Articles | Volume 17, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11943-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11943-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Oct 2017
Research article |
| 09 Oct 2017
Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment
Guilherme Martins Pereira
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-000, Brazil
INCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Kimmo Teinilä
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
Danilo Custódio
Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-000, Brazil
CESAM & Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
Aldenor Gomes Santos
INCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
CIEnAm, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Huang Xian
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, E1A 07-03, 117576, Singapore
Risto Hillamo
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
Célia A. Alves
CESAM & Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade
INCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
CIEnAm, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Gisele Olímpio da Rocha
INCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
CIEnAm, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Prashant Kumar
Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Environmental Flow Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, E1A 07-03, 117576, Singapore
Maria de Fátima Andrade
Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-090, Brazil
Pérola de Castro Vasconcellos
Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-000, Brazil
INCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Related authors
No articles found.
Kimmo Teinilä, Sanna Saarikoski, Henna Lintusaari, Teemu Lepistö, Petteri Marjanen, Minna Aurela, Heidi Hellén, Toni Tykkä, Markus Lampimäki, Janne Lampilahti, Luis Barreira, Timo Mäkelä, Leena Kangas, Juha Hatakka, Sami Harni, Joel Kuula, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Jaakko Yli-Ojanperä, Ville Niemelä, Milja Jäppi, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Joonas Vanhanen, Liisa Pirjola, Hanna E. Manninen, Tuukka Petäjä, Topi Rönkkö, and Hilkka Timonen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2235, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2235, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Physical and chemical properties of particulate matter and concentrations of trace gases were measured in a street canyon in Helsinki, Finland and an urban background site in January–February 2022 to investigate the effect of wintertime conditions on pollutants. State-of-the-art instruments, a mobile laboratory was used, and the measurement data was further analysed with modelling tools like positive matrix factorization (PMF) and pollution detection algorithm (PDA).
Teemu Lepistö, Henna Lintusaari, Laura Salo, Ville Silvonen, Luis M. F. Barreira, Jussi Hoivala, Lassi Markkula, Jarkko V. Niemi, Jakub Ondracek, Kimmo Teinilä, Hanna E. Manninen, Sanna Saarikoski, Hilkka Timonen, Miikka Dal Maso, and Topi Rönkkö
Aerosol Research, 2, 271–289, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-271-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-271-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The performances of different particle lung-deposited surface area (LDSAal) measurement methods (Partector, ELPI+, SMPS/DMPS) were compared in ambient conditions. As LDSAal is a health-relevant metric and rather easy to utilise in air quality monitoring, it is crucial to know how the different methods agree, as there are clear differences in their operation. In all, a comparison of different methods can be complicated; still, the methods agree rather well in terms of local pollution (< 400 nm).
Guilherme Martins Pereira, Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti, Rubens Fabio Pereira, Djacinto Monteiro dos Santos, Thayná da Silva Santos, José Vinicius Martins, Célia Alves, Cátia Gonçalves, Ismael Casotti Rienda, Nora Kováts, Thiago Nogueira, Luciana Rizzo, Paulo Artaxo, Regina Maura de Miranda, Marcia Akemi Yamasoe, Edmilson Dias de Freitas, Pérola de Castro Vasconcellos, and Maria de Fatima Andrade
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2212, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2212, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of fine particulate matter was studied in the megacity of São Paulo (Brazil) during a polluted period. Vehicular-related sources were dominant; however, a high contribution of biomass burning was observed and correlated with sample ecotoxicity. Emerging biomass burning sources, such as forest fires and sugarcane bagasse-based power plants, highlight the need for additional control measures alongside stricter rules concerning vehicular emissions.
Santiago Botía, Saqr Munassar, Thomas Koch, Danilo Custodio, Luana S. Basso, Shujiro Komiya, Jost V. Lavric, David Walter, Manuel Gloor, Giordane Martins, Stijn Naus, Gerbrand Koren, Ingrid Luijkx, Stijn Hantson, John B. Miller, Wouter Peters, Christian Rödenbeck, and Christoph Gerbig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1735, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1735, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses CO2 data from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory and airborne profiles to estimate net carbon exchange. We found that the biogeographic Amazon is a net carbon sink, while the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes are net carbon sources, resulting in an overall neutral balance. To further reduce the uncertainty in our estimates we call for an expansion of the monitoring capacity, especially in the Amazon-Andes foothills.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter G. Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankararaman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Johann Engelbrecht, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbigniew Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1617, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1617, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles are an important part of the Earth system, but their concentrations are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as well as variable in size and composition. Here we present a new compilation of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol observations, focusing on the spatial variability across different observational stations, including composition, and demonstrate a method for comparing the datasets to model output.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankarararman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Hannele Hakola, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbiginiw Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles can interact with incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation, change cloud properties, affect photochemistry, impact surface air quality, and when deposited impact surface albedo of snow and ice, and modulate carbon dioxide uptake by the land and ocean. Here we present a new compilation of aerosol observations including composition, a methodology for comparing the datasets to model output, and show the implications of these results using one model.
Danilo Custódio, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, T. Gerard Spain, Fidel F. Pankratov, Iana Strigunova, Koketso Molepo, Henrik Skov, Johannes Bieser, and Ralf Ebinghaus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3827–3840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As a poison in the air that we breathe and the food that we eat, mercury is a human health concern for society as a whole. In that regard, this work deals with monitoring and modelling mercury in the environment, improving wherewithal, identifying the strength of the different components at play, and interpreting information to support the efforts that seek to safeguard public health.
Magdalena Okuljar, Heino Kuuluvainen, Jenni Kontkanen, Olga Garmash, Miska Olin, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hilkka Timonen, Juha Kangasluoma, Yee Jun Tham, Rima Baalbaki, Mikko Sipilä, Laura Salo, Henna Lintusaari, Harri Portin, Kimmo Teinilä, Minna Aurela, Miikka Dal Maso, Topi Rönkkö, Tuukka Petäjä, and Pauli Paasonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9931–9953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9931-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9931-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To estimate the relative contribution of different sources to the particle population in an urban environment, we conducted simultaneous measurements at a street canyon and an urban background station in Helsinki. We investigated the contribution of traffic and new particle formation to particles with a diameter between 1 and 800 nm. We found that during spring traffic does not dominate the particles smaller than 3 nm at either of the stations.
Luis M. F. Barreira, Aku Helin, Minna Aurela, Kimmo Teinilä, Milla Friman, Leena Kangas, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Anu Kousa, Liisa Pirjola, Topi Rönkkö, Sanna Saarikoski, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6297–6314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6297-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6297-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from the long-term measurements (5 years) of highly time-resolved atmospheric PM1 composition at an urban street canyon site. Overall, the results increased knowledge of the variability of PM1 concentration, composition, and sources in a traffic site and the implications for urban air quality. The investigation of pollution episodes showed that both local and long-range-transported pollutants can still cause elevated PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations in northern Europe.
Danilo Custodio, Ralf Ebinghaus, T. Gerard Spain, and Johannes Bieser
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7929–7939, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7929-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7929-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using a stereo algorithm, we reconstructed 99.9 % of the total atmospheric gas mercury and presented a new insight into atmospheric mercury source assessing, which can have great relevance for policy and regulations in light of the Minamata convention.
Goran Gašparac, Amela Jeričević, Prashant Kumar, and Branko Grisogono
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6395–6415, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6395-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6395-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Two different available air quality modelling systems were used to investigate physical and chemical processes that contributed to increased daily background PM10 in all of Europe (focusing on eastern and central Europe). Differentiation of modelling performance in respect to the terrain height was found. A strong influence of meteorological conditions on increased background PM10 and statically stable atmospheric conditions were recognized as a key factor in the build-up of background PM10.
Joel Kuula, Timo Mäkelä, Minna Aurela, Kimmo Teinilä, Samu Varjonen, Óscar González, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2413–2423, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Particle-size-dependent detection ranges of low-cost particulate matter sensors were evaluated in a laboratory experiment. Six different sensor models were evaluated altogether. The results showed that none of the sensor models adhered to the technical specifications provided by the manufacturers, and thus a high risk of sensor misuse is posed. It is paramount that the limitations regarding the particle size discrimination of low-cost sensors are acknowledged properly.
Sanna Saarikoski, Leah R. Williams, Steven R. Spielman, Gregory S. Lewis, Arantzazu Eiguren-Fernandez, Minna Aurela, Susanne V. Hering, Kimmo Teinilä, Philip Croteau, John T. Jayne, Thorsten Hohaus, Douglas R. Worsnop, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3907–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3907-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3907-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
An air-to-air ultrafine particle concentrator (Aerosol Dynamics Inc. concentrator; ADIc) has been tailored for the low (~ 0.08 L min−1) inlet flow of aerosol mass spectrometers, and it provides a factor of 8–21 enrichment in the concentration of particles. The ADIc was evaluated in laboratory and field measurements. The results showed that the concentration factor depends primarily on the ratio between the sample flow and the output flow and is independent of particle size above about 10 nm.
Mona Kurppa, Antti Hellsten, Pontus Roldin, Harri Kokkola, Juha Tonttila, Mikko Auvinen, Christoph Kent, Prashant Kumar, Björn Maronga, and Leena Järvi
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1403–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1403-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1403-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the implementation of a sectional aerosol module, SALSA, into the PALM model system 6.0. The first evaluation study shows excellent agreements with measurements. Furthermore, we show that ignoring the dry deposition of aerosol particles can overestimate aerosol number concentrations by 20 %, whereas condensation and dissolutional growth increase the total aerosol mass by over 10 % in this specific urban environment.
João Cardoso, Susana M. Almeida, Teresa Nunes, Marina Almeida-Silva, Mário Cerqueira, Célia Alves, Fernando Rocha, Paula Chaves, Miguel Reis, Pedro Salvador, Begoña Artiñano, and Casimiro Pio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13215–13230, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13215-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13215-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric aerosol was sampled in Cabo Verde and analysed for chemical composition. Very high levels of dust were measured during the winter months, as a result of transport from Africa. Mass balances were applied to the particulate material, permitting the determination of seven different source contributions to the aerosol loading. The balance methodology compared favourably with standard source apportionment methods, showing its capability for the source apportionment of aerosol particles.
Jenni Alanen, Pauli Simonen, Sanna Saarikoski, Hilkka Timonen, Oskari Kangasniemi, Erkka Saukko, Risto Hillamo, Kati Lehtoranta, Timo Murtonen, Hannu Vesala, Jorma Keskinen, and Topi Rönkkö
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8739–8755, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8739-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8739-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic and inorganic aerosols deteriorate air quality. Their formation from a natural gas engine was studied and compared with the emitted primary particulate emission. The volatility of the formed particles was defined as a function of temperature. Photochemical ages 4–11 days, mimicked by a potential aerosol mass chamber, produced 9–20 mg kg−1 fuel SOA. Aged emission particles were found to be less volatile than the fresh, implicating longer stability in the atmosphere.
Hilkka Timonen, Panu Karjalainen, Erkka Saukko, Sanna Saarikoski, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Pauli Simonen, Timo Murtonen, Miikka Dal Maso, Heino Kuuluvainen, Matthew Bloss, Erik Ahlberg, Birgitta Svenningsson, Joakim Pagels, William H. Brune, Jorma Keskinen, Douglas R. Worsnop, Risto Hillamo, and Topi Rönkkö
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5311–5329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5311-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5311-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of fuel ethanol content (10–100 %) on primary emissions and the subsequent secondary aerosol formation was investigated for a Euro 5 flex-fuel gasoline vehicle. The emissions were characterized during the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) using high time-resolution instruments. The chemical composition of the exhaust particulate matter was studied using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS), and the secondary aerosol formation was studied with an oxidation chamber.
Evangelia Diapouli, Manousos I. Manousakas, Stergios Vratolis, Vasiliki Vasilatou, Stella Pateraki, Kyriaki A. Bairachtari, Xavier Querol, Fulvio Amato, Andrés Alastuey, Angeliki A. Karanasiou, Franco Lucarelli, Silvia Nava, Giulia Calzolai, Vorne L. Gianelle, Cristina Colombi, Célia Alves, Danilo Custódio, Casimiro Pio, Christos Spyrou, George B. Kallos, and Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3673–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3673-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3673-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study examined the contribution of two natural sources (long-range transport of African dust and sea salt) to the airborne particulate matter concentrations, in 5 southern European cities (Porto, Barcelona, Milan, Florence, Athens). The results demonstrated that natural sources are often expressed with high-intensity events, leading even to exceedances of the EU air quality standards. This effect was more pronounced in the case of African dust intrusions in the eastern Mediterranean area.
Heidi Hellén, Leena Kangas, Anu Kousa, Mika Vestenius, Kimmo Teinilä, Ari Karppinen, Jaakko Kukkonen, and Jarkko V. Niemi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3475–3487, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3475-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3475-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating impacts of wood combustion on ambient levels of PAHs is challenging. In this study effect of residential wood combustion on the benzo[a]pyrene concentrations in the air of Helsinki metropolitan area was studied, using ambient air measurements, emission estimates and dispersion modeling. Combining all this information enabled a quantitative characterization of the influence of residential wood combustion, which was found to be the main local source and more important than for PM2.5.
Carlos Eduardo Souto-Oliveira, Maria de Fátima Andrade, Prashant Kumar, Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes, Marly Babinski, and Eduardo Landulfo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14635–14656, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14635-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14635-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo is the biggest megacity of South America, with over 20 million inhabitants. In recent years, the region has been facing a modification in rain patterns. In this study, we evaluated the effects of local and remote sources of air pollution on cloud-condensation nuclei activation properties. Our results showed that the local vehicular traffic emission products presented more negative effects on cloud-condensation nuclei activation than the remote sources.
Graydon Snider, Crystal L. Weagle, Kalaivani K. Murdymootoo, Amanda Ring, Yvonne Ritchie, Emily Stone, Ainsley Walsh, Clement Akoshile, Nguyen Xuan Anh, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian, Jeff Brook, Fatimah D. Qonitan, Jinlu Dong, Derek Griffith, Kebin He, Brent N. Holben, Ralph Kahn, Nofel Lagrosas, Puji Lestari, Zongwei Ma, Amit Misra, Leslie K. Norford, Eduardo J. Quel, Abdus Salam, Bret Schichtel, Lior Segev, Sachchida Tripathi, Chien Wang, Chao Yu, Qiang Zhang, Yuxuan Zhang, Michael Brauer, Aaron Cohen, Mark D. Gibson, Yang Liu, J. Vanderlei Martins, Yinon Rudich, and Randall V. Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9629–9653, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9629-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9629-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected on filters at traditionally undersampled, globally dispersed urban locations. Several PM2.5 chemical components (e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and black carbon) vary by more than an order of magnitude between sites while aerosol hygroscopicity varies by a factor of 2. Enhanced anthropogenic dust fractions in large urban areas are apparent from high Zn : Al ratios.
Panu Karjalainen, Hilkka Timonen, Erkka Saukko, Heino Kuuluvainen, Sanna Saarikoski, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Timo Murtonen, Matthew Bloss, Miikka Dal Maso, Pauli Simonen, Erik Ahlberg, Birgitta Svenningsson, William Henry Brune, Risto Hillamo, Jorma Keskinen, and Topi Rönkkö
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8559–8570, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8559-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8559-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized time-resolved primary particulate emissions and secondary particle formation from a modern gasoline passenger car. In mass terms, the amount of secondary particles was 13 times the amount of primary particles. The highest emissions were observed after a cold start when the engine and catalyst performance were suboptimal. The key parameter for secondary particle formation was the amount of gaseous hydrocarbons in the exhaust.
Fulvio Amato, Andrés Alastuey, Angeliki Karanasiou, Franco Lucarelli, Silvia Nava, Giulia Calzolai, Mirko Severi, Silvia Becagli, Vorne L. Gianelle, Cristina Colombi, Celia Alves, Danilo Custódio, Teresa Nunes, Mario Cerqueira, Casimiro Pio, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Evangelia Diapouli, Cristina Reche, María Cruz Minguillón, Manousos-Ioannis Manousakas, Thomas Maggos, Stergios Vratolis, Roy M. Harrison, and Xavier Querol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3289–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3289-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3289-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Harmonized source apportionment of atmospheric particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) at 5 EU cities (Barcelona, Florence, Milan, Athens and Porto) reveals that vehicle exhaust (excluding nitrate) plus non-exhaust contributes 16–32 % to PM10 and 15–36 % to PM2.5. Secondary PM represents 37–82 % of PM2.5. Biomass burning varies from < 2 to 24 % of PM10, depending on the residential heating fuel. Other sources are local dust (7–19 % of PM10), industries (4–11 % of PM10), shipping, sea salt and Saharan dust.
A Vara-Vela, M. F. Andrade, P. Kumar, R. Y. Ynoue, and A. G. Muñoz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 777–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-777-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-777-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a first step to understand the impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of secondary particles as well as the feedback between these particles and meteorology in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). Among the main research findings are:
- The emissions of primary gases from vehicles led to a production between 20 and 30 % due to new particles formation in relation to the total mass concentration PM2.5 in the downtown SPMA.
R. Weller, K. Schmidt, K. Teinilä, and R. Hillamo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11399–11410, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11399-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11399-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We measured condensation particle (CP) concentrations and particle size distributions at the coastal Antarctic station Neumayer. Several nucleation events were observed, but particles did not grow up to sizes required for acting as cloud condensation nuclei. A simple estimation indicated that apart from sulfuric acid, the derived growth rates required other low volatile precursor vapours.
B. Aouizerats, G. R. van der Werf, R. Balasubramanian, and R. Betha
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 363–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-363-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-363-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we simulated the regional transport and evolution of biomass burning occurring in Indonesia during the high fire event in 2006.
We studied and quantified the contribution of those fires to the Singapore pollution levels.
This high resolution modelling study showed that about half of the particulate pollution events in Singapore were mainly due to fires occurring in Sumatra (Indonesia), while the other half were due to local pollution.
K. E. Yttri, J. Schnelle-Kreis, W. Maenhaut, G. Abbaszade, C. Alves, A. Bjerke, N. Bonnier, R. Bossi, M. Claeys, C. Dye, M. Evtyugina, D. García-Gacio, R. Hillamo, A. Hoffer, M. Hyder, Y. Iinuma, J.-L. Jaffrezo, A. Kasper-Giebl, G. Kiss, P. L. López-Mahia, C. Pio, C. Piot, C. Ramirez-Santa-Cruz, J. Sciare, K. Teinilä, R. Vermeylen, A. Vicente, and R. Zimmermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 125–147, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-125-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-125-2015, 2015
J. F. Peng, M. Hu, Z. B. Wang, X. F. Huang, P. Kumar, Z. J. Wu, S. Guo, D. L. Yue, D. J. Shang, Z. Zheng, and L. Y. He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10249–10265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10249-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10249-2014, 2014
G. Engling, J. He, R. Betha, and R. Balasubramanian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8043–8054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8043-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8043-2014, 2014
J. Brito, L. V. Rizzo, P. Herckes, P. C. Vasconcellos, S. E. S. Caumo, A. Fornaro, R. Y. Ynoue, P. Artaxo, and M. F. Andrade
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12199–12213, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12199-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12199-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Measurement report: Oxidation potential of water-soluble aerosol components in the south and north of Beijing
Enhanced daytime secondary aerosol formation driven by gas–particle partitioning in downwind urban plumes
Understanding the mechanism and importance of brown carbon bleaching across the visible spectrum in biomass burning plumes from the WE-CAN campaign
Influence of terrestrial and marine air mass on the constituents and intermixing of bioaerosols over a coastal atmosphere
A multi-site passive approach to studying the emissions and evolution of smoke from prescribed fires
The annual cycle and sources of relevant aerosol precursor vapors in the central Arctic during the MOSAiC expedition
Opinion: How will advances in aerosol science inform our understanding of the health impacts of outdoor particulate pollution?
Measurement report: Intra-annual variability of black carbon and brown carbon and their interrelation with meteorological conditions over Gangtok, Sikkim
Long-range transport of air pollutants increases the concentration of hazardous components of PM2.5 in northern South America
Dominant influence of biomass combustion and cross-border transport on nitrogen-containing organic compound levels in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Impacts of elevated anthropogenic emissions on physicochemical characteristics of black-carbon-containing particles over the Tibetan Plateau
Online characterization of primary and secondary emissions of particulate matter and acidic molecules from a modern fleet of city buses
Atmospheric evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals in the rural North China Plain: effects on water solubility and PM2.5 oxidative potential
Two distinct ship emission profiles for organic-sulfate source apportionment of PM in sulfur emission control areas
Automated compound speciation, cluster analysis, and quantification of organic vapors and aerosols using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Measurement report: Occurrence of aminiums in PM2.5 during winter in China – aminium outbreak during polluted episodes and potential constraints
Bridging gas and aerosol properties between the northeastern US and Bermuda: analysis of eight transit flights
The behaviour of charged particles (ions) during new particle formation events in urban Leipzig, Germany
Exploring the sources of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols by integrating observational and modeling results: insights from Northeast China
Measurement report: Characteristics of airborne black-carbon-containing particles during the 2021 summer COVID-19 lockdown in a typical Yangtze River Delta city, China
Aerosol optical properties within the atmospheric boundary layer predicted from ground-based observations compared to Raman lidar retrievals during RITA-2021
Hygroscopic growth and activation changed submicron aerosol composition and properties in the North China Plain
Measurement report: Formation of tropospheric brown carbon in a lifting air mass
Vertical variability of aerosol properties and trace gases over a remote marine region: a case study over Bermuda
Differences in aerosol and cloud properties along the central California coast when winds change from northerly to southerly
International airport emissions and their impact on local air quality: chemical speciation of ambient aerosols at Madrid–Barajas Airport during the AVIATOR campaign
Significant role of biomass burning in heavy haze formation in a megacity: Molecular-level insights from intensive PM2.5 sampling on winter hazy days
The local ship speed reduction effect on black carbon emissions measured at a remote marine station
High-altitude aerosol chemical characterization and source identification: insights from the CALISHTO campaign
Measurement report: Impact of emission control measures on environmental persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species – a short-term case study in Beijing
Characterizing water solubility of fresh and aged secondary organic aerosol in PM2.5 with the stable carbon isotope technique
Measurement report: Impact of cloud processes on secondary organic aerosols at a forested mountain site in southeastern China
Critical contribution of chemically diverse carbonyl molecules to the oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosols
Seasonal Investigation of Ultrafine Particle Composition in an Eastern Amazonian Rainforest
Measurement report: Vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles detected in and above the marine boundary layer in the remote atmosphere
Diverging trends in aerosol sulfate and nitrate measured in the remote North Atlantic in Barbados are attributed to clean air policies, African smoke, and anthropogenic emissions
Technical note: Quantified organic aerosol subsaturated hygroscopicity by a simple optical scatter monitor system through field measurements
Diverse sources and aging change the mixing state and ice nucleation properties of aerosol particles over the western Pacific and Southern Ocean
The water-insoluble organic carbon in PM2.5 of typical Chinese urban areas: light-absorbing properties, potential sources, radiative forcing effects, and a possible light-absorbing continuum
Measurement report: Size-resolved secondary organic aerosol formation modulated by aerosol water uptake in wintertime haze
In situ measurement of organic aerosol molecular markers in urban Hong Kong during a summer period: temporal variations and source apportionment
Technical note: Determining chemical composition of atmospheric single particles by a standard-free mass calibration algorithm
Different formation pathways of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in aerosols and fog water in northern China
Impact of weather patterns and meteorological factors on PM2.5 and O3 responses to the COVID-19 lockdown in China
Daytime and nighttime aerosol soluble iron formation in clean and slightly polluted moist air in a coastal city in eastern China
Non-negligible secondary contribution to brown carbon in autumn and winter: inspiration from particulate nitrated and oxygenated aromatic compounds in urban Beijing
Non-sea-salt aerosols that contain trace bromine and iodine are widespread in the remote troposphere
Simultaneous organic aerosol source apportionment at two Antarctic sites reveals large-scale and ecoregion-specific components
Measurement report: Optical characterization, seasonality, and sources of brown carbon in fine aerosols from Tianjin, North China: year-round observations
High-resolution analyses of concentrations and sizes of black carbon particles deposited on northwest Greenland over the past 350 years – Part 2: Seasonal and temporal trends in black carbon originated from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning
Wei Yuan, Ru-Jin Huang, Chao Luo, Lu Yang, Wenjuan Cao, Jie Guo, and Huinan Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13219–13230, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized water-soluble oxidative potential (OP) levels in wintertime PM2.5 in the south and north of Beijing. Our results show that the volume-normalized dithiothreitol (DTTv) in the north was comparable to that in the south, while the mass-normalized dithiothreitol (DTTm) in the north was almost twice that in the south. Traffic-related emissions and biomass burning were the main sources of DTTv in the south, and traffic-related emissions contributed the most to DTTv in the north.
Mingfu Cai, Chenshuo Ye, Bin Yuan, Shan Huang, E Zheng, Suxia Yang, Zelong Wang, Yi Lin, Tiange Li, Weiwei Hu, Wei Chen, Qicong Song, Wei Li, Yuwen Peng, Baoling Liang, Qibin Sun, Jun Zhao, Duohong Chen, Jiaren Sun, Zhiyong Yang, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13065–13079, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13065-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13065-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the daytime secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in urban plumes. We observed a significant daytime SOA formation through gas–particle partitioning when the site was affected by urban plumes. A box model simulation indicated that urban pollutants (nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds) could enhance the oxidizing capacity, while the elevated volatile organic compounds were mainly responsible for promoting daytime SOA formation.
Yingjie Shen, Rudra P. Pokhrel, Amy P. Sullivan, Ezra J. T. Levin, Lauren A. Garofalo, Delphine K. Farmer, Wade Permar, Lu Hu, Darin W. Toohey, Teresa Campos, Emily V. Fischer, and Shane M. Murphy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12881–12901, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12881-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12881-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The magnitude and evolution of brown carbon (BrC) absorption remain unclear, with uncertainty in climate models. Data from the WE-CAN airborne experiment show that model parameterizations overestimate the mass absorption cross section (MAC) of BrC. Observed decreases in BrC absorption with chemical markers are due to decreasing organic aerosol (OA) mass rather than a decreasing BrC MAC, which is currently implemented in models. Water-soluble BrC contributes 23 % of total absorption at 660 nm.
Qun He, Zhaowen Wang, Houfeng Liu, Pengju Xu, Rongbao Duan, Caihong Xu, Jianmin Chen, and Min Wei
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12775–12792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12775-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12775-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal environments provide an ideal setting for investigating the intermixing of terrestrial and marine aerosols. Terrestrial air mass constituted a larger number of microbes from anthropogenic and soil emissions, whereas saprophytic and gut microbes were predominant in marine samples. Mixed air masses indicated a fusion of marine and terrestrial aerosols, characterized by alterations in the ratio of pathogenic and saprophytic microbes when compared to either terrestrial or marine samples.
Rime El Asmar, Zongrun Li, David J. Tanner, Yongtao Hu, Susan O'Neill, L. Gregory Huey, M. Talat Odman, and Rodney J. Weber
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12749–12773, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12749-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12749-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Prescribed burning is an important method for managing ecosystems and preventing wildfires. However, smoke from prescribed fires can have a significant impact on air quality. Here, using a network of fixed sites and sampling throughout an extended prescribed burning period in 2 different years, we characterize emissions and evolutions of up to 8 h of PM2.5 mass, black carbon (BC), and brown carbon (BrC) in smoke from burning of forested lands in the southeastern USA.
Matthew Boyer, Diego Aliaga, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Silvia Bucci, Hélène Angot, Lubna Dada, Benjamin Heutte, Lisa Beck, Marina Duetsch, Andreas Stohl, Ivo Beck, Tiia Laurila, Nina Sarnela, Roseline C. Thakur, Branka Miljevic, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, Mikko Sipilä, Julia Schmale, and Tuija Jokinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12595–12621, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12595-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12595-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze the seasonal cycle and sources of gases that are relevant for the formation of aerosol particles in the central Arctic. Since theses gases can form new particles, they can influence Arctic climate. We show that the sources of these gases are associated with changes in the Arctic environment during the year, especially with respect to sea ice. Therefore, the concentration of these gases will likely change in the future as the Arctic continues to warm.
Imad El Haddad, Danielle Vienneau, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Robin Modini, Jay G. Slowik, Abhishek Upadhyay, Petros N. Vasilakos, David Bell, Kees de Hoogh, and Andre S. H. Prevot
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11981–12011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11981-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11981-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This opinion paper explores how advances in aerosol science inform our understanding of the health impacts of outdoor particulate pollution. We advocate for a shift in the way we target PM pollution, focusing on the most harmful anthropogenic emissions. We highlight key observations, modelling developments, and emission measurements needed to achieve this shift.
Pramod Kumar, Khushboo Sharma, Ankita Malu, Rajeev Rajak, Aparna Gupta, Bidyutjyoti Baruah, Shailesh Yadav, Thupstan Angchuk, Jayant Sharma, Rakesh Kumar Ranjan, Anil Kumar Misra, and Nishchal Wanjari
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11585–11601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11585-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11585-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work monitors and assesses air pollution, especially black and brown carbon, its controlling factor, and its effect on the environment of Sikkim Himalayan region. The huge urban sprawl in recent decades has led to regional human-induced air pollution in the region. Black carbon was highest in April 2021 and March 2022, exceeding the WHO limit. The monsoon season causes huge rainfall over the region, which reduces the pollutants by scavenging (rainout and washout).
Maria P. Velásquez-García, K. Santiago Hernández, James A. Vergara-Correa, Richard J. Pope, Miriam Gómez-Marín, and Angela M. Rendón
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11497–11520, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11497-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11497-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the Aburrá Valley, northern South America, local emissions determine air quality conditions. However, we found that external sources, such as regional fires, Saharan dust, and volcanic emissions, increase particulate concentrations and worsen chemical composition by introducing elements like heavy metals. Dry winds and source variability contribute to seasonal influences on these events. This study assesses the air quality risks posed by such events, which can affect broad regions worldwide.
Meng Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Jie Tian, Yong Zhang, Shun-cheng Lee, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11175–11189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in particulate matter <2.5 µm particles on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that biomass burning and transboundary transport are the main sources of NOCs in the high-altitude area. Understanding these aerosol sources informs how they add to regional and potentially global climate changes. Our findings could help shape effective environmental policies to enhance air quality and address climate impacts in this sensitive region.
Jinbo Wang, Jiaping Wang, Yuxuan Zhang, Tengyu Liu, Xuguang Chi, Xin Huang, Dafeng Ge, Shiyi Lai, Caijun Zhu, Lei Wang, Qiaozhi Zha, Ximeng Qi, Wei Nie, Congbin Fu, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11063–11080, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11063-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11063-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found large spatial discrepancies in the physical and chemical properties of black carbon over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Elevated anthropogenic emissions from low-altitude regions can significantly change the mass concentration, mixing state and chemical composition of black-carbon-containing aerosol in the TP region, further altering its light absorption ability. Our study emphasizes the vulnerability of remote plateau regions to intense anthropogenic influences.
Liyuan Zhou, Qianyun Liu, Christian M. Salvador, Michael Le Breton, Mattias Hallquist, Jian Zhen Yu, Chak K. Chan, and Åsa M. Hallquist
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11045–11061, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11045-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11045-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research on city bus emissions reveals that alternative fuels (compressed natural gas and biofuels) reduce fresh particle emissions compared to diesel. However, all fuels lead to secondary air pollution. Aiming at guiding better environmental policies, we studied 76 buses using advanced emission measurement techniques. This work sheds light on the complex effects of bus fuels on urban air quality, emphasizing the need for comprehensive evaluations of future transportation technologies.
Xu Yang, Fobang Liu, Shuqi Yang, Yuling Yang, Yanan Wang, Jingjing Li, Mingyu Zhao, Zhao Wang, Kai Wang, Chi He, and Haijie Tong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11029–11043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A study in the rural North China Plain showed environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), with a notable water-soluble fraction likely from atmospheric oxidation during transport. Significant positive correlations between EPFRs and the water-soluble oxidative potential of PM2.5 were found, primarily attributable to the water-soluble fractions of EPFRs. These findings emphasize understanding EPFRs' atmospheric evolution for climate and health impacts.
Kirsten N. Fossum, Chunshui Lin, Niall O'Sullivan, Lu Lei, Stig Hellebust, Darius Ceburnis, Aqeel Afzal, Anja Tremper, David Green, Srishti Jain, Steigvilė Byčenkienė, Colin O'Dowd, John Wenger, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10815–10831, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosol in the Dublin Port area were investigated over a month-long campaign. Two distinct types of ship emissions were identified and characterised: sulfate-rich plumes from the use of heavy fuel oil with scrubbers and organic-rich plumes from the use of low-sulfur fuels. The latter were more frequent, emitting double the particle number and having a typical V / Ni ratio for ship emission.
Xiao He, Xuan Zheng, Shuwen Guo, Lewei Zeng, Ting Chen, Bohan Yang, Shupei Xiao, Qiongqiong Wang, Zhiyuan Li, Yan You, Shaojun Zhang, and Ye Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10655–10666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10655-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10655-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces an innovative method for identifying and quantifying complex organic vapors and aerosols. By combining advanced analytical techniques and new algorithms, we categorized thousands of compounds from heavy-duty diesel vehicles and ambient air and highlighted specific tracers for emission sources. The innovative approach enhances peak identification, reduces quantification uncertainties, and offers new insights for air quality management and atmospheric chemistry.
Yu Xu, Tang Liu, Yi-Jia Ma, Qi-Bin Sun, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, Hua-Yun Xiao, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10531–10542, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the characteristics of aminiums and ammonium in PM2.5 on clean and polluted winter days in 11 Chinese cities, highlighting the possibility of the competitive uptake of ammonia versus amines on acidic aerosols or the displacement of aminiums by ammonia under high-ammonia conditions. The overall results deepen the understanding of the spatiotemporal differences in aminium characteristics and formation in China.
Cassidy Soloff, Taiwo Ajayi, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Francesca Gallo, Johnathan W. Hair, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Simon Kirschler, Richard H. Moore, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10385–10408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using aircraft measurements over the northwestern Atlantic between the US East Coast and Bermuda and trajectory modeling of continental outflow, we identify trace gas and particle properties that exhibit gradients with offshore distance and quantify these changes with high-resolution measurements of concentrations and particle chemistry, size, and scattering properties. This work furthers our understanding of the complex interactions between continental and marine environments.
Alex Rowell, James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Zongbo Shi, Avinash Kumar, Matti Rissanen, Miikka Dal Maso, Peter Mettke, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10349–10361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ions enhance the formation and growth rates of new particles, affecting the Earth's radiation budget. Despite these effects, there is little published data exploring the sources of ions in the urban environment and their role in new particle formation (NPF). Here we show that natural ion sources dominate in urban environments, while traffic is a secondary source. Ions contribute up to 12.7 % of the formation rate of particles, indicating that they are important for forming urban PM.
Yuan Cheng, Xu-bing Cao, Sheng-qiang Zhu, Zhi-qing Zhang, Jiu-meng Liu, Hong-liang Zhang, Qiang Zhang, and Ke-bin He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9869–9883, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The agreement between observational and modeling results is essential for the development of efficient air pollution control strategies. Here we constrained the modeling results of carbonaceous aerosols by field observation in Northeast China, a historically overlooked but recently targeted region of national clean-air actions. Our study suggested that the simulation of agricultural fire emissions and secondary organic aerosols remains challenging.
Yuan Dai, Junfeng Wang, Houjun Wang, Shijie Cui, Yunjiang Zhang, Haiwei Li, Yun Wu, Ming Wang, Eleonora Aruffo, and Xinlei Ge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9733–9748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9733-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9733-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Short-term strict emission control can improve air quality, but its effectiveness needs assessment. During the 2021 summer COVID-19 lockdown in Yangzhou, we found that PM2.5 levels did not decrease despite reduced primary emissions. Aged black-carbon particles increased substantially due to higher O3 levels and transported pollutants. High humidity and low wind also played key roles. The results highlight the importance of a regionally balanced control strategy for future air quality management.
Xinya Liu, Diego Alves Gouveia, Bas Henzing, Arnoud Apituley, Arjan Hensen, Danielle van Dinther, Rujin Huang, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9597–9614, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9597-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9597-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties is important for their effect on climate. This is usually measured by lidar, which has limitations, most notably the assumption of a lidar ratio. Our study shows that routine surface-level aerosol measurements are able to predict this lidar ratio reasonably well within the lower layers of the atmosphere and thus provide a relatively simple and cost-effective method to improve lidar measurements.
Weiqi Xu, Ye Kuang, Wanyun Xu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Biao Luo, Xiaoyi Zhang, Jiangchuang Tao, Hongqin Qiao, Li Liu, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9387–9399, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We deployed an advanced aerosol–fog sampling system at a rural site in the North China Plain to investigate impacts of aerosol hygroscopic growth and activation on the physicochemical properties of submicron aerosols. Observed results highlighted remarkably different aqueous processing of primary and secondary submicron aerosol components under distinct ambient relative humidity (RH) conditions and that RH levels significantly impact aerosol sampling through the aerosol swelling effect.
Can Wu, Xiaodi Liu, Ke Zhang, Si Zhang, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9263–9275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is prevalent in the troposphere and can efficiently absorb solar and terrestrial radiation. Our observations show that the enhanced light absorption of BrC relative to black carbon at the tropopause can be attributed to the formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds through the aqueous-phase reactions of carbonyls with ammonium.
Taiwo Ajayi, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Johnathan W. Hair, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Chris A. Hostetler, Simon Kirschler, Richard H. Moore, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Cassidy Soloff, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9197–9218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses airborne data to examine vertical profiles of trace gases, aerosol particles, and meteorological variables over a remote marine area (Bermuda). Results show distinct differences based on both air mass source region (North America, Ocean, Caribbean/North Africa) and altitude for a given air mass type. This work highlights the sensitivity of remote marine areas to long-range transport and the importance of considering the vertical dependence of trace gas and aerosol properties.
Kira Zeider, Grace Betito, Anthony Bucholtz, Peng Xian, Annette Walker, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9059–9083, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The predominant wind direction along the California coast (northerly) reverses several times during the summer (to southerly). The effects of these wind reversals on aerosol and cloud characteristics are not well understood. Using data from multiple datasets we found that southerly flow periods had enhanced signatures of anthropogenic emissions due to shipping and continental sources, and clouds had more but smaller droplets.
Saleh Alzahrani, Doğuşhan Kılıç, Michael Flynn, Paul I. Williams, and James Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9045–9058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9045-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9045-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates emissions from aviation activities at an international airport to evaluate their impact on local air quality. The study provides detailed insights into the chemical composition of aerosols and key pollutants in the airport environment. Source apportionment analysis using positive matrix factorisation (PMF) identified three significant sources: less oxidised oxygenated organic aerosol, alkane organic aerosol, and more oxidised oxygenated organic aerosol.
Mingjie Kang, Mengying Bao, Wenhuai Song, Aduburexiati Abulimiti, Fang Cao, Sönke Szidat, and Yanlin Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2098, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2098, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reports on the molecular level knowledge of high temporal resolution PM2.5 components on hazy days are still limited. This study investigated many individual PM2.5 species and sources. The results show biomass burning (BB) was the main source of organic carbon. Moreover, BB enhanced fungal spore emissions and secondary aerosol formation. The contribution of non-fossils increased with increasing haze pollution. These findings suggest BB may be an important driver of haze events in winter.
Mikko Heikkilä, Krista Luoma, Timo Mäkelä, and Tiia Grönholm
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8927–8941, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) concentration was measured from 211 ship exhaust gas plumes at a remote marine station. Emission factors of BC were calculated in grams per kilogram of fuel. Ships with an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) were found to have median BC emissions per fuel consumed 5 times lower than ships without an EGCS. However, this might be because of non-EGCS ships running at low engine loads rather than the EGCS itself. A local speed restriction would increase BC emissions of ships.
Olga Zografou, Maria Gini, Prodromos Fetfatzis, Konstantinos Granakis, Romanos Foskinis, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Fotios Tsopelas, Evangelia Diapouli, Eleni Dovrou, Christina N. Vasilakopoulou, Alexandros Papayannis, Spyros N. Pandis, Athanasios Nenes, and Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8911–8926, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Characterization of PM1 and positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment of organic and inorganic fractions were conducted at the high-altitude station (HAC)2. Cloud presence reduced PM1, affecting sulfate more than organics. Free-troposphere (FT) conditions showed more black carbon (eBC) than planetary boundary layer (PBL) conditions.
Yuanyuan Qin, Xinghua Zhang, Wei Huang, Juanjuan Qin, Xiaoyu Hu, Yuxuan Cao, Tianyi Zhao, Yang Zhang, Jihua Tan, Ziyin Zhang, Xinming Wang, and Zhenzhen Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8737–8750, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) play an active role in the atmosphere. Despite control measures having effectively reduced their emissions, reductions were less than in PM2.5. Emission control measures performed well in achieving Parade Blue, but reducing the impact of the atmosphere on human health remains challenging. Thus, there is a need to reassess emission control measures to better address the challenges posed by EPFRs and ROSs.
Fenghua Wei, Xing Peng, Liming Cao, Mengxue Tang, Ning Feng, Xiaofeng Huang, and Lingyan He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8507–8518, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8507-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8507-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The water solubility of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) is a crucial factor in determining their hygroscopicity and climatic impact. Stable carbon isotope and mass spectrometry techniques were combined to assess the water solubility of SOAs with different aging degrees in a coastal megacity in China. This work revealed a much higher water-soluble fraction of aged SOA compared to fresh SOA, indicating that the aging degree of SOA has considerable impacts on its water solubility.
Zijun Zhang, Weiqi Xu, Yi Zhang, Wei Zhou, Xiangyu Xu, Aodong Du, Yinzhou Zhang, Hongqin Qiao, Ye Kuang, Xiaole Pan, Zifa Wang, Xueling Cheng, Lanzhong Liu, Qingyan Fu, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jie Li, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8473–8488, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated aerosol composition and sources and the interaction between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and clouds at a regional mountain site in southeastern China. Clouds efficiently scavenge more oxidized SOA; however, cloud evaporation leads to the production of less oxidized SOA. The unexpectedly high presence of nitrate in aerosol particles indicates that nitrate formed in polluted areas has undergone interactions with clouds, significantly influencing the regional background site.
Feifei Li, Shanshan Tang, Jitao Lv, Shiyang Yu, Xu Sun, Dong Cao, Yawei Wang, and Guibin Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8397–8411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8397-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8397-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Targeted derivatization and non-targeted analysis with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) were used to reveal the molecular composition of carbonyl molecules in PM2.5, and the important role of carbonyls in increasing the oxidative potential of organic aerosol was found in real samples.
Adam E. Thomas, Hayley S. Glicker, Alex B. Guenther, Roger Seco, Oscar Vega Bustillos, Julio Tota, Rodrigo A. F. Souza, and James N. Smith
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2230, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2230, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present measurements of the composition of ultrafine particles collected from the eastern Amazon, a relatively understudied region that is subjected to increasing human influence. We find that while isoprene chemistry is likely significant to ultrafine particle growth throughout the year, compounds related to other sources such as biological spore emissions and biomass burning exhibit striking seasonal differences, implying an extensive variation in regional ultrafine particle sources.
Maya Abou-Ghanem, Daniel M. Murphy, Gregory P. Schill, Michael J. Lawler, and Karl D. Froyd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8263–8275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using particle analysis by laser mass spectrometry, we examine vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles measured on NASA's DC-8 during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom). Our results reveal ship exhaust particles are sufficiently widespread in the marine atmosphere and experience atmospheric aging. Finally, we use laboratory calibrations to determine the vanadium, sulfate, and organic single-particle mass fractions of vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles.
Cassandra J. Gaston, Joseph M. Prospero, Kristen Foley, Havala O. T. Pye, Lillian Custals, Edmund Blades, Peter Sealy, and James A. Christie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8049–8066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how changing emissions have impacted aerosols in remote regions, we measured nitrate and sulfate in Barbados and compared them to model predictions from EPA’s Air QUAlity TimE Series (EQUATES). Nitrate was stable, except for spikes in 2008 and 2010 due to transported smoke. Sulfate decreased in the 1990s due to reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the US and Europe; then it increased in the 2000s, likely due to anthropogenic emissions from Africa.
Jie Zhang, Tianyu Zhu, Alexandra Catena, Yaowei Li, Margaret Schwab, Pengfei Liu, Akua Asa-Awuku, and James Schwab
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1390, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1390, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the derived organic aerosol hygroscopicity under high humidity conditions based on a simple optical scatter monitor system, including two nephelometric monitors (pDR-1500), after knowing the aerosol chemical composition.
Jiao Xue, Tian Zhang, Keyhong Park, Jinpei Yan, Young Jun Yoon, Jiyeon Park, and Bingbing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7731–7754, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice formation by particles is an important way of making mixed-phase and ice clouds. We found that particles collected in the marine atmosphere exhibit diverse ice nucleation abilities and mixing states. Sea salt mixed-sulfate particles were enriched in ice-nucleating particles. Selective aging on sea salt particles made particle populations more externally mixed. Characterizations of particles and their mixing state are needed for a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interactions.
Yangzhi Mo, Jun Li, Guangcai Zhong, Sanyuan Zhu, Shizhen Zhao, Jiao Tang, Hongxing Jiang, Zhineng Cheng, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7755–7772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found that biomass burning (31.0 %) and coal combustion (31.1 %) were the dominant sources of water-insoluble organic carbon in China, with coal combustion sources exhibiting the strongest light-absorbing capacity. Additionally, we propose a light-absorbing carbonaceous continuum, revealing that components enriched with fossil sources tend to have stronger light-absorbing capacity, higher aromaticity, higher molecular weights, and greater recalcitrance in the atmosphere.
Jing Duan, Ru-Jin Huang, Ying Wang, Wei Xu, Haobin Zhong, Chunshui Lin, Wei Huang, Yifang Gu, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, and Colin O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7687–7698, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of atmospheric particles has shown significant changes in recent years. We investigated the potential effects of changes in inorganics on aerosol water uptake and, thus, secondary organic aerosol formation in wintertime haze based on the size-resolved measurements of non-refractory fine particulate matter (NR-PM2.5) in Xi’an, northwestern China. We highlight the key role of aerosol water as a medium to link inorganics and organics in their multiphase processes.
Hongyong Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Likun Xue, Yunxi Huo, Dawen Yao, Haoxian Lu, and Hai Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7085–7100, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7085-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7085-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosol is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and largely explains the gap between current levels of fine particulate matter in many cities and the World Health Organization guideline values. This study highlights the dominant contributions of cooking emissions to organic aerosol when marine air prevailed in Hong Kong, which were occasionally overwhelmed by aromatics-derived secondary organic aerosol in continental ouflows.
Shao Shi, Jinghao Zhai, Xin Yang, Yechun Ruan, Yuanlong Huang, Xujian Chen, Antai Zhang, Jianhuai Ye, Guomao Zheng, Baohua Cai, Yaling Zeng, Yixiang Wang, Chunbo Xing, Yujie Zhang, Tzung-May Fu, Lei Zhu, Huizhong Shen, and Chen Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7001–7012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The determination of ions in the mass spectra of individual particles remains uncertain. We have developed a standard-free mass calibration algorithm applicable to more than 98 % of ambient particles. With our algorithm, ions with ~ 0.05 Th mass difference could be determined. Therefore, many more atmospheric species could be determined and involved in the source apportionment of aerosols, the study of chemical reaction mechanisms, and the analysis of single-particle mixing states.
Wei Sun, Xiaodong Hu, Yuzhen Fu, Guohua Zhang, Yujiao Zhu, Xinfeng Wang, Caiqing Yan, Likun Xue, He Meng, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Xinming Wang, Ping'an Peng, and Xinhui Bi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6987–6999, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation pathways of nitrogen-containing compounds (NOCs) in the atmosphere remain unclear. We investigated the composition of aerosols and fog water by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry and compared the formation pathways of NOCs. We found that NOCs in aerosols were mainly formed through nitration reaction, while ammonia addition played a more important role in fog water. The results deepen our understanding of the processes of organic particulate pollution.
Fuzhen Shen, Michaela I. Hegglin, and Yue Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6539–6553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6539-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6539-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We attempt to use a novel structural self-organising map and machine learning models to identify a weather system and quantify the importance of each meteorological factor in driving the unexpected PM2.5 and O3 changes under the specific weather system during the COVID-19 lockdown in China. The result highlights that temperature under the double-centre high-pressure system plays the most crucial role in abnormal events.
Wenshuai Li, Yuxuan Qi, Yingchen Liu, Guanru Wu, Yanjing Zhang, Jinhui Shi, Wenjun Qu, Lifang Sheng, Wencai Wang, Daizhou Zhang, and Yang Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6495–6508, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles from mainland can transport to oceans and deposit, providing soluble Fe and affecting phytoplankton growth. Thus, we studied the dissolution process of aerosol Fe and found that photochemistry played a key role in promoting Fe dissolution in clean conditions. RH-dependent reactions were more influential in slightly polluted conditions. These results highlight the distinct roles of two weather-related parameters (radiation and RH) in influencing geochemical cycles related to Fe.
Yanqin Ren, Zhenhai Wu, Yuanyuan Ji, Fang Bi, Junling Li, Haijie Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Li, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6525–6538, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in PM2.5 were examined from an urban area in Beijing during the autumn and winter. The OPAH and NAC concentrations were much higher during heating than before heating. They majorly originated from the combustion of biomass and automobile emissions, and the secondary generation was the major contributor throughout the whole sampling period.
Gregory P. Schill, Karl D. Froyd, Daniel M. Murphy, Christina J. Williamson, Charles Brock, Tomás Sherwen, Mat J. Evans, Eric A. Ray, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Alan J. Hills, Jeff Peischl, Tomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea R. Thompson, Ilann Bourgeois, Donald R. Blake, Joshua P. DiGangi, and Glenn S. Diskin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1399, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1399, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using single-particle mass spectrometry, we show that trace concentrations of bromine and iodine are ubiquitous in remote tropospheric aerosol, and suggest that aerosols are an important part of the global reactive iodine budget. Comparisons to a global climate model with detailed iodine chemistry are favorable in the background atmosphere; however, the model cannot replicate our measurements near the ocean surface, in biomass burning plumes, and in the stratosphere.
Marco Paglione, David C. S. Beddows, Anna Jones, Thomas Lachlan-Cope, Matteo Rinaldi, Stefano Decesari, Francesco Manarini, Mara Russo, Karam Mansour, Roy M. Harrison, Andrea Mazzanti, Emilio Tagliavini, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6305–6322, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Applying factor analysis techniques to H-NMR spectra, we present the organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment of PM1 samples collected in parallel at two Antarctic stations, namely Signy and Halley, allowing investigation of aerosol–climate interactions in an unperturbed atmosphere. Our results show remarkable differences between pelagic (open-ocean) and sympagic (sea-ice-influenced) air masses and indicate that various sources and processes are controlling Antarctic aerosols.
Zhichao Dong, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, Peisen Li, Zhanjie Xu, Junjun Deng, Xueyan Zhao, Xiaomai Zhao, Pingqing Fu, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5887–5905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive study of optical properties of brown carbon (BrC) in fine aerosols from Tianjin, China, implied that biological emissions are major sources of BrC in summer, whereas fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning emissions are in cold periods. The direct radiation absorption caused by BrC in short wavelengths contributed about 40 % to that caused by BrC in 300–700 nm. Water-insoluble but methanol-soluble BrC contains more protein-like chromophores (PLOM) than that of water-soluble BrC.
Kumiko Goto-Azuma, Yoshimi Ogawa-Tsukagawa, Kaori Fukuda, Koji Fujita, Motohiro Hirabayashi, Remi Dallmayr, Jun Ogata, Nobuhiro Moteki, Tatsuhiro Mori, Sho Ohata, Yutaka Kondo, Makoto Koike, Sumito Matoba, and Teruo Aoki
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1498, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1498, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monthly records spanning 350 years from a Greenland ice core reveal trends in black carbon (BC) concentrations and sizes. BC concentrations have risen since the late 19th century due to the inflow of anthropogenic BC, with these particles being larger than those from biomass burning (BB). High BB BC concentration peaks in summer originating from BB could reduce albedo. However, BB BC showed no upward trend until the early 2000s. Our findings are crucial for validating aerosol and climate models.
Cited articles
Abdel-shafy, H. I. and Mansour, M. S. M.: A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation, Egypt. J. Pet., 25, 107–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011, 2016.
Agudelo-Castañeda, D. M. and Teixeira, E. C.: Seasonal changes, identification and source apportionment of PAH in PM1. 0, Atmos. Environ., 96, 186–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.030, 2014.
Albinet, A., Leoz-garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., Villenave, E., and Jaffrezo, J.: Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys – Part 1: Concentrations , sources and gas/particle partitioning, Atmos. Environ., 42, 43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.009, 2008.
Allen, A. G., Cardoso, A. A., and da Rocha, G. O.: Influence of sugar cane burning on aerosol soluble ion composition in Southeastern Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5025–5038, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.019, 2004.
Alonso, M. F., Longo, K. M., Freitas, S. R., Mello da Fonseca, R., Marécal, V., Pirre, M., and Klenner, L. G.: An urban emissions inventory for South America and its application in numerical modeling of atmospheric chemical composition at local and regional scales, Atmos. Environ., 44, 5072–5083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.013, 2010.
Alvarez, H. B., Echeverria, R. S., Alvarez, P. S., and Krupa, S.: Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter (PM) at high altitude cities, Environ. Pollut., 173, 255–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.025, 2013.
Alves, C. A., Gomes, J., Nunes, T., Duarte, M., Calvo, A., Custódio, D., Pio, C., Karanasiou, A., and Querol, X.: Size-segregated particulate matter and gaseous emissions from motor vehicles in a road tunnel, Atmos. Res., 153, 134–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.08.002, 2015.
Alves, C. A., Oliveira, C., Martins, N., Mirante, F., Caseiro, A., Pio, C., Matos, M., Silva, H. F., Oliveira, C., and Camões, F.: Road tunnel, roadside, and urban background measurements of aliphatic compounds in size-segregated particulate matter, Atmos. Res., 168, 139–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.09.007, 2016.
Amato, F., Alastuey, A., Karanasiou, A., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., Calzolai, G., Severi, M., Becagli, S., Gianelle, V. L., Colombi, C., Alves, C., Custódio, D., Nunes, T., Cerqueira, M., Pio, C., Eleftheriadis, K., Diapouli, E., Reche, C., Minguillón, M. C., Manousakas, M.-I., Maggos, T., Vratolis, S., Harrison, R. M., and Querol, X.: AIRUSE-LIFE+: a harmonized PM speciation and source apportionment in five southern European cities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3289–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3289-2016, 2016.
Andrade, M. de F., Orsini, C., and Maenhaut, W.: Relation between aerosol sources and meteorological parameters for inhable atmospheric particles in São Paulo city, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 28, 2307–2309, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90484-7, 1994.
Andrade, M. de F., Fornaro, A., Freitas, E. D. de, Mazzoli, C. R., Martins, L. D., Boian, C., Oliveira, M. G. L., Peres, J., Carbone, S., Alvalá, P., and Leme, N. P.: Ozone sounding in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil: Wet and dry season campaigns of 2006, Atmos. Environ., 61, 627–640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.083, 2012a.
Andrade, M. de F., Miranda, R. M., Fornaro, A., Kerr, A., Oyama, B., de André, P. A., and Saldiva, P.: Vehicle emissions and PM2. 5 mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities, Air Qual. Atmos. Heal., 5, 79–88, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-010-0104-5, 2012b.
Aurela, M., Saarikoski, S., Timonen, H., Aalto, P., Keronen, P., Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., Kulmala, M., and Hillamo, R.: Carbonaceous aerosol at a forested and an urban background sites in Southern Finland, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1394–1401, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.039, 2011.
Bandowe, B. A. M., Meusel, H., Huang, R., Ho, K., Cao, J., Hoffmann, T., and Wilcke, W.: PM2. 5-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity: Seasonal variation, sources and cancer risk assessment, Sci. Total Environ., 473–474, 77–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.108, 2014.
Bardouki, H., Berresheim, H., Vrekoussis, M., Sciare, J., Kouvarakis, G., Oikonomou, K., Schneider, J., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Gaseous (DMS, MSA, SO2, H2SO4 and DMSO) and particulate (sulfate and methanesulfonate) sulfur species over the northeastern coast of Crete, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1871–1886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1871-2003, 2003.
Behera, S. N., Cheng, J., Huang, X., Zhu, Q., Liu, P., and Balasubramanian, R.: Chemical composition and acidity of size-fractionated inorganic aerosols of 2013–14 winter haze in Shanghai and associated health risk of toxic elements, Atmos. Environ., 122, 259–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.053, 2015.
Bisht, D. S., Dumka, U. C., Kaskaoutis, D. G., Pipal, A. S., Srivastava, A. K., Soni, V. K., Attri, S. D., Sateesh, M., and Tiwari, S.: Carbonaceous aerosols and pollutants over Delhi urban environment: Temporal evolution, source apportionment and radiative forcing, Sci. Total Environ., 521–522, 431–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.083, 2015.
Bourotte, C., Forti, M.-C., Taniguchi, S., Bícego, M. C., and Lotufo, P. A.: A wintertime study of PAHs in fine and coarse aerosols in São Paulo city, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3799–3811, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.054, 2005.
Bourotte, C. L. M., Sanchez-Ccoyllo, O. R., Forti, M. C., and Melfi, A. J.: Chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter soluble fraction and meteorological variables in São Paulo state, Brazil, Rev. Bras. Meteorol., 26, 419–432, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-77862011000300008, 2011.
Brito, J., Rizzo, L. V., Herckes, P., Vasconcellos, P. C., Caumo, S. E. S., Fornaro, A., Ynoue, R. Y., Artaxo, P., and Andrade, M. F.: Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12199–12213, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12199-2013, 2013.
Brown, S. G., Eberly, S., Paatero, P., and Norris, G. A.: Methods for estimating uncertainty in PMF solutions: examples with ambient air and water quality data and guidance on reporting PMF results, Sci. Total Environ., 518–519, 626–635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.022, 2015.
Cabello, M., Orza, J. A. G., Dueñas, C., Liger, E., Gordo, E., and Cañete, S.: Back-trajectory analysis of African dust outbreaks at a coastal city in southern Spain?: Selection of starting heights and assessment of African and concurrent Mediterranean contributions, Atmos. Environ., 140, 10–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.047, 2016.
Cai, Y., Shao, Y., and Wang, C.: The association of air pollution with the patients' visits to the department of respiratory diseases, J. Clin. Med. Res., 7, 551–555, https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2174e, 2015.
Calvo, A. I., Alves, C., Castro, A., Pont, V., Vicente, A. M., and Fraile, R.: Research on aerosol sources and chemical composition: Past, current and emerging issues, Atmos. Res., 120–121, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.021, 2013.
Cançado, J. E. D., Saldiva, P. H. N., Pereira, L. A. A., Lara, L. B. L. S., Artaxo, P., Martinelli, L. A., Arbex, M. A., Zanobetti, A., and Braga, A. L. F.: The impact of sugar cane-burning emissions on the respiratory system of children and the elderly, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 725–729, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8485, 2006.
Castanho, A. D. A. and Artaxo, P.: Wintertime and summertime São Paulo aerosol source apportionment study, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4889–4902, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00357-0, 2001.
Caumo, S., Claeys, M., and Maenhaut, W.: Physicochemical characterization of winter PM10 aerosol impacted by sugarcane burning from São Paulo city , Brazi, Atmos. Environ., 145, 272–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.046, 2016.
CETESB: Companhia de Tecnologia do Saneamento Ambiental: Relatório de qualidade do ar no Estado de São Paulo 2014, Report of air quality in the São Paulo State 2014, São Paulo, Brazil, available at: http://ar.cetesb.sp.gov.br/publicacoes-relatorios/ (last access: 1 August 2016), 2015.
Chen, F., Hu, W., and Zhong, Q.: Emissions of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Fu Gui-shan Tunnel of Nanjing, China, Atmos. Res., 124, 53–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.12.008, 2013.
Chen, W. and Zhu, T.: Formation of nitroanthracene and anthraquinone from the heterogeneous reaction between NO2 and anthracene adsorbed on NaCl particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 8671–8678, https://doi.org/10.1021/es501543g, 2014.
Chen, Y.-C., Chiang, H.-C., Hsu, C.-Y., Yang, T.-T., Lin, T.-Y., Chen, M.-J., Chen, N.-T., and Wu, Y.-S.: Ambient PM2. 5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Changhua County, central Taiwan: Seasonal variation, source apportionment and cancer risk assessment, Environ. Pollut., 218, 118–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.016, 2016.
Cheng, S., Yang, L., Zhou, X., Xue, L., Gao, X., Zhou, Y., and Wang, W.: Size-fractionated water-soluble ions, situ pH and water content in aerosol on hazy days and the influences on visibility impairment in Jinan, China, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4631–4640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.057, 2011.
Cincinelli, A., Del, M., Martellini, T., Gambaro, A., and Lepri, L.: Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy), Chemosphere, 68, 472–478, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.089, 2007.
CONAMA: Padrões de qualidade do Ar, Resolução CONAMA No. 3/1990, available at: http://www.mma.gov.br/cidades-sustentaveis/qualidade-do-ar/padroes-de-qualidade-do-ar (last access: 1 April 2016), 1990.
Contini, D., Cesari, D., Conte, M., and Donateo, A.: Application of PMF and CMB receptor models for the evaluation of the contribution of a large coal-fired power plant to PM10 concentrations, Sci. Total Environ., 560–561, 131–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.031, 2016.
Cui, M., Chen, Y., Tian, C., Zhang, F., Yan, C., and Zheng, M.: Chemical composition of PM2. 5 from two tunnels with different vehicular fleet characteristics, Sci. Total Environ., 550, 123–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.077, 2016.
Custódio, D., Cerqueira, M., Alves, C., Nunes, T., Pio, C., Esteves, V., Frosini, D., Lucarelli, F., and Querol, X.: A one-year record of carbonaceous components and major ions in aerosols from an urban kerbside location in Oporto, Portugal, Sci. Total Environ., 562, 822–833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.012, 2016.
da Rocha, G. O., Allen, A. G., and Cardoso, A.: Influence of Agricultural Biomass Burning on Aerosol Size Distribution and Dry Deposition in Southeastern Brazil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5293–5301, https://doi.org/10.1021/es048007u, 2005.
da Rocha, G. O., Vasconcellos, P. de C., Ávila, S. G., Souza, D. Z., Reis, E. A. O., Oliveira, P. V., and Sanchez-Ccoyllo, O.: Seasonal distribution of airborne trace elements and water-soluble ions in São Paulo Megacity, Brazil, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 23, 1915–1924, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532012005000062, 2012.
de Abrantes, R., de Assunção, J. V., and Pesquero, C. R.: Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from light-duty diesel vehicles exhaust, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1631–1640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.012, 2004.
Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Mircea, M., Emblico, L., Cavalli, F., Maenhaut, W., Chi, X., Schkolnik, G., Falkovich, A., Rudich, Y., Claeys, M., Pashynska, V., Vas, G., Kourtchev, I., Vermeylen, R., Hoffer, A., Andreae, M. O., Tagliavini, E., Moretti, F., and Artaxo, P.: Characterization of the organic composition of aerosols from Rondônia, Brazil, during the LBA-SMOCC 2002 experiment and its representation through model compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 375–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-375-2006, 2006.
de Oliveira Alves, N., Hacon, S. de S., Galvão, M. F. de O., Peixoto, M. S., Artaxo, P., Vasconcellos, P. de C., and de Medeiros, S. R. B.: Genetic damage of organic matter in the Brazilian Amazon: A comparative study between intense and moderate biomass burning, Environ. Res., 130, 51–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2013.12.011, 2014.
de Oliveira Alves, N., Brito, J., Caumo, S., Arana, A., Hacon, S. de S., Artaxo, P., Hillamo, R., Teinilä, K., de Medeiros, S. R. B., and Vasconcellos, P. de C.: Biomass burning in the Amazon region: Aerosol source apportionment and associated health risk assessment, Atmos. Environ., 120, 277–285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.059, 2015.
Draper, W. M.: Quantitation of nitro- and dinitropol ycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particulate matter, Chemosphere, 15, 437–447, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90537-0, 1986.
Draxler, R. and Rolph, G.: HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model, NOAA Air Resour. Lab., Silver Spring, MD, available at: http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html (last access: 1 June 2016), 2003.
Duan, J., Bi, X., Tan, J., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.: Seasonal variation on size distribution and concentration of PAHs in Guangzhou city, China, Chemosphere, 67, 614–622, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.08.030, 2007.
EEA (European Environmental Agency): Air Quality in Europe – 2016 Report, EEA Report No 28/2016, Published by Publications Office of the European Union, 2016, ISBN 978-92-9213-824-0, 2016.
Franco, A., Kummrow, F., Umbuzeiro, G. A., Vasconcellos, P. de C., and de Carvalho, L. R.: Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives and mutagenicitys study in extracts of PM10 collected in São Paulo, Brazil, Rev. Bras. Toxicol., 23, 1–10, 2010.
Fujimoto, T., Kitamura, S., Sanoh, S., Sugihara, K., Yoshihara, S., Fujimoto, N., and Ohta, S.: Estrogenic activity of an environmental pollutant, 2-nitrofluorene, after metabolic activation by rat liver microsomes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 303, 419–426, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00311-5, 2003.
Godoy, M. L. D. P., Godoy, J. M., Roldão, L. A., Soluri, D. S., and Donagemma, R. A.: Coarse and fine aerosol source apportionment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2366–2374, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.046, 2009.
Gregoris, E., Argiriadis, E., Vecchiato, M., Zambon, S., De Pieri, S., Donateo, A., Contini, D., Piazza, R., Barbante, C., and Gambaro, A.: Science of the Total Environment Gas-particle distributions, sources and health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in Venice aerosols, Sci. Total Environ., 476–477, 393–405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.036, 2014.
Hall, D., Wu, C.-Y., Hsu, Y.-M., Stormer, J., Engling, G., Capeto, K., Wang, J., Brown, S., Li, H.-W., and Yu, K.-M.: PAHs, carbonyls, VOCs and PM2. 5 emission factors for pre-harvest burning of Florida sugarcane, Atmos. Environ., 55, 164–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.034, 2012.
Hidy, G. M.: Surface-Level Fine Particle Mass Concentrations: From Hemispheric Distributions to Megacity Sources Surface-Level Fine Particle Mass Concentrations: From Hemispheric Distributions to Megacity Sources, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 59, 770–789, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.7.770, 2009.
IAG: IAG/USP Annual Meteorological Bulletin – 2014, available at: http://www.estacao.iag.usp.br/Boletins/2014.pdf (last access: 1 April 2016), 2014.
INPE: INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) – Portal do Monitoramento de Queimadas, available at: https://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/ (last access: 1 April 2016), 2014.
Jung, J., Lee, H., Kim, Y. J., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Gu, J., and Fan, S.: Aerosol chemistry and the effect of aerosol water content on visibility impairment and radiative forcing in Guangzhou during the 2006 Pearl River Delta campaign, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 3231–3244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.021, 2009.
Jung, K. H., Yan, B., Chillrud, S. N., Perera, F. P., Whyatt, R., Camann, D., Kinney, P. L., and Miller, R. L.: Assessment of Benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of residential indoor versus outdoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposing young children in New York city, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 7, 1889–1900, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7051889, 2010.
Karanasiou, A. A., Siskos, P. A., and Eleftheriadis, K.: Assessment of source apportionment by Positive Matrix Factorization analysis on fine and coarse urban aerosol size fractions, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3385–3395, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.051, 2009.
Kassomenos, P. A., Vardoulakis, S., Chaloulakou, A., Paschalidou, A. K., Grivas, G., Borge, R., and Lumbreras, J.: Study of PM10 and PM2. 5 levels in three European cities: Analysis of intra and inter urban variations, Atmos. Environ., 87, 153–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.004, 2014.
Khoder, M. I. and Hassan, S. K.: Weekday/weekend differences in ambient aerosol level and chemical characteristics of water-soluble components in the city centre, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7483–7493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.068, 2008.
Kojima, Y., Inazu, K., Hisamatsu, Y., Okochi, H., Baba, T., and Nagoya, T.: Comparison of Pahs, Nitro-Pahs and Oxy-Pahs Associated With Airborne Particulate Matter At Roadside and Urban Background Sites in Downtown Tokyo, Japan, Polycycl. Aromat. Compd., 30, 321–333, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2010.525164, 2010.
Kumar, A. and Attri, A. K.: Biomass Combustion a Dominant Source of Carbonaceous Aerosols in the Ambient Environment of Western Himalayas, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 16, 519–529, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.05.0284, 2016.
Kumar, P., Morawska, L., Birmili, W., Paasonen, P., Hu, M., Kulmala, M., Harrison, R. M., Norford, L., and Britter, R.: Ultra fine particles in cities, Environ. Int., 66, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.013, 2014.
Kumar, P., Andrade, M. de F., Ynoue, R. Y., Fornaro, A., de Freitas, E. D., Martins, J., Martins, L. D., Albuquerque, T., Zhang, Y., and Morawska, L.: New directions: From biofuels to wood stoves: The modern and ancient air quality challenges in the megacity of São Paulo, Atmos. Environ., 140, 364–369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.059, 2016.
Kundu, S., Kawamura, K., Andreae, T. W., Hoffer, A., and Andreae, M. O.: Diurnal variation in the water-soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon and isotopic compositions of total carbon and nitrogen in biomass burning aerosols from the LBA-SMOCC campaign in Rondônia, Brazil, J. Aerosol Sci., 41, 118–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.006, 2010.
de La Torre-Roche, R. J., Lee, W. Y., and Campos-Díaz, S. I.: Soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in El Paso, Texas: analysis of a potential problem in the United States/Mexico border region, J. Hazard. Mater., 163, 946–958, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.089, 2009.
Lang, Y.-H., Li, G., Wang, X.-M., and Peng, P.: Combination of Unmix and PMF receptor model to apportion the potential sources and contributions of PAHs in wetland soils from Jiaozhou Bay, China, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 90, 129–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.009, 2015.
Lee, J. D.: Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edn., Willey, 1070 pp., 1999.
Liu, B., Bi, X., Feng, Y., Dai, Q., Xiao, Z., Li, L., Wu, J., Yuan, J., and Zhang, Y.: Fine carbonaceous aerosol characteristics at a megacity during the Chinese Spring Festival as given by OC ∕ EC online measurements, Atmos. Res., 181, 20–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.06.007, 2016.
Maenhaut, W., Raes, N., Chi, X., Cafmeyer, J., and Wang, W.: Chemical composition and mass closure for PM2. 5 and PM10 aerosols at K-puszta, Hungary, in summer 2006, X-Ray Spectrom., 37, 193–197, https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1062, 2008.
Maenhaut, W., Vermeylen, R., Claeys, M., Vercauteren, J., and Roekens, E.: Sources of the PM10 aerosol in Flanders, Belgium, and re-assessment of the contribution from wood burning, Sci. Total Environ., 562, 550–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.074, 2016.
de Martinis, B. S., Okamoto, R. A., Kado, N. Y., Gundel, L. A., and Carvalho, L. R. F.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a bioassay-fractionated extract of PM10 collected in São Paulo, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 36, 307–314, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00334-X, 2002.
Miguel, A. H., Kirchstetter, T. W., Harley, R. A., and Hering, S. V.: On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 450–455, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970566w, 1998.
Miranda, R. M. de, Andrade, M. de F., Fornaro, A., Astolfo, R., de André, P. A., and Saldiva, P.: Urban air pollution: A representative survey of PM2. 5 mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities, Air Qual. Atmos. Heal., 5, 63–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-010-0124-1, 2012.
Mirante, F., Alves, C., Pio, C., Pindado, O., Perez, R., Revuelta, M. A., and Artiñano, B.: Organic composition of size segregated atmospheric particulate matter, during summer and winter sampling campaigns at representative sites in Madrid, Spain, Atmos. Res., 132–133, 345–361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.07.005, 2013.
Mkoma, S. L., da Rocha, G. O., Regis, A. C. D., Domingos, J. S. S., Santos, J. V. S., de Andrade, S. J., Carvalho, L. S., and De Andrade, J. B.: Major ions in PM2. 5 and PM10 released from buses: The use of diesel/biodiesel fuels under real conditions, Fuel, 115, 109–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.06.044, 2014.
MMA: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) Progress Report on Santiago's Pollution Prevention Plan, available at: http://www.sinia.cl/1292/articles-55841_InformeFINALSeguimientoPPDA2012_RM.pdf (last access: 1 April 2016), 2014 (in Spanish).
Nayebare, S. R., Aburizaiza, O. S., Khwaja, H. A., Siddique, A., Hussain, M. M., Zeb, J., Khatib, F., Carpenter, D. O., and Blake, D. R.: Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2. 5 in Rabigh, Saudi Arabia, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 16, 3114–3129, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.11.0658, 2016.
Newby, D. E., Mannucci, P. M., Tell, G. S., Baccarelli, A. A., Brook, R. D., Donaldson, K., Forastiere, F., Franchini, M., Franco, O. H., Graham, I., Hoek, G., Hoffmann, B., Hoylaerts, M. F., Künzli, N., Mills, N., Pekkanen, J., Peters, A., Piepoli, M. F., Rajagopalan, S., and Storey, R. F.: Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease, Eur. Heart J., 36, 83–93, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu458, 2015.
Norris, G., Duvall, R., Brown, S., and Bai, S.: EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) 5.0 Fundamentals and User Guide, available at: https://www.epa.gov/air-research/epa-positive-matrix-factorization-50-fundamentals-and-user-guide (last access: 1 August 2016), 2014.
Oliveira, C., Martins, N., Tavares, J., Pio, C., Cerqueira, M., Matos, M., Silva, H., Oliveira, C., and Camões, F.: Size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a roadway tunnel in Lisbon, Portugal, Chemosphere, 83, 1588–1596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.011, 2011.
Oyama, B. S., Andrade, M. D. F., Herckes, P., Dusek, U., Röckmann, T., and Holzinger, R.: Chemical characterization of organic particulate matter from on-road traffic in São Paulo, Brazil, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14397–14408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14397-2016, 2016.
Paatero, P. and Hopke, P. K.: Discarding or downweighting high-noise variables in factor analytic models, Anal. Chim. Acta, 490, 277–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)01643-4, 2003.
Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111–126, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203, 1994.
Pacheco, M. T., Parmigiani, M. M. M., Andrade, M. de F., Morawska, L., and Kumar, P.: A review of emissions and concentrations of particulate matter in the three major metropolitan areas of Brazil, J. Transp. Heal., 4, 53–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.01.008, 2017.
Pereira, P. A. de P., Lopes, W. A., Carvalho, L. S., da Rocha, G. O., Carvalho, N. De, Loyola, J., Quiterio, S. L., Escaleira, V., Arbilla, G., and de Andrade, J. B.: Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate trace metals in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7837–7850, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.013, 2007.
Pereira, G. M., Alves, N. O., Caumo, S. E. S., Soares, S., Teinilä, K., Custódio, D., Hillamo, R., Alves, C., and Vasconcellos, P. C.: Chemical composition of aerosol in São Paulo, Brazil: Influence of the transport of pollutants, Air Qual. Atmos. Heal., 10, 457–468, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-016-0437-9, 2017.
Pio, C. A., Legrand, M., Alves, C. A., Oliveira, T., Afonso, J., Caseiro, A., Puxbaum, H., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., and Gelencsér, A.: Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols during the 2003 summer intense forest fire period, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7530–7543, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.032, 2008.
Pio, C. A., Cerqueira, M., Harrison, R. M., Nunes, T., Mirante, F., Alves, C., Oliveira, C., de la Campa, A. S., Artíñano, B., and Matos, M.: OC ∕ EC ratio observations in Europe: Re-thinking the approach for apportionment between primary and secondary organic carbon, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6121–6132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.045, 2011.
Pio, C. A., Mirante, F., Oliveira, C., Matos, M., Caseiro, A., Oliveira, C., Querol, X., Alves, C., Martins, N., Cerqueira, M., Camões, F., Silva, H., and Plana, F.: Size-segregated chemical composition of aerosol emissions in an urban road tunnel in Portugal, Atmos. Environ., 71, 15–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.037, 2013.
Pope, C. A.: Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: Biologic mechanisms and who's at risk?, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 713–723, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108s4713, 2000.
Pöschl, U.: Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation, climate and health effects, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 44, 7520–7540, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200501122, 2005.
Putaud, J. P., Raes, F., Van Dingenen, R., Brüggemann, E., Facchini, M.-C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hüglin, C., Laj, P., Lorbeer, G., Maenhaut, W., Mihalopoulos, N., Müller, K., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., Brink, H. ten, Tørseth, K., and Wiedensohler, A.: A European aerosol phenomenology – 2:chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2579–2595, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.041, 2004.
Ram, K., Sarin, M. M., and Tripathi, S. N.: A 1 year record of carbonaceous aerosols from an urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Characterization, sources, and temporal variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014188, 2010.
Rao, P. S. P., Tiwari, S., Matwale, J. L., Pervez, S., Tunved, P., Safai, P. D., Srivastava, A. K., Bisht, D. S., Singh, S., and Hopke, P. K.: Sources of chemical species in rainwater during monsoon and non- monsoonal periods over two mega cities in India and dominant source region of secondary aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 146, 90–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.069, 2016.
Rastogi, N. and Sarin, M. M.: Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India: One-year record of temporal variability, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3481–3488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.030, 2009.
Rastogi, N., Singh, A., Singh, D., and Sarin, M. M.: Chemical characteristics of PM2. 5 at a source region of biomass burning emissions: Evidence for secondary aerosol formation, Environ. Pollut., 184, 563–569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.037, 2014.
Ravindra, K., Bencs, L., Wauters, E., De Hoog, J., Deutsch, F., Roekens, E., Bleux, N., Berghmans, P., and Van Grieken, R.: Seasonal and site-specific variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities, Atmos. Environ., 40, 771–785, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.011, 2006.
Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., and Van Grieken, R.: Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2895–2921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010, 2008.
Ringuet, J., Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., and Villenave, E.: Diurnal/nocturnal concentrations and sources of particulate-bound PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs at traffic and suburban sites in the region of Paris (France), Sci. Total Environ., 437, 297–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.072, 2012.
Robbat, A. and Wilton, N. M.: A new spectral deconvolution – Selected ion monitoring method for the analysis of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex mixtures, Talanta, 125, 114–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.068, 2014.
Romero-Lankao, P., Qin, H., and Borbor-Cordova, M.: Exploration of health risks related to air pollution and temperature in three Latin American cities, Soc. Sci. Med., 83, 110–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.009, 2013.
Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., Aurela, M., Timonen, H., and Hillamo, R.: High-performance anion-exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry method for determination of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan in atmospheric fine particulate matter, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 398, 2253–2264, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4151-4, 2010.
Sánchez-Ccoyllo, O. R. and Andrade, M. d. F.: The influence of meteorological conditions on the behavior of pollutants concentrations in São Paulo, Brazil, Environ. Pollut., 116, 257–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00129-4, 2002.
Santos, A. G., Regis, A. C. D., da Rocha, G. O., Bezerra, M. de A., de Jesus, R. M., and de Andrade, J. B.: A simple, comprehensive, and miniaturized solvent extraction method for determination of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic compounds in air., J. Chromatogr. A, 1435, 6–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.018, 2016.
Sarigiannis, D. A., Karakitsios, S. P., Zikopoulos, D., Nikolaki, S., and Kermenidou, M.: Lung cancer risk from PAHs emitted from biomass combustion, Environ. Res., 137, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.009, 2015.
Schkolnik, G., Falkovich, A. H., Rudich, Y., Maenhaut, W., and Artaxo, P.: New analytical method for the determination of levoglucosan, polyhydroxy compounds, and 2-methylerythritol and its application to smoke and rainwater samples, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 2744–2752, https://doi.org/10.1021/es048363c, 2005.
SEADE: SP Demografico – Resenha de Estatísticas Vitais do Estado de São Paulo: Diferenciais regionais de fecundidade no município de São Paulo, available at: http://www.seade.gov.br/produtos/midia/2016/06/N.2_jun2016-final.pdf, last access: 1 August 2016.
Segalin, B., Kumar, P., Micadei, K., Fornaro, A., and Gonçalves, F. L. T.: Size-segregated particulate matter inside residences of elderly in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 148, 139–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.10.004, 2017.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd Edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2006.
Shi, G., Tian, Y., Ye, S., Peng, X., Xu, J., Wang, W., Han, B., and Feng, Y.: Source apportionment of synchronously size segregated fine and coarse particulate matter, using an improved three-way factor analysis model, Sci. Total Environ., 505, 1182–1190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.106, 2015.
Simoneit, B. R. T., Schauer, J. J., Nolte, C. G., Oros, D. R., Elias, V. O., Fraser, M. P., Rogge, W. F., and Cass, G. R.: Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles, Atmos. Environ., 33, 173–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00145-9, 1999.
Souza, D. Z., Vasconcellos, P. C., Lee, H., Aurela, M., Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., and Hillamo, R.: Composition of PM2. 5 and PM10 collected at Urban Sites in Brazil, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 14, 168–176, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.03.0071, 2014a.
Souza, K. F., Carvalho, L. R. F., Allen, A. G., and Cardoso, A. A.: Diurnal and nocturnal measurements of PAH, nitro-PAH, and oxy-PAH compounds in atmospheric particulate matter of a sugar cane burning region, Atmos. Environ., 83, 193–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.007, 2014b.
Tan, J.-H., Duan, J.-C., Chen, D.-H., Wang, X.-H., Guo, S.-J., Bi, X.-H., Sheng, G.-Y., He, K.-B., and Fu, J.-M.: Chemical characteristics of haze during summer and winter in Guangzhou, Atmos. Res., 94, 238–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.05.016, 2009.
Tang, X., Zhang, X., Ci, Z., Guo, J., and Wang, J.: Speciation of the major inorganic salts in atmospheric aerosols of Beijing, China: Measurements and comparison with model, Atmos. Environ., 133, 123–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.013, 2016.
Teixeira, E. C., Mattiuzi, C. D. P., Agudelo-Castañeda, D. M., Garcia, K. de O., and Wiegand, F.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study in atmospheric fine and coarse particles using diagnostic ratios and receptor model in urban/industrial region, Environ. Monit. Assess., 185, 9587–9602, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3276-2, 2013.
Timonen, H., Carbone, S., Aurela, M., Saarnio, K., Saarikoski, S., Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V. M., Worsnop, D. R., and Hillamo, R.: Characteristics, sources and water-solubility of ambient submicron organic aerosol in springtime in Helsinki, Finland, J. Aerosol Sci., 56, 61–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.06.005, 2013.
Tiwari, S., Dumka, U. C., Kaskaoutis, D. G., Ram, K., Panicker, A. S., Srivastava, M. K., Tiwari, S., Attri, S. D., Soni, V. K., and Pandey, A. K.: Aerosol chemical characterization and role of carbonaceous aerosol on radiative effect over Varanasi in central Indo-Gangetic Plain, Atmos. Environ., 125, 437–449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.07.031, 2016.
Tobiszewski, M. and Namieœnik, J.: PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources, Environ. Pollut., 162, 110–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025, 2012.
Toledano, C., Cachorro, V. E., Frutos, A. M. de, Torres, B., Berjon, A., Sorribas, M., and Stone, R. S.: Airmass Classification and Analysis of Aerosol Types at El Arenosillo (Spain), J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 48, 962–981, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC2006.1, 2009.
Urban, R. C., Lima-Souza, M., Caetano-Silva, L., Queiroz, M. E. C., Nogueira, R. F. P., Allen, A. G., Cardoso, A. A., Held, G., and Campos, M. L. A. M.: Use of levoglucosan, potassium, and water-soluble organic carbon to characterize the origins of biomass-burning aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 61, 562–569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.082, 2012.
Urban, R. C., Alves, C. A., Allen, A. G., Cardoso, A. A., Queiroz, M. E. C., and Campos, M. L. A. M.: Sugar markers in aerosol particles from an agro-industrial region in Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 90, 106–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.034, 2014.
Urban, R. C., Alves, C. A., Allen, A. G., Cardoso, A. A., and Campos, M. L. A. M.: Organic aerosols in a Brazilian agro-industrial area: Speciation and impact of biomass burning, Atmos. Res., 169, 271–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.10.008, 2016.
Vara-Vela, A., Andrade, M. F., Kumar, P., Ynoue, R. Y., and Muñoz, A. G.: Impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of fine particles in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area: a numerical study with the WRF-Chem model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 777–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-777-2016, 2016.
Vasconcellos, P. C., Zacarias, D., Pires, M. A. F., Pool, C. S., and Carvalho, L. R. F.: Measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particles from the metropolitan area of São Paulo City, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3009–3018, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00181-X, 2003.
Vasconcellos, P. C., Balasubramanian, R., Bruns, R. E., Sanchez-Ccoyllo, O., Andrade, M. F., and Flues, M.: Water-soluble ions and trace metals in airborne particles over urban areas of the state of São Paulo, Brazil: Influences of local sources and long range transport, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 186, 63–73, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9465-2, 2007.
Vasconcellos, P. C., Souza, D. Z., Sanchez-Ccoyllo, O., Bustillos, J. O. V, Lee, H., Santos, F. C., Nascimento, K. H., Araújo, M. P., Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., and Hillamo, R.: Determination of anthropogenic and biogenic compounds on atmospheric aerosol collected in urban, biomass burning and forest areas in São Paulo, Brazil, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 5836–5844, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.012, 2010.
Vasconcellos, P. C., Souza, D. Z., Avila, S. G., Araujo, M. P., Naoto, E., Nascimento, K. H., Cavalcante, F. S., Dos Santos, M., Smichowski, P., and Behrentz, E.: Comparative study of the atmospheric chemical composition of three South American cities, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5770–5777, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.018, 2011a.
Vasconcellos, P. C., Souza, D. Z., Magalhães, D., and da Rocha, G. O.: Seasonal variation of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM10 samples collected at urban sites of São Paulo State, Brazil, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 222, 325–336, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0827-4, 2011b.
Vieira-Filho, M., Pedrotti, J. J., and Fornaro, A.: Water-soluble ions species of size-resolved aerosols: Implications for the atmospheric acidity in São Paulo megacity, Brazil, Atmos. Res., 181, 281–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.006, 2016.
Villalobos, A. M., Barraza, F., Jorquera, H., and Schauer, J. J.: Chemical speciation and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Santiago, Chile, 2013, Sci. Total Environ., 512–513, 133–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.006, 2015.
Wang, G., Wang, H., Yu, Y., Gao, S., Feng, J., Gao, S., and Wang, L.: Chemical characterization of water-soluble components of PM10 and PM2. 5 atmospheric aerosols in five locations of Nanjing, China, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2893–2902, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00271-1, 2003.
Wang, J., Hu, Z., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., and Xu, S.: Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10 and PM2. 5 in different functional areas of Shanghai, China, Atmos. Environ., 68, 221–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.070, 2013.
Wang, Y., Zhang, Q. Q., He, K., Zhang, Q., and Chai, L.: Sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols over China: response to 2000–2015 emission changes of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2635–2652, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2635-2013, 2013.
White, W. H.: Chemical markers for sea salt in IMPROVE aerosol data, Atmos. Environ., 42, 261–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.040, 2008.
WHO: Air quality guidelines for Europe, WHO Reg. Publ. Eur. Ser. No. 91, 2nd Edn., https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986808, 2000.
WHO: WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide: global update 2005: summary of risk assessment, Geneva World Heal. Organ., 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90109-6, 2006.
Yang, Y., Zhou, R., Wu, J., Yu, Y., Ma, Z., Zhang, L., and Di, Y.: Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing, 2012, J. Environ. Sci., 34, 197–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.01.025, 2015.
Yassaa, N., Meklati, B. Y., Cecinato, A., and Marino, F.: Particulate n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Algiers City Area, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1843–1851, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00514-8, 2001.
Yu, G., Zhang, Y., Cho, S., and Park, S.: Influence of haze pollution on water-soluble chemical species in PM2. 5 and size-resolved particles at an urban site during fall, J. Environ. Sci., 57, 370–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.018, 2017.
Zheng, J., Hu, M., Peng, J., Wu, Z., Kumar, P., Li, M., Wang, Y., and Guo, S.: Spatial distributions and chemical properties of PM2. 5 based on 21 field campaigns at 17 sites in China, Chemosphere, 159, 480–487, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.032, 2016.
Zhou, S. and Wenger, J. C.: Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reactions of acenaphthylene with hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone, Atmos. Environ., 75, 103–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.049, 2013.
Zimmermann, K., Jariyasopit, N., Simonich, S. L. M., Tao, S., Atkinson, R., and Arey, J.: Formation of nitro-PAHs from the heterogeneous reaction of ambient particle-bound PAHs with N2O5/NO3/NO2, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 8434–8442, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401789x, 2013.
Short summary
São Paulo, Brazil, has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often presents high air pollution levels due to emissions of airborne particles from local sources and long-range transport of biomass burning smoke. High risks associated with particulate matter exposure were observed in most samples. The results highlighted the contribution of vehicular emissions and the significant input from biomass combustion in the dry season.
São Paulo, Brazil, has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint