jia
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8683–8700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8683-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8683-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This research examines foehn events in Beijing using weather station data from 2015 to 2020. We found an average of 56.5 foehn days annually, primarily in winter. These winds can raise temperatures significantly and are associated with air pollution levels. Strong foehn winds tend to reduce pollution, while weaker winds may increase it. Our study highlights the impact of foehn events on air quality, providing valuable insights for urban planning and environmental management.
Jinhong Xian, Zongxu Qiu, Huayan Rao, Zhigang Cheng, Xiaoling Lin, Chao Lu, Honglong Yang, and Ning Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8427–8441, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8427-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8427-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) changes in the lower atmosphere over Shenzhen, focusing on its role in weather and climate. Using advanced wind lidar technology, we tracked how TKE varies with height and across seasons. We found that heat near the ground drives turbulence, while wind effects become stronger higher up. Our results help improve weather and climate models by providing better data on how turbulence behaves in the atmosphere, aiding understanding of climate change.
Jakub L. Nowak, Marie Lothon, Donald H. Lenschow, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 93–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-93-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-93-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
According to classical theory, the ratio of turbulence statistics corresponding to transverse and longitudinal wind velocity components equals 4/3 in the inertial range of scales. We analyse a large number of measurements obtained with three research aircraft during four field experiments in different locations and show that the observed ratios are almost always significantly smaller. We discuss potential reasons for this disagreement, but the actual explanation remains to be determined.
Zhiheng Liao, Jinqiang Zhang, Yubin Pan, Xingcan Jia, Pengkun Ma, Qianqian Wang, Zhigang Cheng, Lindong Dai, and Jiannong Quan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1393, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first systematic assessment of observationally constrained UTLS O3 variability over the Northeast Asia region in the framework of upper-level circulation pattern classification. The results indicate that lower-stratospheric O3 exhibits a far stronger sensitivity to upper-level circulation patterns when compared with upper-tropospheric O3. The progression of the East Asian Trough plays a critical role in determining the location and intensity of O3 enhancements.
Xiangde Xu, Yi Tang, Yinjun Wang, Hongshen Zhang, Ruixia Liu, and Mingyu Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3299–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3299-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3299-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical motion over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is associated with the anomalous convective activities. The diurnal variations and formation mechanisms of low clouds over the TP, Rocky Mountains and low-elevation regions are analyzed. We further discuss whether there exists a
high-efficiencytriggering mechanism for convection over the TP and whether there is an association among low air density and strong turbulence and ubiquitous popcorn-like cumulus clouds.
Lian Zong, Yuanjian Yang, Haiyun Xia, Meng Gao, Zhaobin Sun, Zuofang Zheng, Xianxiang Li, Guicai Ning, Yubin Li, and Simone Lolli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6523–6538, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Heatwaves (HWs) paired with higher ozone (O3) concentration at surface level pose a serious threat to human health. Taking Beijing as an example, three unfavorable synoptic weather patterns were identified to dominate the compound HW and O3 pollution events. Under the synergistic stress of HWs and O3 pollution, public mortality risk increased, and synoptic patterns and urbanization enhanced the compound risk of events in Beijing by 33.09 % and 18.95 %, respectively.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Miao Yu, Guiqian Tang, Yang Yang, Qingchun Li, Yonghong Wang, Shiguang Miao, Yizhou Zhang, and Yuesi Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9855–9870, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9855-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9855-2020, 2020
Cited articles
Ahrens, C. D.: Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate and the
Environment, Thomson Learning, USA, 2003.
Brinkmann, W.: What is a foehn?, Weather, 26, 230–239,
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1971.tb04200.x, 1971.
Chen, J., Li, Z., Lv, M., Wang, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Yan, X., Sun, Y., and Cribb, M.: Aerosol hygroscopic growth, contributing factors, and impact on haze events in a severely polluted region in northern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1327–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1327-2019, 2019.
Dang, R. and Liao, H.: Severe winter haze days in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region from 1985 to 2017 and the roles of anthropogenic emissions and meteorology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10801–10816, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10801-2019, 2019.
Dong, G., Yu, L., and Hao, T.: Analysis of meteorological characteristics of heavy
haze process in Tianjin in autumn and winter and the role of sea breeze,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 117–123, 2017 (in Chinese).
Drechsel, S. and Mayr, J.: Objective forecasting of Foehn winds for a
subgrid-scale Alpine Valley, Weather Forecast., 23, 205–218, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007WAF2006021.1, 2008.
