Articles | Volume 17, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11943-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11943-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Oct 2017
Research article |
| 09 Oct 2017
Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment
Guilherme Martins Pereira
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-000, Brazil
INCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Kimmo Teinilä
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
Danilo Custódio
Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-000, Brazil
CESAM & Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
Aldenor Gomes Santos
INCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
CIEnAm, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Huang Xian
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, E1A 07-03, 117576, Singapore
Risto Hillamo
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
Célia A. Alves
CESAM & Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade
INCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
CIEnAm, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Gisele Olímpio da Rocha
INCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
CIEnAm, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Prashant Kumar
Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Environmental Flow Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, E1A 07-03, 117576, Singapore
Maria de Fátima Andrade
Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-090, Brazil
Pérola de Castro Vasconcellos
Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, 05508-000, Brazil
INCT for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador – BA, 40170-115, Brazil
Related authors
No articles found.
Santiago Botía, Saqr Munassar, Thomas Koch, Danilo Custodio, Luana S. Basso, Shujiro Komiya, Jost V. Lavric, David Walter, Manuel Gloor, Giordane Martins, Stijn Naus, Gerbrand Koren, Ingrid Luijkx, Stijn Hantson, John B. Miller, Wouter Peters, Christian Rödenbeck, and Christoph Gerbig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1735, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1735, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses CO2 data from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory and airborne profiles to estimate net carbon exchange. We found that the biogeographic Amazon is a net carbon sink, while the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes are net carbon sources, resulting in an overall neutral balance. To further reduce the uncertainty in our estimates we call for an expansion of the monitoring capacity, especially in the Amazon-Andes foothills.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter G. Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankararaman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Johann Engelbrecht, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbigniew Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1617, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1617, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles are an important part of the Earth system, but their concentrations are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as well as variable in size and composition. Here we present a new compilation of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol observations, focusing on the spatial variability across different observational stations, including composition, and demonstrate a method for comparing the datasets to model output.
Teemu Lepistö, Henna Lintusaari, Laura Salo, Ville Silvonen, Luis M. F. Barreira, Jussi Hoivala, Lassi Markkula, Jarkko V. Niemi, Jakub Ondracek, Kimmo Teinilä, Hanna E. Manninen, Sanna Saarikoski, Hilkka Timonen, Miikka Dal Maso, and Topi Rönkkö
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2024-13, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2024-13, 2024
Preprint under review for AR
Short summary
Short summary
The performances of different particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) measurement methods (Partector, ELPI+, SMPS/DMPS) were compared in ambient conditions. As LDSAal is a health-relevant metric and rather easy to utilise in air quality monitoring, it is crucial to know how the different methods agree as there are clear differences in their operation. In all, comparison of different methods can be complicated, but, still, the methods agree rather well in terms of local pollution (<400 nm).
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankarararman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Hannele Hakola, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbiginiw Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles can interact with incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation, change cloud properties, affect photochemistry, impact surface air quality, and when deposited impact surface albedo of snow and ice, and modulate carbon dioxide uptake by the land and ocean. Here we present a new compilation of aerosol observations including composition, a methodology for comparing the datasets to model output, and show the implications of these results using one model.
Danilo Custódio, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, T. Gerard Spain, Fidel F. Pankratov, Iana Strigunova, Koketso Molepo, Henrik Skov, Johannes Bieser, and Ralf Ebinghaus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3827–3840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As a poison in the air that we breathe and the food that we eat, mercury is a human health concern for society as a whole. In that regard, this work deals with monitoring and modelling mercury in the environment, improving wherewithal, identifying the strength of the different components at play, and interpreting information to support the efforts that seek to safeguard public health.
Magdalena Okuljar, Heino Kuuluvainen, Jenni Kontkanen, Olga Garmash, Miska Olin, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hilkka Timonen, Juha Kangasluoma, Yee Jun Tham, Rima Baalbaki, Mikko Sipilä, Laura Salo, Henna Lintusaari, Harri Portin, Kimmo Teinilä, Minna Aurela, Miikka Dal Maso, Topi Rönkkö, Tuukka Petäjä, and Pauli Paasonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9931–9953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9931-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9931-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To estimate the relative contribution of different sources to the particle population in an urban environment, we conducted simultaneous measurements at a street canyon and an urban background station in Helsinki. We investigated the contribution of traffic and new particle formation to particles with a diameter between 1 and 800 nm. We found that during spring traffic does not dominate the particles smaller than 3 nm at either of the stations.
Luis M. F. Barreira, Aku Helin, Minna Aurela, Kimmo Teinilä, Milla Friman, Leena Kangas, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Anu Kousa, Liisa Pirjola, Topi Rönkkö, Sanna Saarikoski, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6297–6314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6297-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6297-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from the long-term measurements (5 years) of highly time-resolved atmospheric PM1 composition at an urban street canyon site. Overall, the results increased knowledge of the variability of PM1 concentration, composition, and sources in a traffic site and the implications for urban air quality. The investigation of pollution episodes showed that both local and long-range-transported pollutants can still cause elevated PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations in northern Europe.
Danilo Custodio, Ralf Ebinghaus, T. Gerard Spain, and Johannes Bieser
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7929–7939, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7929-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7929-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using a stereo algorithm, we reconstructed 99.9 % of the total atmospheric gas mercury and presented a new insight into atmospheric mercury source assessing, which can have great relevance for policy and regulations in light of the Minamata convention.
Goran Gašparac, Amela Jeričević, Prashant Kumar, and Branko Grisogono
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6395–6415, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6395-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6395-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Two different available air quality modelling systems were used to investigate physical and chemical processes that contributed to increased daily background PM10 in all of Europe (focusing on eastern and central Europe). Differentiation of modelling performance in respect to the terrain height was found. A strong influence of meteorological conditions on increased background PM10 and statically stable atmospheric conditions were recognized as a key factor in the build-up of background PM10.
Joel Kuula, Timo Mäkelä, Minna Aurela, Kimmo Teinilä, Samu Varjonen, Óscar González, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2413–2423, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Particle-size-dependent detection ranges of low-cost particulate matter sensors were evaluated in a laboratory experiment. Six different sensor models were evaluated altogether. The results showed that none of the sensor models adhered to the technical specifications provided by the manufacturers, and thus a high risk of sensor misuse is posed. It is paramount that the limitations regarding the particle size discrimination of low-cost sensors are acknowledged properly.
Sanna Saarikoski, Leah R. Williams, Steven R. Spielman, Gregory S. Lewis, Arantzazu Eiguren-Fernandez, Minna Aurela, Susanne V. Hering, Kimmo Teinilä, Philip Croteau, John T. Jayne, Thorsten Hohaus, Douglas R. Worsnop, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3907–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3907-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3907-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
An air-to-air ultrafine particle concentrator (Aerosol Dynamics Inc. concentrator; ADIc) has been tailored for the low (~ 0.08 L min−1) inlet flow of aerosol mass spectrometers, and it provides a factor of 8–21 enrichment in the concentration of particles. The ADIc was evaluated in laboratory and field measurements. The results showed that the concentration factor depends primarily on the ratio between the sample flow and the output flow and is independent of particle size above about 10 nm.
Mona Kurppa, Antti Hellsten, Pontus Roldin, Harri Kokkola, Juha Tonttila, Mikko Auvinen, Christoph Kent, Prashant Kumar, Björn Maronga, and Leena Järvi
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1403–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1403-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1403-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the implementation of a sectional aerosol module, SALSA, into the PALM model system 6.0. The first evaluation study shows excellent agreements with measurements. Furthermore, we show that ignoring the dry deposition of aerosol particles can overestimate aerosol number concentrations by 20 %, whereas condensation and dissolutional growth increase the total aerosol mass by over 10 % in this specific urban environment.
João Cardoso, Susana M. Almeida, Teresa Nunes, Marina Almeida-Silva, Mário Cerqueira, Célia Alves, Fernando Rocha, Paula Chaves, Miguel Reis, Pedro Salvador, Begoña Artiñano, and Casimiro Pio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13215–13230, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13215-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13215-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric aerosol was sampled in Cabo Verde and analysed for chemical composition. Very high levels of dust were measured during the winter months, as a result of transport from Africa. Mass balances were applied to the particulate material, permitting the determination of seven different source contributions to the aerosol loading. The balance methodology compared favourably with standard source apportionment methods, showing its capability for the source apportionment of aerosol particles.
Jenni Alanen, Pauli Simonen, Sanna Saarikoski, Hilkka Timonen, Oskari Kangasniemi, Erkka Saukko, Risto Hillamo, Kati Lehtoranta, Timo Murtonen, Hannu Vesala, Jorma Keskinen, and Topi Rönkkö
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8739–8755, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8739-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8739-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic and inorganic aerosols deteriorate air quality. Their formation from a natural gas engine was studied and compared with the emitted primary particulate emission. The volatility of the formed particles was defined as a function of temperature. Photochemical ages 4–11 days, mimicked by a potential aerosol mass chamber, produced 9–20 mg kg−1 fuel SOA. Aged emission particles were found to be less volatile than the fresh, implicating longer stability in the atmosphere.
Hilkka Timonen, Panu Karjalainen, Erkka Saukko, Sanna Saarikoski, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Pauli Simonen, Timo Murtonen, Miikka Dal Maso, Heino Kuuluvainen, Matthew Bloss, Erik Ahlberg, Birgitta Svenningsson, Joakim Pagels, William H. Brune, Jorma Keskinen, Douglas R. Worsnop, Risto Hillamo, and Topi Rönkkö
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5311–5329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5311-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5311-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of fuel ethanol content (10–100 %) on primary emissions and the subsequent secondary aerosol formation was investigated for a Euro 5 flex-fuel gasoline vehicle. The emissions were characterized during the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) using high time-resolution instruments. The chemical composition of the exhaust particulate matter was studied using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS), and the secondary aerosol formation was studied with an oxidation chamber.
Evangelia Diapouli, Manousos I. Manousakas, Stergios Vratolis, Vasiliki Vasilatou, Stella Pateraki, Kyriaki A. Bairachtari, Xavier Querol, Fulvio Amato, Andrés Alastuey, Angeliki A. Karanasiou, Franco Lucarelli, Silvia Nava, Giulia Calzolai, Vorne L. Gianelle, Cristina Colombi, Célia Alves, Danilo Custódio, Casimiro Pio, Christos Spyrou, George B. Kallos, and Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3673–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3673-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3673-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study examined the contribution of two natural sources (long-range transport of African dust and sea salt) to the airborne particulate matter concentrations, in 5 southern European cities (Porto, Barcelona, Milan, Florence, Athens). The results demonstrated that natural sources are often expressed with high-intensity events, leading even to exceedances of the EU air quality standards. This effect was more pronounced in the case of African dust intrusions in the eastern Mediterranean area.
Heidi Hellén, Leena Kangas, Anu Kousa, Mika Vestenius, Kimmo Teinilä, Ari Karppinen, Jaakko Kukkonen, and Jarkko V. Niemi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3475–3487, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3475-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3475-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating impacts of wood combustion on ambient levels of PAHs is challenging. In this study effect of residential wood combustion on the benzo[a]pyrene concentrations in the air of Helsinki metropolitan area was studied, using ambient air measurements, emission estimates and dispersion modeling. Combining all this information enabled a quantitative characterization of the influence of residential wood combustion, which was found to be the main local source and more important than for PM2.5.
Carlos Eduardo Souto-Oliveira, Maria de Fátima Andrade, Prashant Kumar, Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes, Marly Babinski, and Eduardo Landulfo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14635–14656, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14635-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14635-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo is the biggest megacity of South America, with over 20 million inhabitants. In recent years, the region has been facing a modification in rain patterns. In this study, we evaluated the effects of local and remote sources of air pollution on cloud-condensation nuclei activation properties. Our results showed that the local vehicular traffic emission products presented more negative effects on cloud-condensation nuclei activation than the remote sources.
Graydon Snider, Crystal L. Weagle, Kalaivani K. Murdymootoo, Amanda Ring, Yvonne Ritchie, Emily Stone, Ainsley Walsh, Clement Akoshile, Nguyen Xuan Anh, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian, Jeff Brook, Fatimah D. Qonitan, Jinlu Dong, Derek Griffith, Kebin He, Brent N. Holben, Ralph Kahn, Nofel Lagrosas, Puji Lestari, Zongwei Ma, Amit Misra, Leslie K. Norford, Eduardo J. Quel, Abdus Salam, Bret Schichtel, Lior Segev, Sachchida Tripathi, Chien Wang, Chao Yu, Qiang Zhang, Yuxuan Zhang, Michael Brauer, Aaron Cohen, Mark D. Gibson, Yang Liu, J. Vanderlei Martins, Yinon Rudich, and Randall V. Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9629–9653, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9629-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9629-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected on filters at traditionally undersampled, globally dispersed urban locations. Several PM2.5 chemical components (e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and black carbon) vary by more than an order of magnitude between sites while aerosol hygroscopicity varies by a factor of 2. Enhanced anthropogenic dust fractions in large urban areas are apparent from high Zn : Al ratios.
Panu Karjalainen, Hilkka Timonen, Erkka Saukko, Heino Kuuluvainen, Sanna Saarikoski, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Timo Murtonen, Matthew Bloss, Miikka Dal Maso, Pauli Simonen, Erik Ahlberg, Birgitta Svenningsson, William Henry Brune, Risto Hillamo, Jorma Keskinen, and Topi Rönkkö
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8559–8570, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8559-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8559-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized time-resolved primary particulate emissions and secondary particle formation from a modern gasoline passenger car. In mass terms, the amount of secondary particles was 13 times the amount of primary particles. The highest emissions were observed after a cold start when the engine and catalyst performance were suboptimal. The key parameter for secondary particle formation was the amount of gaseous hydrocarbons in the exhaust.
Fulvio Amato, Andrés Alastuey, Angeliki Karanasiou, Franco Lucarelli, Silvia Nava, Giulia Calzolai, Mirko Severi, Silvia Becagli, Vorne L. Gianelle, Cristina Colombi, Celia Alves, Danilo Custódio, Teresa Nunes, Mario Cerqueira, Casimiro Pio, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Evangelia Diapouli, Cristina Reche, María Cruz Minguillón, Manousos-Ioannis Manousakas, Thomas Maggos, Stergios Vratolis, Roy M. Harrison, and Xavier Querol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3289–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3289-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3289-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Harmonized source apportionment of atmospheric particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) at 5 EU cities (Barcelona, Florence, Milan, Athens and Porto) reveals that vehicle exhaust (excluding nitrate) plus non-exhaust contributes 16–32 % to PM10 and 15–36 % to PM2.5. Secondary PM represents 37–82 % of PM2.5. Biomass burning varies from < 2 to 24 % of PM10, depending on the residential heating fuel. Other sources are local dust (7–19 % of PM10), industries (4–11 % of PM10), shipping, sea salt and Saharan dust.
A Vara-Vela, M. F. Andrade, P. Kumar, R. Y. Ynoue, and A. G. Muñoz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 777–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-777-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-777-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a first step to understand the impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of secondary particles as well as the feedback between these particles and meteorology in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). Among the main research findings are:
- The emissions of primary gases from vehicles led to a production between 20 and 30 % due to new particles formation in relation to the total mass concentration PM2.5 in the downtown SPMA.
R. Weller, K. Schmidt, K. Teinilä, and R. Hillamo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11399–11410, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11399-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11399-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We measured condensation particle (CP) concentrations and particle size distributions at the coastal Antarctic station Neumayer. Several nucleation events were observed, but particles did not grow up to sizes required for acting as cloud condensation nuclei. A simple estimation indicated that apart from sulfuric acid, the derived growth rates required other low volatile precursor vapours.
B. Aouizerats, G. R. van der Werf, R. Balasubramanian, and R. Betha
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 363–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-363-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-363-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we simulated the regional transport and evolution of biomass burning occurring in Indonesia during the high fire event in 2006.
We studied and quantified the contribution of those fires to the Singapore pollution levels.
This high resolution modelling study showed that about half of the particulate pollution events in Singapore were mainly due to fires occurring in Sumatra (Indonesia), while the other half were due to local pollution.
K. E. Yttri, J. Schnelle-Kreis, W. Maenhaut, G. Abbaszade, C. Alves, A. Bjerke, N. Bonnier, R. Bossi, M. Claeys, C. Dye, M. Evtyugina, D. García-Gacio, R. Hillamo, A. Hoffer, M. Hyder, Y. Iinuma, J.-L. Jaffrezo, A. Kasper-Giebl, G. Kiss, P. L. López-Mahia, C. Pio, C. Piot, C. Ramirez-Santa-Cruz, J. Sciare, K. Teinilä, R. Vermeylen, A. Vicente, and R. Zimmermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 125–147, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-125-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-125-2015, 2015
J. F. Peng, M. Hu, Z. B. Wang, X. F. Huang, P. Kumar, Z. J. Wu, S. Guo, D. L. Yue, D. J. Shang, Z. Zheng, and L. Y. He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10249–10265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10249-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10249-2014, 2014
G. Engling, J. He, R. Betha, and R. Balasubramanian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8043–8054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8043-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8043-2014, 2014
J. Brito, L. V. Rizzo, P. Herckes, P. C. Vasconcellos, S. E. S. Caumo, A. Fornaro, R. Y. Ynoue, P. Artaxo, and M. F. Andrade
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12199–12213, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12199-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12199-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Diverging trends in aerosol sulfate and nitrate measured in the remote North Atlantic in Barbados are attributed to clean air policies, African smoke, and anthropogenic emissions
Diverse sources and aging change the mixing state and ice nucleation properties of aerosol particles over the western Pacific and Southern Ocean
The water-insoluble organic carbon in PM2.5 of typical Chinese urban areas: light-absorbing properties, potential sources, radiative forcing effects, and a possible light-absorbing continuum
Measurement report: Size-resolved secondary organic aerosol formation modulated by aerosol water uptake in wintertime haze
In situ measurement of organic aerosol molecular markers in urban Hong Kong during a summer period: temporal variations and source apportionment
Technical note: Determining chemical composition of atmospheric single particles by a standard-free mass calibration algorithm
Different formation pathways of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in aerosols and fog water in northern China
Impact of weather patterns and meteorological factors on PM2.5 and O3 responses to the COVID-19 lockdown in China
Daytime and nighttime aerosol soluble iron formation in clean and slightly polluted moist air in a coastal city in eastern China
Non-negligible secondary contribution to brown carbon in autumn and winter: inspiration from particulate nitrated and oxygenated aromatic compounds in urban Beijing
Simultaneous organic aerosol source apportionment at two Antarctic sites reveals large-scale and ecoregion-specific components
Measurement report: Optical characterization, seasonality, and sources of brown carbon in fine aerosols from Tianjin, North China: year-round observations
Bayesian inference-based estimation of hourly primary and secondary organic carbon in suburban Hong Kong: multi-temporal-scale variations and evolution characteristics during PM2.5 episodes
Vertical variability of aerosol properties and trace gases over a remote marine region: A case study over Bermuda
Hygroscopic Growth and Activation Changed Submicron Aerosol Composition and Properties in North China Plain
Measurement report: Characteristics of nitrogen-containing organics in PM2.5 in Ürümqi, northwestern China – differential impacts of combustion of fresh and aged biomass materials
Measurement report: Formation of tropospheric brown carbon in a lifting air mass
Measurement report: Bio-physicochemistry of tropical clouds at Maïdo (Réunion, Indian Ocean): overview of results from the BIO-MAÏDO campaign
Chemical properties and single-particle mixing state of soot aerosol in Houston during the TRACER campaign
High Altitude Aerosol Chemical Characterization and Source Identification: Insights from the CALISHTO Campaign
Characterizing water solubility of fresh and aged secondary organic aerosol in PM2.5 with the stable carbon isotope technique
Measurement report: Evaluation of the TOF-ACSM-CV for PM1.0 and PM2.5 measurements during the RITA-2021 field campaign
Sea salt reactivity over the northwest Atlantic: an in-depth look using the airborne ACTIVATE dataset
Measurement report: Atmospheric ice nuclei in the Changbai Mountains (2623 m a.s.l.) in northeastern Asia
Morphological and optical properties of carbonaceous aerosol particles from ship emissions and biomass burning during a summer cruise measurement in the South China Sea
Critical contribution of chemically diverse carbonyl molecules to the oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosols
Tropical tropospheric aerosol sources and chemical composition observed at high altitude in the Bolivian Andes
Chemical composition, sources and formation mechanism of urban PM2.5 in Southwest China: a case study at the beginning of 2023
Chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosols at a high-altitude mountain site: a study of source apportionment
Composition and sources of carbonaceous aerosol in the European Arctic at Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard (2017 to 2020)
Variation in chemical composition and volatility of oxygenated organic aerosol in different rural, urban, and mountain environments
Elucidating the mechanisms of atmospheric new particle formation in the highly polluted Po Valley, Italy
Differences in aerosol and cloud properties along the central California coast when winds change from northerly to southerly
Local ship speed reduction effect on black carbon emissions measured at remote marine station
Roles of marine biota in the formation of atmospheric bioaerosols, cloud condensation nuclei, and ice-nucleating particles over the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and Arctic Ocean
Evolution of nucleophilic high molecular-weight organic compounds in ambient aerosols: a case study
Fractional solubility of iron in mineral dust aerosols over coastal Namibia: a link to marine biogenic emissions?
Real-world observations of reduced nitrogen and ultrafine particles in commercial cooking organic aerosol emissions
Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Montréal, Canada, and health risk assessment for potentially toxic elements
Physicochemical and temporal characteristics of individual atmospheric aerosol particles in urban Seoul during KORUS-AQ campaign: insights from single-particle analysis
Mass spectrometric analysis of unprecedented high levels of carbonaceous aerosol particles long-range transported from wildfires in the Siberian Arctic
Short-term source apportionment of fine particulate matter with time-dependent profiles using SoFi Pro: exploring the reliability of rolling positive matrix factorization (PMF) applied to bihourly molecular and elemental tracer data
Particulate-bound alkyl nitrate pollution and formation mechanisms in Beijing, China
Measurement report: Impact of emission control measures on environmental persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species – A short-term case study in Beijing
Characterization of water-soluble brown carbon chromophores from wildfire plumes in the western USA using size-exclusion chromatography
Marine carbohydrates in Arctic aerosol particles and fog – diversity of oceanic sources and atmospheric transformations
Investigating the contribution of grown new particles to cloud condensation nuclei with largely varying preexisting particles – Part 1: Observational data analysis
Measurement report: Brown carbon aerosol in polluted urban air of the North China Plain – day–night differences in the chromophores and optical properties
Aerosol optical properties within the atmospheric boundary layer predicted from ground-based observations compared to Raman lidar retrievals during RITA-2021
Measurement report: Secondary organic aerosols at a forested mountain site in southeastern China
Cassandra J. Gaston, Joseph M. Prospero, Kristen Foley, Havala O. T. Pye, Lillian Custals, Edmund Blades, Peter Sealy, and James A. Christie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8049–8066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how changing emissions have impacted aerosols in remote regions, we measured nitrate and sulfate in Barbados and compared them to model predictions from EPA’s Air QUAlity TimE Series (EQUATES). Nitrate was stable, except for spikes in 2008 and 2010 due to transported smoke. Sulfate decreased in the 1990s due to reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the US and Europe; then it increased in the 2000s, likely due to anthropogenic emissions from Africa.
Jiao Xue, Tian Zhang, Keyhong Park, Jinpei Yan, Young Jun Yoon, Jiyeon Park, and Bingbing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7731–7754, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice formation by particles is an important way of making mixed-phase and ice clouds. We found that particles collected in the marine atmosphere exhibit diverse ice nucleation abilities and mixing states. Sea salt mixed-sulfate particles were enriched in ice-nucleating particles. Selective aging on sea salt particles made particle populations more externally mixed. Characterizations of particles and their mixing state are needed for a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interactions.
Yangzhi Mo, Jun Li, Guangcai Zhong, Sanyuan Zhu, Shizhen Zhao, Jiao Tang, Hongxing Jiang, Zhineng Cheng, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7755–7772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found that biomass burning (31.0 %) and coal combustion (31.1 %) were the dominant sources of water-insoluble organic carbon in China, with coal combustion sources exhibiting the strongest light-absorbing capacity. Additionally, we propose a light-absorbing carbonaceous continuum, revealing that components enriched with fossil sources tend to have stronger light-absorbing capacity, higher aromaticity, higher molecular weights, and greater recalcitrance in the atmosphere.
Jing Duan, Ru-Jin Huang, Ying Wang, Wei Xu, Haobin Zhong, Chunshui Lin, Wei Huang, Yifang Gu, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, and Colin O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7687–7698, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of atmospheric particles has shown significant changes in recent years. We investigated the potential effects of changes in inorganics on aerosol water uptake and, thus, secondary organic aerosol formation in wintertime haze based on the size-resolved measurements of non-refractory fine particulate matter (NR-PM2.5) in Xi’an, northwestern China. We highlight the key role of aerosol water as a medium to link inorganics and organics in their multiphase processes.
Hongyong Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Likun Xue, Yunxi Huo, Dawen Yao, Haoxian Lu, and Hai Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7085–7100, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7085-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7085-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosol is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and largely explains the gap between current levels of fine particulate matter in many cities and the World Health Organization guideline values. This study highlights the dominant contributions of cooking emissions to organic aerosol when marine air prevailed in Hong Kong, which were occasionally overwhelmed by aromatics-derived secondary organic aerosol in continental ouflows.
Shao Shi, Jinghao Zhai, Xin Yang, Yechun Ruan, Yuanlong Huang, Xujian Chen, Antai Zhang, Jianhuai Ye, Guomao Zheng, Baohua Cai, Yaling Zeng, Yixiang Wang, Chunbo Xing, Yujie Zhang, Tzung-May Fu, Lei Zhu, Huizhong Shen, and Chen Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7001–7012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The determination of ions in the mass spectra of individual particles remains uncertain. We have developed a standard-free mass calibration algorithm applicable to more than 98 % of ambient particles. With our algorithm, ions with ~ 0.05 Th mass difference could be determined. Therefore, many more atmospheric species could be determined and involved in the source apportionment of aerosols, the study of chemical reaction mechanisms, and the analysis of single-particle mixing states.
Wei Sun, Xiaodong Hu, Yuzhen Fu, Guohua Zhang, Yujiao Zhu, Xinfeng Wang, Caiqing Yan, Likun Xue, He Meng, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Xinming Wang, Ping'an Peng, and Xinhui Bi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6987–6999, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation pathways of nitrogen-containing compounds (NOCs) in the atmosphere remain unclear. We investigated the composition of aerosols and fog water by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry and compared the formation pathways of NOCs. We found that NOCs in aerosols were mainly formed through nitration reaction, while ammonia addition played a more important role in fog water. The results deepen our understanding of the processes of organic particulate pollution.
Fuzhen Shen, Michaela I. Hegglin, and Yue Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6539–6553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6539-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6539-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We attempt to use a novel structural self-organising map and machine learning models to identify a weather system and quantify the importance of each meteorological factor in driving the unexpected PM2.5 and O3 changes under the specific weather system during the COVID-19 lockdown in China. The result highlights that temperature under the double-centre high-pressure system plays the most crucial role in abnormal events.
Wenshuai Li, Yuxuan Qi, Yingchen Liu, Guanru Wu, Yanjing Zhang, Jinhui Shi, Wenjun Qu, Lifang Sheng, Wencai Wang, Daizhou Zhang, and Yang Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6495–6508, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles from mainland can transport to oceans and deposit, providing soluble Fe and affecting phytoplankton growth. Thus, we studied the dissolution process of aerosol Fe and found that photochemistry played a key role in promoting Fe dissolution in clean conditions. RH-dependent reactions were more influential in slightly polluted conditions. These results highlight the distinct roles of two weather-related parameters (radiation and RH) in influencing geochemical cycles related to Fe.
Yanqin Ren, Zhenhai Wu, Yuanyuan Ji, Fang Bi, Junling Li, Haijie Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Li, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6525–6538, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in PM2.5 were examined from an urban area in Beijing during the autumn and winter. The OPAH and NAC concentrations were much higher during heating than before heating. They majorly originated from the combustion of biomass and automobile emissions, and the secondary generation was the major contributor throughout the whole sampling period.
Marco Paglione, David C. S. Beddows, Anna Jones, Thomas Lachlan-Cope, Matteo Rinaldi, Stefano Decesari, Francesco Manarini, Mara Russo, Karam Mansour, Roy M. Harrison, Andrea Mazzanti, Emilio Tagliavini, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6305–6322, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Applying factor analysis techniques to H-NMR spectra, we present the organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment of PM1 samples collected in parallel at two Antarctic stations, namely Signy and Halley, allowing investigation of aerosol–climate interactions in an unperturbed atmosphere. Our results show remarkable differences between pelagic (open-ocean) and sympagic (sea-ice-influenced) air masses and indicate that various sources and processes are controlling Antarctic aerosols.
Zhichao Dong, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, Peisen Li, Zhanjie Xu, Junjun Deng, Xueyan Zhao, Xiaomai Zhao, Pingqing Fu, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5887–5905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive study of optical properties of brown carbon (BrC) in fine aerosols from Tianjin, China, implied that biological emissions are major sources of BrC in summer, whereas fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning emissions are in cold periods. The direct radiation absorption caused by BrC in short wavelengths contributed about 40 % to that caused by BrC in 300–700 nm. Water-insoluble but methanol-soluble BrC contains more protein-like chromophores (PLOM) than that of water-soluble BrC.
Shan Wang, Kezheng Liao, Zijing Zhang, Yuk Ying Cheng, Qiongqiong Wang, Hanzhe Chen, and Jian Zhen Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5803–5821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5803-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5803-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, hourly primary and secondary organic carbon were estimated by a novel Bayesian inference approach in suburban Hong Kong. Their multi-temporal-scale variations and evolution characteristics during PM2.5 episodes were examined. The methodology could serve as a guide for other locations with similar monitoring capabilities. The observation-based results are helpful for understanding the evolving nature of secondary organic aerosols and refining the accuracy of model simulations.
Taiwo Adedayo Ajayi, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Johnathan W. Hair, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Chris A. Hostetler, Simon Kirschler, Richard H. Moore, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Cassidy Soloff, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Edward L. Winstead, Luke Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1065, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1065, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses airborne data to examine vertical profiles of trace gases, aerosol particles, and meteorological variables over a remote marine area (Bermuda). Results show distinct differences based on both air mass source region (North America, Ocean, Caribbean/North Africa) and altitude for a given air mass type. This work highlights the sensitivity of remote marine areas to long-range transport and the importance of considering vertical dependence of trace gas and aerosol properties.
Weiqi Xu, Ye Kuang, Wanyun Xu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Biao Luo, Xiaoyi Zhang, Jiangchuang Tao, Hongqin Qiao, Li Liu, and Yele Sun
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-998, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-998, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We deployed an advanced aerosol-fog sampling system at a rural site in the North China Plain to investigate the impact of aerosol hygroscopic growth and activation on the physicochemical properties of submicron aerosols. Observed results highlighted remarkably different aqueous processing of primary and secondary submicron aerosol components under distinct ambient RH conditions, and RH levels would impact significantly on aerosol sampling through aerosol swelling effect.
Yi-Jia Ma, Yu Xu, Ting Yang, Hong-Wei Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4331–4346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4331-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4331-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides field-based evidence about the differential impacts of combustion of fresh and aged biomass materials on aerosol nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in different seasons in Ürümqi, bridging the linkages between the observations and previous laboratory studies showing the formation mechanisms of NOCs.
Can Wu, Xiaodi Liu, Ke Zhang, Si Zhang, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-891, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-891, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is prevalent in the troposphere, and can efficiently absorb solar and terrestrial radiation. Our observations manifested that the enhanced light-absorption of BrC relative to black carbon at the tropopause can be attributed to the formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds through the aqueous-phase reactions of carbonyls with ammonium.
Maud Leriche, Pierre Tulet, Laurent Deguillaume, Frédéric Burnet, Aurélie Colomb, Agnès Borbon, Corinne Jambert, Valentin Duflot, Stéphan Houdier, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Mickaël Vaïtilingom, Pamela Dominutti, Manon Rocco, Camille Mouchel-Vallon, Samira El Gdachi, Maxence Brissy, Maroua Fathalli, Nicolas Maury, Bert Verreyken, Crist Amelynck, Niels Schoon, Valérie Gros, Jean-Marc Pichon, Mickael Ribeiro, Eric Pique, Emmanuel Leclerc, Thierry Bourrianne, Axel Roy, Eric Moulin, Joël Barrie, Jean-Marc Metzger, Guillaume Péris, Christian Guadagno, Chatrapatty Bhugwant, Jean-Mathieu Tibere, Arnaud Tournigand, Evelyn Freney, Karine Sellegri, Anne-Marie Delort, Pierre Amato, Muriel Joly, Jean-Luc Baray, Pascal Renard, Angelica Bianco, Anne Réchou, and Guillaume Payen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4129–4155, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles in the atmosphere play a key role in climate change and air pollution. A large number of aerosol particles are formed from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs and secondary organic aerosols – SOA). An important field campaign was organized on Réunion in March–April 2019 to understand the formation of SOA in a tropical atmosphere mostly influenced by VOCs emitted by forest and in the presence of clouds. This work synthesizes the results of this campaign.
Ryan N. Farley, James E. Lee, Laura-Hélèna Rivellini, Alex K. Y. Lee, Rachael Dal Porto, Christopher D. Cappa, Kyle Gorkowski, Abu Sayeed Md Shawon, Katherine B. Benedict, Allison C. Aiken, Manvendra K. Dubey, and Qi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3953–3971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3953-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3953-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The black carbon aerosol composition and mixing state were characterized using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer. Single-particle measurements revealed the major role of atmospheric processing in modulating the black carbon mixing state. A significant fraction of soot particles were internally mixed with oxidized organic aerosol and sulfate, with implications for activation as cloud nuclei.
Olga Zografou, Maria Gini, Prodromos Fetfatzis, Konstantinos Granakis, Romanos Foskinis, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Fotios Tsopelas, Evangelia Diapouli, Eleni Dovrou, Christina N. Vasilakopoulou, Alexandros Papayannis, Spyros N. Pandis, Athanasios Nenes, and Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-737, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-737, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
PM1 chemical characterization and PMF source apportionment on the combined organic and inorganic fraction took place at the high-altitude (HAC)2 station. Cloud presence was found to reduce PM1 concentrations, affecting sulphate more than organics. Interstitial aerosol was richer in low hygroscopic organics and acidic inorganics, compared to activated. Higher relative abundance of eBC compared to the other components was revealed for FT conditions compared to PBL.
Fenghua Wei, Xing Peng, Liming Cao, Mengxue Tang, Ning Feng, Xiaofeng Huang, and Lingyan He
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-736, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-736, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The water solubility of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) is a crucial factor in determining their hygroscopicity and climatic impact. Stable carbon isotope and mass spectrometry techniques were combined to assess the water solubility of SOA with different aging degrees in a coastal megacity in China. This work revealed a much higher water-soluble fraction of aged SOA compared to fresh SOA, indicating that the aging degree of SOA has considerable impacts on its water solubility.
Xinya Liu, Bas Henzing, Arjan Hensen, Jan Mulder, Peng Yao, Danielle van Dinther, Jerry van Bronckhorst, Rujin Huang, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3405–3420, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3405-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3405-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (TOF-ACSM) following the implementation of the PM2.5 aerodynamic lens and a capture vaporizer (CV). The results showed that it significantly improved the accuracy and precision of ACSM in the field observations. The paper elucidates the measurement outcomes of various instruments and provides an analysis of their biases. This comprehensive evaluation is expected to benefit the ACSM community and other aerosol field measurements.
Eva-Lou Edwards, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Claire E. Robinson, Michael A. Shook, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3349–3378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate Cl− depletion in sea salt particles over the northwest Atlantic from December 2021 to June 2022 using an airborne dataset. Losses of Cl− are greatest in May and least in December–February and March. Inorganic acidic species can account for all depletion observed for December–February, March, and June near Bermuda but none in May. Quantifying Cl− depletion as a percentage captures seasonal trends in depletion but fails to convey the effects it may have on atmospheric oxidation.
Yue Sun, Yujiao Zhu, Yanbin Qi, Lanxiadi Chen, Jiangshan Mu, Ye Shan, Yu Yang, Yanqiu Nie, Ping Liu, Can Cui, Ji Zhang, Mingxuan Liu, Lingli Zhang, Yufei Wang, Xinfeng Wang, Mingjin Tang, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3241–3256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3241-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3241-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Field observations were conducted at the summit of Changbai Mountain in northeast Asia. The cumulative number concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) varied from 1.6 × 10−3 to 78.3 L−1 over the temperature range of −5.5 to −29.0 ℃. Biological INPs (bio-INPs) accounted for the majority of INPs, and the proportion exceeded 90% above −13.0 ℃. Planetary boundary layer height, valley breezes, and long-distance transport of air mass influence the abundance of bio-INPs.
Cuizhi Sun, Yongyun Zhang, Baoling Liang, Min Gao, Xi Sun, Fei Li, Xue Ni, Qibin Sun, Hengjia Ou, Dexian Chen, Shengzhen Zhou, and Jun Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3043–3063, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3043-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3043-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a May–June 2021 expedition in the South China Sea, we analyzed black and brown carbon in marine aerosols, key to light absorption and climate impact. Using advanced in situ and microscope techniques, we observed particle size, structure, and tar balls mixed with various elements. Results showed biomass burning and fossil fuels majorly influence light absorption, especially during significant burning events. This research aids the understanding of carbonaceous aerosols' role in marine climate.
Feifei Li, Shanshan Tang, Jitao Lv, Shiyang Yu, Xu Sun, Dong Cao, Yawei Wang, and Guibin Jiang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-37, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Targeted derivatization and non-targeted analysis with FT-ICR MS were used to reveal the molecular composition of carbonyl molecules in PM2.5, and the important role of carbonyls in increasing the oxidative potential of organic aerosol was found in the real samples.
C. Isabel Moreno, Radovan Krejci, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Gaëlle Uzu, Andrés Alastuey, Marcos F. Andrade, Valeria Mardóñez, Alkuin Maximilian Koenig, Diego Aliaga, Claudia Mohr, Laura Ticona, Fernando Velarde, Luis Blacutt, Ricardo Forno, David N. Whiteman, Alfred Wiedensohler, Patrick Ginot, and Paolo Laj
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2837–2860, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol chemical composition (ions, sugars, carbonaceous matter) from 2011 to 2020 was studied at Mt. Chacaltaya (5380 m a.s.l., Bolivian Andes). Minimum concentrations occur in the rainy season with maxima in the dry and transition seasons. The origins of the aerosol are located in a radius of hundreds of kilometers: nearby urban and rural areas, natural biogenic emissions, vegetation burning from Amazonia and Chaco, Pacific Ocean emissions, soil dust, and Peruvian volcanism.
Junke Zhang, Yunfei Su, Chunying Chen, Wenkai Guo, Qinwen Tan, Miao Feng, Danlin Song, Tao Jiang, Qiang Chen, Yuan Li, Wei Li, Yizhi Wang, Xiaojuan Huang, Lin Han, Wanqing Wu, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2803-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2803-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Typical haze events in Chengdu at the beginning of 2023 were investigated with bulk-chemical and single-particle analyses along with numerical model simulations. By integrating the obtained chemical composition, source, mixing state and numerical simulation results, we infer that Haze-1 was mainly caused by pollutants related to fossil fuel combustion, especially local mobile sources, while Haze-2 was triggered by the secondary pollutants, which mainly came from regional transmission.
Elena Barbaro, Matteo Feltracco, Fabrizio De Blasi, Clara Turetta, Marta Radaelli, Warren Cairns, Giulio Cozzi, Giovanna Mazzi, Marco Casula, Jacopo Gabrieli, Carlo Barbante, and Andrea Gambaro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2821–2835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study analyzed a year of atmospheric aerosol composition at Col Margherita in the Italian Alps. Over 100 chemical markers were identified, including major ions, organic compounds, and trace elements. It revealed sources of aerosol, highlighted impacts of Saharan dust events, and showed anthropogenic pollution's influence despite the site's remoteness. Enrichment factors emphasized non-natural sources of trace elements. Source apportionment identified four key factors affecting the area.
Karl Espen Yttri, Are Bäcklund, Franz Conen, Sabine Eckhardt, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Markus Fiebig, Anne Kasper-Giebl, Avram Gold, Hans Gundersen, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Stephen Matthew Platt, David Simpson, Jason D. Surratt, Sönke Szidat, Martin Rauber, Kjetil Tørseth, Martin Album Ytre-Eide, Zhenfa Zhang, and Wenche Aas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2731–2758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss carbonaceous aerosol (CA) observed at the high Arctic Zeppelin Observatory (2017 to 2020). We find that organic aerosol is a significant fraction of the Arctic aerosol, though less than sea salt aerosol and mineral dust, as well as non-sea-salt sulfate, originating mainly from anthropogenic sources in winter and from natural sources in summer, emphasizing the importance of wildfires for biogenic secondary organic aerosol and primary biological aerosol particles observed in the Arctic.
Wei Huang, Cheng Wu, Linyu Gao, Yvette Gramlich, Sophie L. Haslett, Joel Thornton, Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker, Ben H. Lee, Junwei Song, Harald Saathoff, Xiaoli Shen, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Sachchida N. Tripathi, Dilip Ganguly, Feng Jiang, Magdalena Vallon, Siegfried Schobesberger, Taina Yli-Juuti, and Claudia Mohr
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2607–2624, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2607-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2607-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present distinct molecular composition and volatility of oxygenated organic aerosol particles in different rural, urban, and mountain environments. We do a comprehensive investigation of the relationship between the chemical composition and volatility of oxygenated organic aerosol particles across different systems and environments. This study provides implications for volatility descriptions of oxygenated organic aerosol particles in different model frameworks.
Jing Cai, Juha Sulo, Yifang Gu, Sebastian Holm, Runlong Cai, Steven Thomas, Almuth Neuberger, Fredrik Mattsson, Marco Paglione, Stefano Decesari, Matteo Rinaldi, Rujing Yin, Diego Aliaga, Wei Huang, Yuanyuan Li, Yvette Gramlich, Giancarlo Ciarelli, Lauriane Quéléver, Nina Sarnela, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Nora Zannoni, Cheng Wu, Wei Nie, Juha Kangasluoma, Claudia Mohr, Markku Kulmala, Qiaozhi Zha, Dominik Stolzenburg, and Federico Bianchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2423–2441, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2423-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2423-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By combining field measurements, simulations and recent chamber experiments, we investigate new particle formation (NPF) and growth in the Po Valley, where both haze and frequent NPF occur. Our results show that sulfuric acid, ammonia and amines are the dominant NPF precursors there. A high NPF rate and a lower condensation sink lead to a greater survival probability for newly formed particles, highlighting the importance of gas-to-particle conversion for aerosol concentrations.
Kira Zeider, Grace Betito, Anthony Bucholtz, Peng Xian, Annette Walker, and Armin Sorooshian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-392, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-392, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The predominant wind direction along the California coast (northerly) reverses several times during the summer (to southerly). The effects of these wind reversals on aerosol and cloud characteristics are not well understood. Using data from multiple datasets we found that southerly flow periods had enhanced signatures of anthropogenic emissions due to shipping/continental sources, and clouds had more but smaller droplets.
Mikko Heikkilä, Krista Luoma, Timo Mäkelä, and Tiia Grönholm
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2823, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2823, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) concentration was measured from 211 ship exhaust gas plumes at a remote marine station. Emission factors of BC were calculated in grams/kilograms fuel. Ships using exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) were found to emit 80 % less BC than ships without EGCS. Emission factors were used to model BC emissions as a function of speed to define the effect of speed reduction. BC emissions increased with a decrease in speed from the ship’s service speed.
Kaori Kawana, Fumikazu Taketani, Kazuhiko Matsumoto, Yutaka Tobo, Yoko Iwamoto, Takuma Miyakawa, Akinori Ito, and Yugo Kanaya
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1777-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Based on comprehensive shipborne observations, we found strong links between sea-surface biological materials and the formation of atmospheric fluorescent bioaerosols, cloud condensation nuclei, and ice-nucleating particles over the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea during autumn 2019. Taking the wind-speed effect into account, we propose equations to approximate the links for this cruise, which can be used as a guide for modeling as well as for systematic comparisons with other observations.
Chen He, Hanxiong Che, Zier Bao, Yiliang Liu, Qing Li, Miao Hu, Jiawei Zhou, Shumin Zhang, Xiaojiang Yao, Quan Shi, Chunmao Chen, Yan Han, Lingshuo Meng, Xin Long, Fumo Yang, and Yang Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1627–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the daily evolution of high molecular-weight organic compounds with a molecular weight of up to 1000 Da in order to comprehend their behaviors in the atmosphere under actual conditions. These compounds were proven to undergo multi-generation oxidation, carboxylation, and nitrification via both day- and nighttime chemistry.
Karine Desboeufs, Paola Formenti, Raquel Torres-Sánchez, Kerstin Schepanski, Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, Hendrik Andersen, Jan Cermak, Stefanie Feuerstein, Benoit Laurent, Danitza Klopper, Andreas Namwoonde, Mathieu Cazaunau, Servanne Chevaillier, Anaïs Feron, Cécile Mirande-Bret, Sylvain Triquet, and Stuart J. Piketh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1525–1541, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the fractional solubility of iron (Fe) in dust particles along the coast of Namibia, a critical region for the atmospheric Fe supply of the South Atlantic Ocean. Our results suggest a possible two-way interplay whereby marine biogenic emissions from the coastal marine ecosystems into the atmosphere would increase the solubility of Fe-bearing dust by photo-reduction processes. The subsequent deposition of soluble Fe could act to further enhance marine biogenic emissions.
Sunhye Kim, Jo Machesky, Drew R. Gentner, and Albert A. Presto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1281–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1281-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1281-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cooking emissions are often an overlooked source of air pollution. We used a mobile lab to measure the characteristics of particles emitted from cooking sites in two cities. Our findings showed that cooking releases a substantial number of fine particles. While most emissions were similar, a bakery site showed distinctive chemical compositions with higher nitrogen compound levels. Thus, understanding the particle emissions from different cooking activities is crucial.
Nansi Fakhri, Robin Stevens, Arnold Downey, Konstantina Oikonomou, Jean Sciare, Charbel Afif, and Patrick L. Hayes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1193–1212, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1193-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1193-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the chemical composition of atmospheric fine particles, their emission sources, and the potential human health risk associated with trace elements in particles for an urban site in Montréal over a 3-month period (August–November). This study represents the first time that such extensive composition measurements were included in an urban source apportionment study in Canada, and it provides greater resolution of fine-particle sources than has been previously achieved in Canada.
Hanjin Yoo, Li Wu, Hong Geng, and Chul-Un Ro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 853–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-853-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-853-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted an investigation of atmospheric aerosols collected in Seoul, South Korea, during the KORUS-AQ campaign on a single-particle basis. We were able to identify their sources, the atmospheric fate, and the impacts of local emissions and long-range transport on aerosol composition. Additionally, we traced potential sources of non-exhaust heavy-metal particles. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of urban aerosols.
Eric Schneider, Hendryk Czech, Olga Popovicheva, Marina Chichaeva, Vasily Kobelev, Nikolay Kasimov, Tatiana Minkina, Christopher Paul Rüger, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 553–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-553-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-553-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides insights into the complex chemical composition of long-range-transported wildfire plumes from Yakutia, which underwent different levels of atmospheric processing. With complementary mass spectrometric techniques, we improve our understanding of the chemical processes and atmospheric fate of wildfire plumes. Unprecedented high levels of carbonaceous aerosols crossed the polar circle with implications for the Arctic ecosystem and consequently climate.
Qiongqiong Wang, Shuhui Zhu, Shan Wang, Cheng Huang, Yusen Duan, and Jian Zhen Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 475–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-475-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated short-term source apportionment of PM2.5 utilizing rolling positive matrix factorization (PMF) and online PM chemical speciation data, which included source-specific organic tracers collected over a period of 37 d during the winter of 2019–2020 in suburban Shanghai, China. The findings highlight that by imposing constraints on the primary source profiles, short-term PMF analysis successfully replicated both the individual primary sources and the total secondary sources.
Jiyuan Yang, Guoyang Lei, Jinfeng Zhu, Yutong Wu, Chang Liu, Kai Hu, Junsong Bao, Zitong Zhang, Weili Lin, and Jun Jin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 123–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The atmospheric pollution and formation mechanisms of particulate-bound alkyl nitrate in Beijing were studied. C9–C16 long-chain n-alkyl nitrates negatively correlated with O3 but positively correlated with PM2.5 and NO2, so they may not be produced during gas-phase homogeneous reactions in the photochemical process but form through reactions between alkanes and nitrates on PM surfaces. Particulate-bound n-alkyl nitrates strongly affect both haze pollution and atmospheric visibility.
Yuanyuan Qin, Xinghua Zhang, Wei Huang, Juanjuan Qin, Xiaoyu Hu, Yuxuan Cao, Tianyi Zhao, Yang Zhang, Jihua Tan, Ziyin Zhang, Xinming Wang, and Zhenzhen Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2703, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2703, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an active role in the atmosphere. We quantified the impact of control measures on EPFRs and ROS and found that strict control measures have effectively reduced their emissions, largely linked to a significant decrease in secondary aerosols. Our findings have great implications for further understanding the formation and sources and for developing future air quality management policies targeting EPFRs and ROS.
Lisa Azzarello, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Michael A. Robinson, Alessandro Franchin, Caroline C. Womack, Christopher D. Holmes, Steven S. Brown, Ann Middlebrook, Tim Newberger, Colm Sweeney, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15643–15654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a molecular size-resolved offline analysis of water-soluble brown carbon collected on an aircraft during FIREX-AQ. The smoke plumes were aged 0 to 5 h, where absorption was dominated by small molecular weight molecules, brown carbon absorption downwind did not consistently decrease, and the measurements differed from online absorption measurements of the same samples. We show how differences between online and offline absorption could be related to different measurement conditions.
Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Manuela van Pinxteren, Markus Hartmann, Moritz Zeising, Astrid Bracher, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15561–15587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15561-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15561-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Marine carbohydrates are produced in the surface of the ocean, enter the atmophere as part of sea spray aerosol particles, and potentially contribute to the formation of fog and clouds. Here, we present the results of a sea–air transfer study of marine carbohydrates conducted in the high Arctic. Besides a chemo-selective transfer, we observed a quick atmospheric aging of carbohydrates, possibly as a result of both biotic and abiotic processes.
Xing Wei, Yanjie Shen, Xiao-Ying Yu, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, Ming Chu, Yujiao Zhu, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15325–15350, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the contribution of grown new particles to Nccn at a rural mountain site in the North China Plain. The total particle number concentrations (Ncn) observed on 8 new particle formation (NPF) days were higher compared to non-NPF days. The Nccn at 0.2 % supersaturation (SS) and 0.4 % SS on the NPF days was significantly lower than on non-NPF days. Only one of eight NPF events had detectable net contributions to Nccn at 0.4 % SS and 1.0 % SS with increased κ values.
Yuquan Gong, Ru-Jin Huang, Lu Yang, Ting Wang, Wei Yuan, Wei Xu, Wenjuan Cao, Yang Wang, and Yongjie Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15197–15207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals the large day–night differences in brown carbon (BrC) chromophore composition, which was not known previously. The results provide insights into the effects of atmospheric processes and emissions on BrC composition.
Xinya Liu, Diego Alves Gouveia, Bas Henzing, Arnoud Apituley, Arjan Hensen, Danielle van Dinther, Rujin Huang, and Ulrike Dusek
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2262, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2262, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties is important for their effect on climate. This is usually measured by Lidar, which has limitations, most notably the assumption of a lidar ratio. Our study shows that routine surface-level aerosol measurements are able to predict this lidar ratio reasonably well within the lower layers of the atmosphere and thus provide a relatively simple and cost-effective method to improve Lidar measurements.
Zijun Zhang, Weiqi Xu, Yi Zhang, Wei Zhou, Xiangyu Xu, Aodong Du, Yinzhou Zhang, Hongqin Qiao, Ye Kuang, Xiaole Pan, Zifa Wang, Xueling Cheng, Lanzhong Liu, Qingyang Fu, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jie Li, and Yele Sun
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2684, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2684, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated aerosol composition, sources, and the interaction between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and clouds at a regional mountain site in southeastern China. Clouds efficiently scavenge more-oxidized SOA; however, cloud evaporation leads to the production of less-oxidized SOA. The unexpectedly high presence of nitrate in aerosol particles indicates that nitrate formed in polluted areas has undergone interactions with clouds, significantly influencing the regional background site.
Cited articles
Abdel-shafy, H. I. and Mansour, M. S. M.: A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation, Egypt. J. Pet., 25, 107–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011, 2016.
Agudelo-Castañeda, D. M. and Teixeira, E. C.: Seasonal changes, identification and source apportionment of PAH in PM1. 0, Atmos. Environ., 96, 186–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.030, 2014.
Albinet, A., Leoz-garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., Villenave, E., and Jaffrezo, J.: Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys – Part 1: Concentrations , sources and gas/particle partitioning, Atmos. Environ., 42, 43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.009, 2008.
Allen, A. G., Cardoso, A. A., and da Rocha, G. O.: Influence of sugar cane burning on aerosol soluble ion composition in Southeastern Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5025–5038, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.019, 2004.
Alonso, M. F., Longo, K. M., Freitas, S. R., Mello da Fonseca, R., Marécal, V., Pirre, M., and Klenner, L. G.: An urban emissions inventory for South America and its application in numerical modeling of atmospheric chemical composition at local and regional scales, Atmos. Environ., 44, 5072–5083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.013, 2010.
Alvarez, H. B., Echeverria, R. S., Alvarez, P. S., and Krupa, S.: Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter (PM) at high altitude cities, Environ. Pollut., 173, 255–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.025, 2013.
Alves, C. A., Gomes, J., Nunes, T., Duarte, M., Calvo, A., Custódio, D., Pio, C., Karanasiou, A., and Querol, X.: Size-segregated particulate matter and gaseous emissions from motor vehicles in a road tunnel, Atmos. Res., 153, 134–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.08.002, 2015.
Alves, C. A., Oliveira, C., Martins, N., Mirante, F., Caseiro, A., Pio, C., Matos, M., Silva, H. F., Oliveira, C., and Camões, F.: Road tunnel, roadside, and urban background measurements of aliphatic compounds in size-segregated particulate matter, Atmos. Res., 168, 139–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.09.007, 2016.
Amato, F., Alastuey, A., Karanasiou, A., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., Calzolai, G., Severi, M., Becagli, S., Gianelle, V. L., Colombi, C., Alves, C., Custódio, D., Nunes, T., Cerqueira, M., Pio, C., Eleftheriadis, K., Diapouli, E., Reche, C., Minguillón, M. C., Manousakas, M.-I., Maggos, T., Vratolis, S., Harrison, R. M., and Querol, X.: AIRUSE-LIFE+: a harmonized PM speciation and source apportionment in five southern European cities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3289–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3289-2016, 2016.
Andrade, M. de F., Orsini, C., and Maenhaut, W.: Relation between aerosol sources and meteorological parameters for inhable atmospheric particles in São Paulo city, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 28, 2307–2309, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90484-7, 1994.
Andrade, M. de F., Fornaro, A., Freitas, E. D. de, Mazzoli, C. R., Martins, L. D., Boian, C., Oliveira, M. G. L., Peres, J., Carbone, S., Alvalá, P., and Leme, N. P.: Ozone sounding in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil: Wet and dry season campaigns of 2006, Atmos. Environ., 61, 627–640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.083, 2012a.
Andrade, M. de F., Miranda, R. M., Fornaro, A., Kerr, A., Oyama, B., de André, P. A., and Saldiva, P.: Vehicle emissions and PM2. 5 mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities, Air Qual. Atmos. Heal., 5, 79–88, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-010-0104-5, 2012b.
Aurela, M., Saarikoski, S., Timonen, H., Aalto, P., Keronen, P., Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., Kulmala, M., and Hillamo, R.: Carbonaceous aerosol at a forested and an urban background sites in Southern Finland, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1394–1401, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.039, 2011.
Bandowe, B. A. M., Meusel, H., Huang, R., Ho, K., Cao, J., Hoffmann, T., and Wilcke, W.: PM2. 5-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity: Seasonal variation, sources and cancer risk assessment, Sci. Total Environ., 473–474, 77–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.108, 2014.
Bardouki, H., Berresheim, H., Vrekoussis, M., Sciare, J., Kouvarakis, G., Oikonomou, K., Schneider, J., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Gaseous (DMS, MSA, SO2, H2SO4 and DMSO) and particulate (sulfate and methanesulfonate) sulfur species over the northeastern coast of Crete, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1871–1886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1871-2003, 2003.
Behera, S. N., Cheng, J., Huang, X., Zhu, Q., Liu, P., and Balasubramanian, R.: Chemical composition and acidity of size-fractionated inorganic aerosols of 2013–14 winter haze in Shanghai and associated health risk of toxic elements, Atmos. Environ., 122, 259–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.053, 2015.
Bisht, D. S., Dumka, U. C., Kaskaoutis, D. G., Pipal, A. S., Srivastava, A. K., Soni, V. K., Attri, S. D., Sateesh, M., and Tiwari, S.: Carbonaceous aerosols and pollutants over Delhi urban environment: Temporal evolution, source apportionment and radiative forcing, Sci. Total Environ., 521–522, 431–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.083, 2015.
Bourotte, C., Forti, M.-C., Taniguchi, S., Bícego, M. C., and Lotufo, P. A.: A wintertime study of PAHs in fine and coarse aerosols in São Paulo city, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3799–3811, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.054, 2005.
Bourotte, C. L. M., Sanchez-Ccoyllo, O. R., Forti, M. C., and Melfi, A. J.: Chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter soluble fraction and meteorological variables in São Paulo state, Brazil, Rev. Bras. Meteorol., 26, 419–432, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-77862011000300008, 2011.
Brito, J., Rizzo, L. V., Herckes, P., Vasconcellos, P. C., Caumo, S. E. S., Fornaro, A., Ynoue, R. Y., Artaxo, P., and Andrade, M. F.: Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12199–12213, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12199-2013, 2013.
Brown, S. G., Eberly, S., Paatero, P., and Norris, G. A.: Methods for estimating uncertainty in PMF solutions: examples with ambient air and water quality data and guidance on reporting PMF results, Sci. Total Environ., 518–519, 626–635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.022, 2015.
Cabello, M., Orza, J. A. G., Dueñas, C., Liger, E., Gordo, E., and Cañete, S.: Back-trajectory analysis of African dust outbreaks at a coastal city in southern Spain?: Selection of starting heights and assessment of African and concurrent Mediterranean contributions, Atmos. Environ., 140, 10–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.047, 2016.
Cai, Y., Shao, Y., and Wang, C.: The association of air pollution with the patients' visits to the department of respiratory diseases, J. Clin. Med. Res., 7, 551–555, https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2174e, 2015.
Calvo, A. I., Alves, C., Castro, A., Pont, V., Vicente, A. M., and Fraile, R.: Research on aerosol sources and chemical composition: Past, current and emerging issues, Atmos. Res., 120–121, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.021, 2013.
Cançado, J. E. D., Saldiva, P. H. N., Pereira, L. A. A., Lara, L. B. L. S., Artaxo, P., Martinelli, L. A., Arbex, M. A., Zanobetti, A., and Braga, A. L. F.: The impact of sugar cane-burning emissions on the respiratory system of children and the elderly, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 725–729, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8485, 2006.
Castanho, A. D. A. and Artaxo, P.: Wintertime and summertime São Paulo aerosol source apportionment study, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4889–4902, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00357-0, 2001.
Caumo, S., Claeys, M., and Maenhaut, W.: Physicochemical characterization of winter PM10 aerosol impacted by sugarcane burning from São Paulo city , Brazi, Atmos. Environ., 145, 272–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.046, 2016.
CETESB: Companhia de Tecnologia do Saneamento Ambiental: Relatório de qualidade do ar no Estado de São Paulo 2014, Report of air quality in the São Paulo State 2014, São Paulo, Brazil, available at: http://ar.cetesb.sp.gov.br/publicacoes-relatorios/ (last access: 1 August 2016), 2015.
Chen, F., Hu, W., and Zhong, Q.: Emissions of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Fu Gui-shan Tunnel of Nanjing, China, Atmos. Res., 124, 53–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.12.008, 2013.
Chen, W. and Zhu, T.: Formation of nitroanthracene and anthraquinone from the heterogeneous reaction between NO2 and anthracene adsorbed on NaCl particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 8671–8678, https://doi.org/10.1021/es501543g, 2014.
Chen, Y.-C., Chiang, H.-C., Hsu, C.-Y., Yang, T.-T., Lin, T.-Y., Chen, M.-J., Chen, N.-T., and Wu, Y.-S.: Ambient PM2. 5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Changhua County, central Taiwan: Seasonal variation, source apportionment and cancer risk assessment, Environ. Pollut., 218, 118–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.016, 2016.
Cheng, S., Yang, L., Zhou, X., Xue, L., Gao, X., Zhou, Y., and Wang, W.: Size-fractionated water-soluble ions, situ pH and water content in aerosol on hazy days and the influences on visibility impairment in Jinan, China, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4631–4640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.057, 2011.
Cincinelli, A., Del, M., Martellini, T., Gambaro, A., and Lepri, L.: Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy), Chemosphere, 68, 472–478, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.089, 2007.
CONAMA: Padrões de qualidade do Ar, Resolução CONAMA No. 3/1990, available at: http://www.mma.gov.br/cidades-sustentaveis/qualidade-do-ar/padroes-de-qualidade-do-ar (last access: 1 April 2016), 1990.
Contini, D., Cesari, D., Conte, M., and Donateo, A.: Application of PMF and CMB receptor models for the evaluation of the contribution of a large coal-fired power plant to PM10 concentrations, Sci. Total Environ., 560–561, 131–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.031, 2016.
Cui, M., Chen, Y., Tian, C., Zhang, F., Yan, C., and Zheng, M.: Chemical composition of PM2. 5 from two tunnels with different vehicular fleet characteristics, Sci. Total Environ., 550, 123–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.077, 2016.
Custódio, D., Cerqueira, M., Alves, C., Nunes, T., Pio, C., Esteves, V., Frosini, D., Lucarelli, F., and Querol, X.: A one-year record of carbonaceous components and major ions in aerosols from an urban kerbside location in Oporto, Portugal, Sci. Total Environ., 562, 822–833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.012, 2016.
da Rocha, G. O., Allen, A. G., and Cardoso, A.: Influence of Agricultural Biomass Burning on Aerosol Size Distribution and Dry Deposition in Southeastern Brazil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5293–5301, https://doi.org/10.1021/es048007u, 2005.
da Rocha, G. O., Vasconcellos, P. de C., Ávila, S. G., Souza, D. Z., Reis, E. A. O., Oliveira, P. V., and Sanchez-Ccoyllo, O.: Seasonal distribution of airborne trace elements and water-soluble ions in São Paulo Megacity, Brazil, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 23, 1915–1924, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532012005000062, 2012.
de Abrantes, R., de Assunção, J. V., and Pesquero, C. R.: Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from light-duty diesel vehicles exhaust, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1631–1640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.012, 2004.
Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Mircea, M., Emblico, L., Cavalli, F., Maenhaut, W., Chi, X., Schkolnik, G., Falkovich, A., Rudich, Y., Claeys, M., Pashynska, V., Vas, G., Kourtchev, I., Vermeylen, R., Hoffer, A., Andreae, M. O., Tagliavini, E., Moretti, F., and Artaxo, P.: Characterization of the organic composition of aerosols from Rondônia, Brazil, during the LBA-SMOCC 2002 experiment and its representation through model compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 375–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-375-2006, 2006.
de Oliveira Alves, N., Hacon, S. de S., Galvão, M. F. de O., Peixoto, M. S., Artaxo, P., Vasconcellos, P. de C., and de Medeiros, S. R. B.: Genetic damage of organic matter in the Brazilian Amazon: A comparative study between intense and moderate biomass burning, Environ. Res., 130, 51–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2013.12.011, 2014.
de Oliveira Alves, N., Brito, J., Caumo, S., Arana, A., Hacon, S. de S., Artaxo, P., Hillamo, R., Teinilä, K., de Medeiros, S. R. B., and Vasconcellos, P. de C.: Biomass burning in the Amazon region: Aerosol source apportionment and associated health risk assessment, Atmos. Environ., 120, 277–285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.059, 2015.
Draper, W. M.: Quantitation of nitro- and dinitropol ycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particulate matter, Chemosphere, 15, 437–447, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90537-0, 1986.
Draxler, R. and Rolph, G.: HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model, NOAA Air Resour. Lab., Silver Spring, MD, available at: http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html (last access: 1 June 2016), 2003.
Duan, J., Bi, X., Tan, J., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.: Seasonal variation on size distribution and concentration of PAHs in Guangzhou city, China, Chemosphere, 67, 614–622, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.08.030, 2007.
EEA (European Environmental Agency): Air Quality in Europe – 2016 Report, EEA Report No 28/2016, Published by Publications Office of the European Union, 2016, ISBN 978-92-9213-824-0, 2016.
Franco, A., Kummrow, F., Umbuzeiro, G. A., Vasconcellos, P. de C., and de Carvalho, L. R.: Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives and mutagenicitys study in extracts of PM10 collected in São Paulo, Brazil, Rev. Bras. Toxicol., 23, 1–10, 2010.
Fujimoto, T., Kitamura, S., Sanoh, S., Sugihara, K., Yoshihara, S., Fujimoto, N., and Ohta, S.: Estrogenic activity of an environmental pollutant, 2-nitrofluorene, after metabolic activation by rat liver microsomes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 303, 419–426, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00311-5, 2003.
Godoy, M. L. D. P., Godoy, J. M., Roldão, L. A., Soluri, D. S., and Donagemma, R. A.: Coarse and fine aerosol source apportionment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2366–2374, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.046, 2009.
Gregoris, E., Argiriadis, E., Vecchiato, M., Zambon, S., De Pieri, S., Donateo, A., Contini, D., Piazza, R., Barbante, C., and Gambaro, A.: Science of the Total Environment Gas-particle distributions, sources and health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in Venice aerosols, Sci. Total Environ., 476–477, 393–405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.036, 2014.
Hall, D., Wu, C.-Y., Hsu, Y.-M., Stormer, J., Engling, G., Capeto, K., Wang, J., Brown, S., Li, H.-W., and Yu, K.-M.: PAHs, carbonyls, VOCs and PM2. 5 emission factors for pre-harvest burning of Florida sugarcane, Atmos. Environ., 55, 164–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.034, 2012.
Hidy, G. M.: Surface-Level Fine Particle Mass Concentrations: From Hemispheric Distributions to Megacity Sources Surface-Level Fine Particle Mass Concentrations: From Hemispheric Distributions to Megacity Sources, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 59, 770–789, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.7.770, 2009.
IAG: IAG/USP Annual Meteorological Bulletin – 2014, available at: http://www.estacao.iag.usp.br/Boletins/2014.pdf (last access: 1 April 2016), 2014.
INPE: INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) – Portal do Monitoramento de Queimadas, available at: https://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/ (last access: 1 April 2016), 2014.
Jung, J., Lee, H., Kim, Y. J., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Gu, J., and Fan, S.: Aerosol chemistry and the effect of aerosol water content on visibility impairment and radiative forcing in Guangzhou during the 2006 Pearl River Delta campaign, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 3231–3244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.021, 2009.
Jung, K. H., Yan, B., Chillrud, S. N., Perera, F. P., Whyatt, R., Camann, D., Kinney, P. L., and Miller, R. L.: Assessment of Benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of residential indoor versus outdoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposing young children in New York city, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 7, 1889–1900, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7051889, 2010.
Karanasiou, A. A., Siskos, P. A., and Eleftheriadis, K.: Assessment of source apportionment by Positive Matrix Factorization analysis on fine and coarse urban aerosol size fractions, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3385–3395, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.051, 2009.
Kassomenos, P. A., Vardoulakis, S., Chaloulakou, A., Paschalidou, A. K., Grivas, G., Borge, R., and Lumbreras, J.: Study of PM10 and PM2. 5 levels in three European cities: Analysis of intra and inter urban variations, Atmos. Environ., 87, 153–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.004, 2014.
Khoder, M. I. and Hassan, S. K.: Weekday/weekend differences in ambient aerosol level and chemical characteristics of water-soluble components in the city centre, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7483–7493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.068, 2008.
Kojima, Y., Inazu, K., Hisamatsu, Y., Okochi, H., Baba, T., and Nagoya, T.: Comparison of Pahs, Nitro-Pahs and Oxy-Pahs Associated With Airborne Particulate Matter At Roadside and Urban Background Sites in Downtown Tokyo, Japan, Polycycl. Aromat. Compd., 30, 321–333, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2010.525164, 2010.
Kumar, A. and Attri, A. K.: Biomass Combustion a Dominant Source of Carbonaceous Aerosols in the Ambient Environment of Western Himalayas, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 16, 519–529, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.05.0284, 2016.
Kumar, P., Morawska, L., Birmili, W., Paasonen, P., Hu, M., Kulmala, M., Harrison, R. M., Norford, L., and Britter, R.: Ultra fine particles in cities, Environ. Int., 66, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.013, 2014.
Kumar, P., Andrade, M. de F., Ynoue, R. Y., Fornaro, A., de Freitas, E. D., Martins, J., Martins, L. D., Albuquerque, T., Zhang, Y., and Morawska, L.: New directions: From biofuels to wood stoves: The modern and ancient air quality challenges in the megacity of São Paulo, Atmos. Environ., 140, 364–369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.059, 2016.
Kundu, S., Kawamura, K., Andreae, T. W., Hoffer, A., and Andreae, M. O.: Diurnal variation in the water-soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon and isotopic compositions of total carbon and nitrogen in biomass burning aerosols from the LBA-SMOCC campaign in Rondônia, Brazil, J. Aerosol Sci., 41, 118–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.006, 2010.
de La Torre-Roche, R. J., Lee, W. Y., and Campos-Díaz, S. I.: Soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in El Paso, Texas: analysis of a potential problem in the United States/Mexico border region, J. Hazard. Mater., 163, 946–958, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.089, 2009.
Lang, Y.-H., Li, G., Wang, X.-M., and Peng, P.: Combination of Unmix and PMF receptor model to apportion the potential sources and contributions of PAHs in wetland soils from Jiaozhou Bay, China, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 90, 129–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.009, 2015.
Lee, J. D.: Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edn., Willey, 1070 pp., 1999.
Liu, B., Bi, X., Feng, Y., Dai, Q., Xiao, Z., Li, L., Wu, J., Yuan, J., and Zhang, Y.: Fine carbonaceous aerosol characteristics at a megacity during the Chinese Spring Festival as given by OC ∕ EC online measurements, Atmos. Res., 181, 20–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.06.007, 2016.
Maenhaut, W., Raes, N., Chi, X., Cafmeyer, J., and Wang, W.: Chemical composition and mass closure for PM2. 5 and PM10 aerosols at K-puszta, Hungary, in summer 2006, X-Ray Spectrom., 37, 193–197, https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1062, 2008.
Maenhaut, W., Vermeylen, R., Claeys, M., Vercauteren, J., and Roekens, E.: Sources of the PM10 aerosol in Flanders, Belgium, and re-assessment of the contribution from wood burning, Sci. Total Environ., 562, 550–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.074, 2016.
de Martinis, B. S., Okamoto, R. A., Kado, N. Y., Gundel, L. A., and Carvalho, L. R. F.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a bioassay-fractionated extract of PM10 collected in São Paulo, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 36, 307–314, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00334-X, 2002.
Miguel, A. H., Kirchstetter, T. W., Harley, R. A., and Hering, S. V.: On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 450–455, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970566w, 1998.
Miranda, R. M. de, Andrade, M. de F., Fornaro, A., Astolfo, R., de André, P. A., and Saldiva, P.: Urban air pollution: A representative survey of PM2. 5 mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities, Air Qual. Atmos. Heal., 5, 63–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-010-0124-1, 2012.
Mirante, F., Alves, C., Pio, C., Pindado, O., Perez, R., Revuelta, M. A., and Artiñano, B.: Organic composition of size segregated atmospheric particulate matter, during summer and winter sampling campaigns at representative sites in Madrid, Spain, Atmos. Res., 132–133, 345–361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.07.005, 2013.
Mkoma, S. L., da Rocha, G. O., Regis, A. C. D., Domingos, J. S. S., Santos, J. V. S., de Andrade, S. J., Carvalho, L. S., and De Andrade, J. B.: Major ions in PM2. 5 and PM10 released from buses: The use of diesel/biodiesel fuels under real conditions, Fuel, 115, 109–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.06.044, 2014.
MMA: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) Progress Report on Santiago's Pollution Prevention Plan, available at: http://www.sinia.cl/1292/articles-55841_InformeFINALSeguimientoPPDA2012_RM.pdf (last access: 1 April 2016), 2014 (in Spanish).
Nayebare, S. R., Aburizaiza, O. S., Khwaja, H. A., Siddique, A., Hussain, M. M., Zeb, J., Khatib, F., Carpenter, D. O., and Blake, D. R.: Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2. 5 in Rabigh, Saudi Arabia, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 16, 3114–3129, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.11.0658, 2016.
Newby, D. E., Mannucci, P. M., Tell, G. S., Baccarelli, A. A., Brook, R. D., Donaldson, K., Forastiere, F., Franchini, M., Franco, O. H., Graham, I., Hoek, G., Hoffmann, B., Hoylaerts, M. F., Künzli, N., Mills, N., Pekkanen, J., Peters, A., Piepoli, M. F., Rajagopalan, S., and Storey, R. F.: Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease, Eur. Heart J., 36, 83–93, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu458, 2015.
Norris, G., Duvall, R., Brown, S., and Bai, S.: EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) 5.0 Fundamentals and User Guide, available at: https://www.epa.gov/air-research/epa-positive-matrix-factorization-50-fundamentals-and-user-guide (last access: 1 August 2016), 2014.
Oliveira, C., Martins, N., Tavares, J., Pio, C., Cerqueira, M., Matos, M., Silva, H., Oliveira, C., and Camões, F.: Size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a roadway tunnel in Lisbon, Portugal, Chemosphere, 83, 1588–1596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.011, 2011.
Oyama, B. S., Andrade, M. D. F., Herckes, P., Dusek, U., Röckmann, T., and Holzinger, R.: Chemical characterization of organic particulate matter from on-road traffic in São Paulo, Brazil, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14397–14408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14397-2016, 2016.
Paatero, P. and Hopke, P. K.: Discarding or downweighting high-noise variables in factor analytic models, Anal. Chim. Acta, 490, 277–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)01643-4, 2003.
Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111–126, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203, 1994.
Pacheco, M. T., Parmigiani, M. M. M., Andrade, M. de F., Morawska, L., and Kumar, P.: A review of emissions and concentrations of particulate matter in the three major metropolitan areas of Brazil, J. Transp. Heal., 4, 53–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.01.008, 2017.
Pereira, P. A. de P., Lopes, W. A., Carvalho, L. S., da Rocha, G. O., Carvalho, N. De, Loyola, J., Quiterio, S. L., Escaleira, V., Arbilla, G., and de Andrade, J. B.: Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate trace metals in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7837–7850, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.013, 2007.
Pereira, G. M., Alves, N. O., Caumo, S. E. S., Soares, S., Teinilä, K., Custódio, D., Hillamo, R., Alves, C., and Vasconcellos, P. C.: Chemical composition of aerosol in São Paulo, Brazil: Influence of the transport of pollutants, Air Qual. Atmos. Heal., 10, 457–468, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-016-0437-9, 2017.
Pio, C. A., Legrand, M., Alves, C. A., Oliveira, T., Afonso, J., Caseiro, A., Puxbaum, H., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., and Gelencsér, A.: Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols during the 2003 summer intense forest fire period, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7530–7543, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.032, 2008.
Pio, C. A., Cerqueira, M., Harrison, R. M., Nunes, T., Mirante, F., Alves, C., Oliveira, C., de la Campa, A. S., Artíñano, B., and Matos, M.: OC ∕ EC ratio observations in Europe: Re-thinking the approach for apportionment between primary and secondary organic carbon, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6121–6132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.045, 2011.
Pio, C. A., Mirante, F., Oliveira, C., Matos, M., Caseiro, A., Oliveira, C., Querol, X., Alves, C., Martins, N., Cerqueira, M., Camões, F., Silva, H., and Plana, F.: Size-segregated chemical composition of aerosol emissions in an urban road tunnel in Portugal, Atmos. Environ., 71, 15–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.037, 2013.
Pope, C. A.: Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: Biologic mechanisms and who's at risk?, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 713–723, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108s4713, 2000.
Pöschl, U.: Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation, climate and health effects, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 44, 7520–7540, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200501122, 2005.
Putaud, J. P., Raes, F., Van Dingenen, R., Brüggemann, E., Facchini, M.-C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hüglin, C., Laj, P., Lorbeer, G., Maenhaut, W., Mihalopoulos, N., Müller, K., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., Brink, H. ten, Tørseth, K., and Wiedensohler, A.: A European aerosol phenomenology – 2:chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2579–2595, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.041, 2004.
Ram, K., Sarin, M. M., and Tripathi, S. N.: A 1 year record of carbonaceous aerosols from an urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Characterization, sources, and temporal variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014188, 2010.
Rao, P. S. P., Tiwari, S., Matwale, J. L., Pervez, S., Tunved, P., Safai, P. D., Srivastava, A. K., Bisht, D. S., Singh, S., and Hopke, P. K.: Sources of chemical species in rainwater during monsoon and non- monsoonal periods over two mega cities in India and dominant source region of secondary aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 146, 90–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.069, 2016.
Rastogi, N. and Sarin, M. M.: Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India: One-year record of temporal variability, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3481–3488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.030, 2009.
Rastogi, N., Singh, A., Singh, D., and Sarin, M. M.: Chemical characteristics of PM2. 5 at a source region of biomass burning emissions: Evidence for secondary aerosol formation, Environ. Pollut., 184, 563–569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.037, 2014.
Ravindra, K., Bencs, L., Wauters, E., De Hoog, J., Deutsch, F., Roekens, E., Bleux, N., Berghmans, P., and Van Grieken, R.: Seasonal and site-specific variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities, Atmos. Environ., 40, 771–785, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.011, 2006.
Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., and Van Grieken, R.: Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2895–2921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010, 2008.
Ringuet, J., Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., and Villenave, E.: Diurnal/nocturnal concentrations and sources of particulate-bound PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs at traffic and suburban sites in the region of Paris (France), Sci. Total Environ., 437, 297–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.072, 2012.
Robbat, A. and Wilton, N. M.: A new spectral deconvolution – Selected ion monitoring method for the analysis of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex mixtures, Talanta, 125, 114–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.068, 2014.
Romero-Lankao, P., Qin, H., and Borbor-Cordova, M.: Exploration of health risks related to air pollution and temperature in three Latin American cities, Soc. Sci. Med., 83, 110–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.009, 2013.
Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., Aurela, M., Timonen, H., and Hillamo, R.: High-performance anion-exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry method for determination of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan in atmospheric fine particulate matter, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 398, 2253–2264, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4151-4, 2010.
Sánchez-Ccoyllo, O. R. and Andrade, M. d. F.: The influence of meteorological conditions on the behavior of pollutants concentrations in São Paulo, Brazil, Environ. Pollut., 116, 257–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00129-4, 2002.
Santos, A. G., Regis, A. C. D., da Rocha, G. O., Bezerra, M. de A., de Jesus, R. M., and de Andrade, J. B.: A simple, comprehensive, and miniaturized solvent extraction method for determination of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic compounds in air., J. Chromatogr. A, 1435, 6–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.018, 2016.
Sarigiannis, D. A., Karakitsios, S. P., Zikopoulos, D., Nikolaki, S., and Kermenidou, M.: Lung cancer risk from PAHs emitted from biomass combustion, Environ. Res., 137, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.009, 2015.
Schkolnik, G., Falkovich, A. H., Rudich, Y., Maenhaut, W., and Artaxo, P.: New analytical method for the determination of levoglucosan, polyhydroxy compounds, and 2-methylerythritol and its application to smoke and rainwater samples, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 2744–2752, https://doi.org/10.1021/es048363c, 2005.
SEADE: SP Demografico – Resenha de Estatísticas Vitais do Estado de São Paulo: Diferenciais regionais de fecundidade no município de São Paulo, available at: http://www.seade.gov.br/produtos/midia/2016/06/N.2_jun2016-final.pdf, last access: 1 August 2016.
Segalin, B., Kumar, P., Micadei, K., Fornaro, A., and Gonçalves, F. L. T.: Size-segregated particulate matter inside residences of elderly in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 148, 139–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.10.004, 2017.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd Edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2006.
Shi, G., Tian, Y., Ye, S., Peng, X., Xu, J., Wang, W., Han, B., and Feng, Y.: Source apportionment of synchronously size segregated fine and coarse particulate matter, using an improved three-way factor analysis model, Sci. Total Environ., 505, 1182–1190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.106, 2015.
Simoneit, B. R. T., Schauer, J. J., Nolte, C. G., Oros, D. R., Elias, V. O., Fraser, M. P., Rogge, W. F., and Cass, G. R.: Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles, Atmos. Environ., 33, 173–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00145-9, 1999.
Souza, D. Z., Vasconcellos, P. C., Lee, H., Aurela, M., Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., and Hillamo, R.: Composition of PM2. 5 and PM10 collected at Urban Sites in Brazil, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 14, 168–176, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.03.0071, 2014a.
Souza, K. F., Carvalho, L. R. F., Allen, A. G., and Cardoso, A. A.: Diurnal and nocturnal measurements of PAH, nitro-PAH, and oxy-PAH compounds in atmospheric particulate matter of a sugar cane burning region, Atmos. Environ., 83, 193–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.007, 2014b.
Tan, J.-H., Duan, J.-C., Chen, D.-H., Wang, X.-H., Guo, S.-J., Bi, X.-H., Sheng, G.-Y., He, K.-B., and Fu, J.-M.: Chemical characteristics of haze during summer and winter in Guangzhou, Atmos. Res., 94, 238–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.05.016, 2009.
Tang, X., Zhang, X., Ci, Z., Guo, J., and Wang, J.: Speciation of the major inorganic salts in atmospheric aerosols of Beijing, China: Measurements and comparison with model, Atmos. Environ., 133, 123–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.013, 2016.
Teixeira, E. C., Mattiuzi, C. D. P., Agudelo-Castañeda, D. M., Garcia, K. de O., and Wiegand, F.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study in atmospheric fine and coarse particles using diagnostic ratios and receptor model in urban/industrial region, Environ. Monit. Assess., 185, 9587–9602, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3276-2, 2013.
Timonen, H., Carbone, S., Aurela, M., Saarnio, K., Saarikoski, S., Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V. M., Worsnop, D. R., and Hillamo, R.: Characteristics, sources and water-solubility of ambient submicron organic aerosol in springtime in Helsinki, Finland, J. Aerosol Sci., 56, 61–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.06.005, 2013.
Tiwari, S., Dumka, U. C., Kaskaoutis, D. G., Ram, K., Panicker, A. S., Srivastava, M. K., Tiwari, S., Attri, S. D., Soni, V. K., and Pandey, A. K.: Aerosol chemical characterization and role of carbonaceous aerosol on radiative effect over Varanasi in central Indo-Gangetic Plain, Atmos. Environ., 125, 437–449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.07.031, 2016.
Tobiszewski, M. and Namieœnik, J.: PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources, Environ. Pollut., 162, 110–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025, 2012.
Toledano, C., Cachorro, V. E., Frutos, A. M. de, Torres, B., Berjon, A., Sorribas, M., and Stone, R. S.: Airmass Classification and Analysis of Aerosol Types at El Arenosillo (Spain), J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 48, 962–981, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC2006.1, 2009.
Urban, R. C., Lima-Souza, M., Caetano-Silva, L., Queiroz, M. E. C., Nogueira, R. F. P., Allen, A. G., Cardoso, A. A., Held, G., and Campos, M. L. A. M.: Use of levoglucosan, potassium, and water-soluble organic carbon to characterize the origins of biomass-burning aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 61, 562–569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.082, 2012.
Urban, R. C., Alves, C. A., Allen, A. G., Cardoso, A. A., Queiroz, M. E. C., and Campos, M. L. A. M.: Sugar markers in aerosol particles from an agro-industrial region in Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 90, 106–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.034, 2014.
Urban, R. C., Alves, C. A., Allen, A. G., Cardoso, A. A., and Campos, M. L. A. M.: Organic aerosols in a Brazilian agro-industrial area: Speciation and impact of biomass burning, Atmos. Res., 169, 271–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.10.008, 2016.
Vara-Vela, A., Andrade, M. F., Kumar, P., Ynoue, R. Y., and Muñoz, A. G.: Impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of fine particles in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area: a numerical study with the WRF-Chem model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 777–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-777-2016, 2016.
Vasconcellos, P. C., Zacarias, D., Pires, M. A. F., Pool, C. S., and Carvalho, L. R. F.: Measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particles from the metropolitan area of São Paulo City, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3009–3018, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00181-X, 2003.
Vasconcellos, P. C., Balasubramanian, R., Bruns, R. E., Sanchez-Ccoyllo, O., Andrade, M. F., and Flues, M.: Water-soluble ions and trace metals in airborne particles over urban areas of the state of São Paulo, Brazil: Influences of local sources and long range transport, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 186, 63–73, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9465-2, 2007.
Vasconcellos, P. C., Souza, D. Z., Sanchez-Ccoyllo, O., Bustillos, J. O. V, Lee, H., Santos, F. C., Nascimento, K. H., Araújo, M. P., Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., and Hillamo, R.: Determination of anthropogenic and biogenic compounds on atmospheric aerosol collected in urban, biomass burning and forest areas in São Paulo, Brazil, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 5836–5844, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.012, 2010.
Vasconcellos, P. C., Souza, D. Z., Avila, S. G., Araujo, M. P., Naoto, E., Nascimento, K. H., Cavalcante, F. S., Dos Santos, M., Smichowski, P., and Behrentz, E.: Comparative study of the atmospheric chemical composition of three South American cities, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5770–5777, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.018, 2011a.
Vasconcellos, P. C., Souza, D. Z., Magalhães, D., and da Rocha, G. O.: Seasonal variation of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM10 samples collected at urban sites of São Paulo State, Brazil, Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 222, 325–336, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0827-4, 2011b.
Vieira-Filho, M., Pedrotti, J. J., and Fornaro, A.: Water-soluble ions species of size-resolved aerosols: Implications for the atmospheric acidity in São Paulo megacity, Brazil, Atmos. Res., 181, 281–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.006, 2016.
Villalobos, A. M., Barraza, F., Jorquera, H., and Schauer, J. J.: Chemical speciation and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Santiago, Chile, 2013, Sci. Total Environ., 512–513, 133–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.006, 2015.
Wang, G., Wang, H., Yu, Y., Gao, S., Feng, J., Gao, S., and Wang, L.: Chemical characterization of water-soluble components of PM10 and PM2. 5 atmospheric aerosols in five locations of Nanjing, China, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2893–2902, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00271-1, 2003.
Wang, J., Hu, Z., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., and Xu, S.: Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10 and PM2. 5 in different functional areas of Shanghai, China, Atmos. Environ., 68, 221–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.070, 2013.
Wang, Y., Zhang, Q. Q., He, K., Zhang, Q., and Chai, L.: Sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols over China: response to 2000–2015 emission changes of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2635–2652, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2635-2013, 2013.
White, W. H.: Chemical markers for sea salt in IMPROVE aerosol data, Atmos. Environ., 42, 261–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.040, 2008.
WHO: Air quality guidelines for Europe, WHO Reg. Publ. Eur. Ser. No. 91, 2nd Edn., https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986808, 2000.
WHO: WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide: global update 2005: summary of risk assessment, Geneva World Heal. Organ., 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90109-6, 2006.
Yang, Y., Zhou, R., Wu, J., Yu, Y., Ma, Z., Zhang, L., and Di, Y.: Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing, 2012, J. Environ. Sci., 34, 197–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.01.025, 2015.
Yassaa, N., Meklati, B. Y., Cecinato, A., and Marino, F.: Particulate n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Algiers City Area, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1843–1851, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00514-8, 2001.
Yu, G., Zhang, Y., Cho, S., and Park, S.: Influence of haze pollution on water-soluble chemical species in PM2. 5 and size-resolved particles at an urban site during fall, J. Environ. Sci., 57, 370–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.018, 2017.
Zheng, J., Hu, M., Peng, J., Wu, Z., Kumar, P., Li, M., Wang, Y., and Guo, S.: Spatial distributions and chemical properties of PM2. 5 based on 21 field campaigns at 17 sites in China, Chemosphere, 159, 480–487, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.032, 2016.
Zhou, S. and Wenger, J. C.: Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reactions of acenaphthylene with hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone, Atmos. Environ., 75, 103–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.049, 2013.
Zimmermann, K., Jariyasopit, N., Simonich, S. L. M., Tao, S., Atkinson, R., and Arey, J.: Formation of nitro-PAHs from the heterogeneous reaction of ambient particle-bound PAHs with N2O5/NO3/NO2, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 8434–8442, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401789x, 2013.
Short summary
São Paulo, Brazil, has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often presents high air pollution levels due to emissions of airborne particles from local sources and long-range transport of biomass burning smoke. High risks associated with particulate matter exposure were observed in most samples. The results highlighted the contribution of vehicular emissions and the significant input from biomass combustion in the dry season.
São Paulo, Brazil, has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint