Articles | Volume 17, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3879-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3879-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| 
21 Mar 2017
Review article |
| 21 Mar 2017
Sulfate geoengineering: a review of the factors controlling the needed injection of sulfur dioxide
Daniele Visioni
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università dell'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
CETEMPS, Università dell'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
Giovanni Pitari
Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università dell'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
Valentina Aquila
GESTAR/Johns Hopkins University, Department of Earth and Planetary Science,
3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
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Total article views: 5,998 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,998 with geography defined
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Total article views: 616 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 609 with geography defined
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Cited
35 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Global streamflow and flood response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering L. Wei et al. 10.5194/acp-18-16033-2018
- Sulfur injections for a cooler planet U. Niemeier & S. Tilmes 10.1126/science.aan3317
- The Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP): motivation and experimental design C. Timmreck et al. 10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018
- Quantifying the Efficiency of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering at Different Altitudes W. Lee et al. 10.1029/2023GL104417
- Renewable Energy and Energy Reductions or Solar Geoengineering for Climate Change Mitigation? P. Moriarty & D. Honnery 10.3390/en15197315
- Influence of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering on temperature mean and precipitation extremes indices in Africa S. Obahoundje et al. 10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2021-0028
- Uncertainty and the basis for confidence in solar geoengineering research B. Kravitz & D. MacMartin 10.1038/s43017-019-0004-7
- Conditions for Stabilization of Average Global Surface Temperature at the Levels of +2°C and +1.5°C by the Geoengineering Method Based on Stratospheric Aerosols V. Ginzburg et al. 10.3103/S1068373920050052
- Differences in the quasi-biennial oscillation response to stratospheric aerosol modification depending on injection strategy and species H. Franke et al. 10.5194/acp-21-8615-2021
- Wildfire‐Smoke Aerosols Lead to Increased Light Use Efficiency Among Agricultural and Restored Wetland Land Uses in California's Central Valley K. Hemes et al. 10.1029/2019JG005380
- Identifying the sources of uncertainty in climate model simulations of solar radiation modification with the G6sulfur and G6solar Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) simulations D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10039-2021
- A simple model for assessing climate control trade-offs and responding to unanticipated climate outcomes H. Drake et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac243e
- Land Surface Cooling Induced by Sulfate Geoengineering Constrained by Major Volcanic Eruptions M. Plazzotta et al. 10.1029/2018GL077583
- “Cooling credits” are not a viable climate solution M. Diamond et al. 10.1007/s10584-023-03561-w
- Sensitivity of Aerosol Distribution and Climate Response to Stratospheric SO2 Injection Locations S. Tilmes et al. 10.1002/2017JD026888
- A-Band Absorption Spectrum of the ClSO Radical: Electronic Structure of the Sulfinyl Group W. Chao et al. 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04977
- Heterogeneous reaction of HO2 with airborne TiO2 particles and its implication for climate change mitigation strategies D. Moon et al. 10.5194/acp-18-327-2018
- Effects of Different Stratospheric SO2 Injection Altitudes on Stratospheric Chemistry and Dynamics S. Tilmes et al. 10.1002/2017JD028146
- Sulfur deposition in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China: Spatiotemporal characterization and regional source attributions A. Shen et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119225
- 100 Years of Progress in Cloud Physics, Aerosols, and Aerosol Chemistry Research S. Kreidenweis et al. 10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-18-0024.1
- Sensitivity of the radiative forcing by stratospheric sulfur geoengineering to the amount and strategy of the SO2injection studied with the LMDZ-S3A model C. Kleinschmitt et al. 10.5194/acp-18-2769-2018
- Changes in clouds and thermodynamics under solar geoengineering and implications for required solar reduction R. Russotto & T. Ackerman 10.5194/acp-18-11905-2018
- Radiative and Chemical Response to Interactive Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols in Fully Coupled CESM1(WACCM) M. Mills et al. 10.1002/2017JD027006
- Holistic Assessment of SO2 Injections Using CESM1(WACCM): Introduction to the Special Issue B. Kravitz et al. 10.1029/2018JD029293
- Application of Tropospheric Sulfate Aerosol Emissions to Mitigate Meteorological Phenomena with Extremely High Daily Temperatures G. Mulena et al. 10.2478/rtuect-2019-0002
- Seasonally Modulated Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Alters the Climate Outcomes D. Visioni et al. 10.1029/2020GL088337
- Potential of future stratospheric ozone loss in the midlatitudes under global warming and sulfate geoengineering S. Robrecht et al. 10.5194/acp-21-2427-2021
- Upper tropospheric ice sensitivity to sulfate geoengineering D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-18-14867-2018
- Sulfate geoengineering impact on methane transport and lifetime: results from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-17-11209-2017
- A statistical examination of the effects of stratospheric sulfate geoengineering on tropical storm genesis Q. Wang et al. 10.5194/acp-18-9173-2018
- Estimating the Impact of Artificially Injected Stratospheric Aerosols on the Global Mean Surface Temperature in the 21th Century S. Soldatenko 10.3390/cli6040085
- Complementing CO2 emission reduction by solar radiation management might strongly enhance future welfare K. Helwegen et al. 10.5194/esd-10-453-2019
- Sulfur deposition changes under sulfate geoengineering conditions: quasi-biennial oscillation effects on the transport and lifetime of stratospheric aerosols D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-18-2787-2018
- Radiative and chemical implications of the size and composition of aerosol particles in the existing or modified global stratosphere D. Murphy et al. 10.5194/acp-21-8915-2021
- Detection of Sulfur Dioxide by Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (BBCEAS) R. Thalman et al. 10.3390/s22072626
35 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Global streamflow and flood response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering L. Wei et al. 10.5194/acp-18-16033-2018
- Sulfur injections for a cooler planet U. Niemeier & S. Tilmes 10.1126/science.aan3317
- The Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP): motivation and experimental design C. Timmreck et al. 10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018
- Quantifying the Efficiency of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering at Different Altitudes W. Lee et al. 10.1029/2023GL104417
- Renewable Energy and Energy Reductions or Solar Geoengineering for Climate Change Mitigation? P. Moriarty & D. Honnery 10.3390/en15197315
- Influence of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering on temperature mean and precipitation extremes indices in Africa S. Obahoundje et al. 10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2021-0028
- Uncertainty and the basis for confidence in solar geoengineering research B. Kravitz & D. MacMartin 10.1038/s43017-019-0004-7
- Conditions for Stabilization of Average Global Surface Temperature at the Levels of +2°C and +1.5°C by the Geoengineering Method Based on Stratospheric Aerosols V. Ginzburg et al. 10.3103/S1068373920050052
- Differences in the quasi-biennial oscillation response to stratospheric aerosol modification depending on injection strategy and species H. Franke et al. 10.5194/acp-21-8615-2021
- Wildfire‐Smoke Aerosols Lead to Increased Light Use Efficiency Among Agricultural and Restored Wetland Land Uses in California's Central Valley K. Hemes et al. 10.1029/2019JG005380
- Identifying the sources of uncertainty in climate model simulations of solar radiation modification with the G6sulfur and G6solar Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) simulations D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10039-2021
- A simple model for assessing climate control trade-offs and responding to unanticipated climate outcomes H. Drake et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac243e
- Land Surface Cooling Induced by Sulfate Geoengineering Constrained by Major Volcanic Eruptions M. Plazzotta et al. 10.1029/2018GL077583
- “Cooling credits” are not a viable climate solution M. Diamond et al. 10.1007/s10584-023-03561-w
- Sensitivity of Aerosol Distribution and Climate Response to Stratospheric SO2 Injection Locations S. Tilmes et al. 10.1002/2017JD026888
- A-Band Absorption Spectrum of the ClSO Radical: Electronic Structure of the Sulfinyl Group W. Chao et al. 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04977
- Heterogeneous reaction of HO2 with airborne TiO2 particles and its implication for climate change mitigation strategies D. Moon et al. 10.5194/acp-18-327-2018
- Effects of Different Stratospheric SO2 Injection Altitudes on Stratospheric Chemistry and Dynamics S. Tilmes et al. 10.1002/2017JD028146
- Sulfur deposition in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China: Spatiotemporal characterization and regional source attributions A. Shen et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119225
- 100 Years of Progress in Cloud Physics, Aerosols, and Aerosol Chemistry Research S. Kreidenweis et al. 10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-18-0024.1
- Sensitivity of the radiative forcing by stratospheric sulfur geoengineering to the amount and strategy of the SO2injection studied with the LMDZ-S3A model C. Kleinschmitt et al. 10.5194/acp-18-2769-2018
- Changes in clouds and thermodynamics under solar geoengineering and implications for required solar reduction R. Russotto & T. Ackerman 10.5194/acp-18-11905-2018
- Radiative and Chemical Response to Interactive Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols in Fully Coupled CESM1(WACCM) M. Mills et al. 10.1002/2017JD027006
- Holistic Assessment of SO2 Injections Using CESM1(WACCM): Introduction to the Special Issue B. Kravitz et al. 10.1029/2018JD029293
- Application of Tropospheric Sulfate Aerosol Emissions to Mitigate Meteorological Phenomena with Extremely High Daily Temperatures G. Mulena et al. 10.2478/rtuect-2019-0002
- Seasonally Modulated Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Alters the Climate Outcomes D. Visioni et al. 10.1029/2020GL088337
- Potential of future stratospheric ozone loss in the midlatitudes under global warming and sulfate geoengineering S. Robrecht et al. 10.5194/acp-21-2427-2021
- Upper tropospheric ice sensitivity to sulfate geoengineering D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-18-14867-2018
- Sulfate geoengineering impact on methane transport and lifetime: results from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-17-11209-2017
- A statistical examination of the effects of stratospheric sulfate geoengineering on tropical storm genesis Q. Wang et al. 10.5194/acp-18-9173-2018
- Estimating the Impact of Artificially Injected Stratospheric Aerosols on the Global Mean Surface Temperature in the 21th Century S. Soldatenko 10.3390/cli6040085
- Complementing CO2 emission reduction by solar radiation management might strongly enhance future welfare K. Helwegen et al. 10.5194/esd-10-453-2019
- Sulfur deposition changes under sulfate geoengineering conditions: quasi-biennial oscillation effects on the transport and lifetime of stratospheric aerosols D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-18-2787-2018
- Radiative and chemical implications of the size and composition of aerosol particles in the existing or modified global stratosphere D. Murphy et al. 10.5194/acp-21-8915-2021
- Detection of Sulfur Dioxide by Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (BBCEAS) R. Thalman et al. 10.3390/s22072626
Discussed (final revised paper)
Discussed (preprint)
Latest update: 24 Apr 2025
Short summary
This review paper summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge of the direct and indirect side effects of sulfate geoengineering, that is, the injection of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere in order to offset the warming caused by the anthropic increase in greenhouse gasses. An overview of the various effects and their uncertainties, using results from published scientific articles, may help fine-tune the best amount of sulfate to be injected in an eventual realization of the experiment.
This review paper summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge of the direct and indirect side...
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Final-revised paper
Preprint