Elvidge, A. D. and Renfrew, I. A.: The Causes of Foehn Warming in the Lee
of Mountains, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 455–466,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00194.1, 2016.
Gao, Y., Zhang, M., Liu, Z., Wang, L., Wang, P., Xia, X., Tao, M., and Zhu, L.: Modeling the feedback between aerosol and meteorological variables in the atmospheric boundary layer during a severe fog–haze event over the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4279–4295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4279-2015, 2015.
Gohm, A., Harnisch, F., Vergeiner, J., Obleitner, F., Schnitzhofer, R.,
Hansel, A., Fix, A., Neiniger, B., Emeis, S., and Schafer, K.: Air pollution
transport in an Alpine valley: Results from airborne and ground-based
observations, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 131, 441–463, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-009-9371-9, 2009.
Guo, H., Cheng, T., Gu, X., Wang, Y., Chen, H., Bao, F., Shi, S., Xu, B.,
Wang, W., Zuo, X., Zhang, X., and Meng, C.: Assessment of PM2.5
concentrations and exposure throughout China using ground observations, Sci.
Total Environ., 601–602,
1024–1030, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.263, 2017.
Han, S., Hao, T., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Li, P., Cai, Z., Zhang, M., Wang, Q.,
and Zhang, H.: Vertical observation and analysis on rapid formation and
evolutionary mechanisms of a prolonged haze episode over Central-Eastern
China, Sci. Total Environ., 616–617, 135–146,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.278, 2018.
Han, T., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Qu, Y., Zeng, L., Hu, M., and Zhu, T.: Role of
secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing, J.
Environ. Sci., 31, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.08.026, 2015.
Han, X., Zhang, M., Gao, J., Wang, S., and Chai, F.: Modeling analysis of the seasonal characteristics of haze formation in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10231–10248, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10231-2014, 2014.
Huang, R. J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K. F., Cao, J. J., Han, Y.,
Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Platt, S. M., Canonaco, F., Zotter, P.,
Wolf, R., Pieber, S. M., Bruns, E. A., Crippa, M., Ciarelli, G.,
Piazzalunga, A., Schwikowski, M., Abbaszade, G., Schnelle-Kreis, J.,
Zimmermann, R., An, Z., Szidat, S., Baltensperger, U., El Haddad, I., and
Prevot, A. S.: High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution
during haze events in China, Nature, 514, 218–222,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13774, 2014.
Huang, X., Wang, Z., and Ding, A.: Impact of Aerosol-PBL Interaction on Haze
Pollution: Multiyear Observational Evidences in North China, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 8596–8603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079239, 2018.
Jiang, C., Wang, H., Zhao, T., Li, T., and Che, H.: Modeling study of PM2.5 pollutant transport across cities in China's Jing–Jin–Ji region during a severe haze episode in December 2013, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5803–5814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5803-2015, 2015b.
Jiang, J. K., Zhou, W., Cheng, Z., Wang, S. X., He, K. B., and Hao, J. M.:
Particulate Matter Distributions in China during a Winter Period with
Frequent Pollution Episodes (January 2013), Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 15,
494–503, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.04.0070, 2015a.
Kingsmill, D. E. and Crook, N. A.: An observational study of atmospheric bore
formation from colliding density currents, Mon. Weather Rev., 131,
2985–3002, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2985:Aosoab>2.0.Co;2, 2003.
Li, J.: A haze front in Beijing, TIB AV-Portal, https://doi.org/10.5446/49791, 2020.
Li, J., Du, H., Wang, Z., Sun, Y., Yang, W., Li, J., Tang, X., and Fu, P.:
Rapid formation of a severe regional winter haze episode over a mega-city
cluster on the North China Plain, Environ. Pollut., 223, 605–615,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.063, 2017.
Li, J., Sun, J., Zhou, M., Cheng, Z., Li, Q., Cao, X., and Zhang, J.: Observational analyses of dramatic developments of a severe air pollution event in the Beijing area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3919–3935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3919-2018, 2018.
Li, K., Liao, H., Cai, W., and Yang, Y.: Attribution of Anthropogenic
Influence on Atmospheric Patterns Conducive to Recent Most Severe Haze Over
Eastern China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 2072–2081,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076570, 2018.
Li, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, D., Chen, T., Jiang, L., and Li, Y.: Analysis of
heavy air pollution episodes in Beijing during 2013–2014, Chinese
Environ. Sci., 36, 27–35, 2016 (in Chinese).
Li, Q., Li, J., Zheng, Z., Wang, Y., and Yu, M.: Influence of Mountain Valley Breeze
and Sea Land Breeze in Winter on Distribution of Air Pollutants in
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, Environ. Sci., 40, 513–524,
https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201803193, 2019 (in Chinese).
Li, X., Xia, X., Wang, L., Cai, R., Zhao, L., Feng, Z., Ren, Q., and Zhao, K.:
The role of foehn in the formation of heavy air pollution events in Urumqi,
China. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 5371–5384,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022778, 2015.
Liang, X., Miao, S., Li, J., Bornstein, R., Zhang, X., Gao, Y., Cao, X.,
Chen, F., Cheng, Z., Clements, C., Debberdt, W., Ding, A., Ding, D., Dou, J.
J., Dou, J. X., Dou, Y., Grimoond, C. S. B., Gonzalez-Cruz, J., He, J.,
Huang, M., Huang, X., Ju, S., Li, Q., Niyogi, D., Quan, J., Sun, J., Sun, J.
Z., Yu, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., Zheng, Z., and Zhou, M.: SURF:
Understanding and predicting urban convection and haze, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 1391–1413,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0178.1, 2018.
Liu, Q., Jia, X., Quan, J., Li, J., Li, X., Wu, Y., Chen, D., Wang, Z., and
Liu, Y.: New positive feedback mechanism between boundary layer meteorology
and secondary aerosol formation during severe haze events, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8,
6095, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24366-3, 2018.
Liu, S., Liu, Z., Li, J., Wang, Y., Ma, Y., Sheng, L., Liu, H., Liang, F.,
Xin, G., and Wang, J.: Numerical simulation for the coupling effect of local
atmospheric circulations over the area of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei
province, Sci. China Ser. D, 52, 382–392,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0030-2, 2009.
Liu, T., Gong, S., He, J., Yu, M., Wang, Q., Li, H., Liu, W., Zhang, J., Li, L., Wang, X., Li, S., Lu, Y., Du, H., Wang, Y., Zhou, C., Liu, H., and Zhao, Q.: Attributions of meteorological and emission factors to the 2015 winter severe haze pollution episodes in China's Jing-Jin-Ji area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2971–2980, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2971-2017, 2017.
Liu, X. G., Li, J., Qu, Y., Han, T., Hou, L., Gu, J., Chen, C., Yang, Y., Liu, X., Yang, T., Zhang, Y., Tian, H., and Hu, M.: Formation and evolution mechanism of regional haze: a case study in the megacity Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4501–4514, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4501-2013, 2013.
Luo, R., Zheng, Y. G., and Chen, M.: Mechanism of a rare night sudden intense
warming event in Beijing and surrounding area, Meteorol. Monthly, 46,
478–489, 2020 (in Chinese).
Ma, Q., Wu, Y., Zhang, D., Wang, X., Xia, Y., Liu, X., Tian, P., Han, Z.,
Xia, X., Wang, Y., and Zhang, R.: Roles of regional transport and
heterogeneous reactions in the PM2.5 increase during winter haze
episodes in Beijing, Sci. Total Environ., 599–600,
246–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.193, 2017.
McGowan, H. A., Sturman, P. A., and Owens, F. L.: Aeolian dust transport and
deposition by foehn winds in an alpine environment, Lake Tekapo, New
Zealand, Geomorphology, 15, 135–146,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(95)00123-M, 1996.
McGowan, H. A., Sturman, A. P., Kossmann, M., and Zawar-Reza, P.: Observation
of foehn onset in the Southern Alps, New Zealand, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys.,
79, 215–230, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030200004, 2002.
Miao, Y., Guo, J., Liu, S., Liu, H., Zhang, G., Yan, Y., and He, J.: Relay
transport of aerosols to Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region by multi-scale
atmospheric circulations, Atmos. Environ., 165, 35–45,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.032, 2017.
Miller, S. T. K., Keim B. D., Talbot R. W., and Mao H.: Sea breeze:
Structure, forecasting, and impacts, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1–31,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003rg000124, 2003.
Nkemdirim, L. C. and Leggat, K.: The effect of Chinook weather on urban heat
islands and air pollution, Water Air Soil Pollut., 9, 53–67, 1978.
Norte, F.: Understanding and Forecasting Zonda Wind (Andean Foehn) in
Argentina: A Review, Atmos. Climate Sci., 5, 163–193,
https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2015.53012, 2015.
Petäjä, T., Järvi, L., Kerminen, V.-M., Ding, A. J., Sun, J. N.,
Nie, W., Kujansuu, J., Virkkula, A., Yang, X., Fu, C. B., Zilitinkevich, S.,
and Kulmala, M.: Enhanced air pollution via aerosol-boundary layer feedback in
China, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 18998, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18998, 2016.
Qiu, X. and Fang, S.: Progress of Sea-Land Breeze Study and Characteristics of
Sea-Land Breeze in Three Coastal Areas in China, Meteorol. Monthly, 39,
186–193, https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2013.02.007, 2013 (in
Chinese).
Ren, Y., Zhang, H., Wei, W., Wu, B., Cai, X., and Song, Y.: Effects of turbulence structure and urbanization on the heavy haze pollution process, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1041–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1041-2019, 2019.
Richner, H. and Hächler, P.: Understanding and forecasting Alpine foehn,
in: Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting, Springer Atmospheric Sciences,
edited by: Chow, F. K., De Walker, S. F. J., and Snyder, B. J., 219–260,
Springer, the Netherlands, 2013.
Simpson, J. E.: Sea Breeze and Local Wind, 234 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press,
New York, 1994.
Simpson, J. E.: Gravity Currents in the Environment and the Laboratory, 244
pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1997.
Simpson, J. E., Mansfield, D. A., and Milford, J. R.: Inland penetration of
sea-breeze fronts, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 103, 47–76, 1977.
Steiner, A. L., Mermelstein, D., Cheng, S. J., Twine, T. E., and Oliphant,
A.: Observed Impact of Atmospheric Aerosols on the Surface Energy Budget,
Earth Interact., 17, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1175/2013ei000523.1, 2013.
Su, T., Li, Z., and Kahn, R.: Relationships between the planetary boundary layer height and surface pollutants derived from lidar observations over China: regional pattern and influencing factors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15921–15935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15921-2018, 2018.
Sun, F., Zhang, D., Sun, R., Dong, X., Wang, X., Wang, Z., and Cheng, N.:
Typical heavy pollution episode analysis on PM2.5 in winter of Beijing,
Environment Monitoring in China, 30, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2014.06.001, 2014 (in Chinese).
Sun, Y., Chen, C., Zhang, Y., Xu, W., Zhou, L., Cheng, X., Zheng, H., Ji,
D., Li, J., Tang, X., Fu, P., and Wang, Z.: Rapid formation and evolution of
an extreme haze episode in Northern China during winter 2015, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6,
27151, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27151, 2016.
Sun, Y. L., Jiang, Q., Wang, Z. F., Fu, P. Q., Li, J., Yang, T., and Yin,
Y.: Investigation of the sources and evolution processes of severe haze
pollution in Beijing in January 2013, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119,
4380–4398, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021641, 2014.
Takane, Y. and Kusaka, H.: Formation Mechanisms of the Extreme High Surface
Air Temperature of 40.9 ∘C Observed in the Tokyo Metropolitan
Area: Considerations of Dynamic Foehn and Foehnlike Wind, J. Appl. Meteor.
Climatol., 50, 1827–1841, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-10-05032.1, 2011.
Tie, X., Huang, R.-J., Cao, J., Zhang, Q., Cheng, Y., Su, H., Chang, D.,
Pöschl, U., Hoffmann, T., Dusek, U., Li, G., Worsnop, D. R., and O'Dowd,
C. D.: Severe Pollution in China Amplified by Atmospheric Moisture, Sci.
Rep.-UK, 7, 15760, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15909-1, 2017.
Vergeiner, J.: South foehn studies and a new foehn classification scheme in
theWipp and Inn Valley, PhD thesis, Univ. of Innsbruck, Austria, 2004.
Wang, X. and Zhang, R.: Effects of atmospheric circulations on the interannual variation in PM2.5 concentrations over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in 2013–2018, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7667–7682, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7667-2020, 2020.
Wang, Y., Yao, L., Wang, L., Liu, Z., Ji, D., Tang, G., Zhang, J., Sun, Y.,
Hu, B., and Xin, J.: Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy
haze pollution episode over central and eastern China, Sci. China Earth
Sci., 57, 14–25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4773-4, 2013.
Wang, Y., Bao, S., Wang, S., Hu, Y., Shi, X., Wang, J., Zhao, B., Jiang, J.,
Zheng, M., Wu, M., Ruseel, A., Wang, Y., and Hao, J.: Local and regional
contributions to fine particulate matter in Beijing during heavy haze
episodes, Sci. Total Environ., 580, 283–296,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.127, 2017.
Wang, Y. H., Liu, Z. R., Zhang, J. K., Hu, B., Ji, D. S., Yu, Y. C., and Wang, Y. S.: Aerosol physicochemical properties and implications for visibility during an intense haze episode during winter in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3205–3215, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3205-2015, 2015.
Wang, Z., Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, J., Zhang, S., and Tian, L.: Feature and
Mechanism of the Foehn Weather on East Slope Taihang Mountains: Case
Analysis of the Effects of Lee Wave on Foehn Occurring and Moving, Plateau Meteorology, 31,
555–561, 2012a (in Chinese).
Wang, Z., Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Li J., and Gu, Y.: Feature and
Mechanism of the Foehn Weather on East Slope Taihang Mountains: Statistic
Feature, Plateau Meteorology, 31, 547–554, 2012b (in Chinese).
Whiteman, C. D.: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications, Oxford
Univ. Press, New York, 2000.
Wu, J., Bei, N., Hu, B., Liu, S., Zhou, M., Wang, Q., Li, X., Liu, L., Feng, T., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Cao, J., Tie, X., Wang, J., Molina, L. T., and Li, G.: Is water vapor a key player of the wintertime haze in North China Plain?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8721–8739, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8721-2019, 2019.
Yang, X., Yang, M., Li, J., and Zhang, S.: Impact Analysis of a Taihang
Mountain Fohn on Haze Intensity, Meteorol. Monthly, 44, 313–319,
https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2018.02.011, 2018.
Yoshikado, H. and Tsuchida, M.: High levels of winter air pollution
uder the influence of the urban heat island along the shore of Tokyo Bay,
J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 1804–1813, 1996.
Zhang, B., Wang, Y., and Hao, J.: Simulating aerosol–radiation–cloud feedbacks on meteorology and air quality over eastern China under severe haze conditionsin winter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2387–2404, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2387-2015, 2015.
Zhang, R. H., Li, Q., and Zhang, R. N.: Meteorological conditions for the
persistent severe fog and haze event over eastern China in January 2013,
Sci. China Earth Sci., 57, 26–35,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4774-3, 2014.
Zhao, S., Wang, R., Guo, Y., Tan, J., and Shi, Z.: The Foehn in the
Middle Range of Taihang Mountain, Meteorol. Monthly, 19, 3–6, 1993 (in Chinese).
Zhao, X. J., Zhao, P. S., Xu, J., Meng,, W., Pu, W. W., Dong, F., He, D., and Shi, Q. F.: Analysis of a winter regional haze event and its formation mechanism in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5685–5696, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5685-2013, 2013.
Zheng, G. J., Duan, F. K., Su, H., Ma, Y. L., Cheng, Y., Zheng, B., Zhang, Q., Huang, T., Kimoto, T., Chang, D., Pöschl, U., Cheng, Y. F., and He, K. B.: Exploring the severe winter haze in Beijing: the impact of synoptic weather, regional transport and heterogeneous reactions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2969–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2969-2015, 2015.
Zheng, Z., Xu, G., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., and Li, Q.: Statistical characteristics
and the urban spillover effect of haze pollution in the circum-Beijing
region, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 9, 1062–1071,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.04.004, 2018.
Zhong, J., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Sun, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Tan, K., Shen,
X., Che, H., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z., Qi, X., Zhao, H., Ren, S., and Li, Y.:
Relative contributions of boundary layer meteorological factors to the
explosive growth of PM2.5 during the red-alert heavy pollution episodes in
Beijing in December 2016, J. Meteorol. Res.-PRC, 31, 809–819,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-7088-0, 2017.
Short summary
We analyzed a haze front event involving warm–dry downslope flow in December 2015 in Beijing, China. The haze front was formed by the collision between a clean warm–dry air mass flowing from a nearby mountainous region and a polluted cold–wet air mass over an urban area. We found that the polluted air advanced toward the clean air, resulting in a severe air pollution event. Our study highlights the need to further investigate the warm–dry downslope and its impacts on air pollution.
We analyzed a haze front event involving warm–dry downslope flow in December 2015 in Beijing,...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint