Articles | Volume 16, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5357-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5357-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Apr 2016
Research article |
| 29 Apr 2016
Seasonal variability of PM2.5 composition and sources in the Klang Valley urban-industrial environment
Norhaniza Amil
School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
School of Industrial Technology (Environmental Division),
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Institute for Environmental and Development (LESTARI),
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia
Md Firoz Khan
Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM),
Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia
Maznorizan Mohamad
Malaysian Meteorological Department, Jalan Sultan, 46667 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor, Malaysia
Related authors
M. F. Khan, M. T. Latif, W. H. Saw, N. Amil, M. S. M. Nadzir, M. Sahani, N. M. Tahir, and J. X. Chung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 597–617, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-597-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-597-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Trans-boundary haze pollution is a major health and environmental concern during south-west and north-east monsoon in the South East Asian regions. The concentration of PM2.5 exceeds the tolerable limits (WHO; USA EPA) during the summer monsoon. The novelty of this study is the source characterization of PM2.5 and source-specific risk assessment during intense haze pollution, which are yet to be addressed in this region. The outcomes of this study will give an insight about future implications.
Y. Fujii, S. Tohno, N. Amil, M. T. Latif, M. Oda, J. Matsumoto, and A. Mizohata
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13319–13329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13319-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13319-2015, 2015
Ke Li, Rong Tan, Wenhao Qiao, Taegyung Lee, Yufen Wang, Danyuting Zhang, Minglong Tang, Wenqing Zhao, Yixuan Gu, Shaojia Fan, Jinqiang Zhang, Xiaopu Lyu, Likun Xue, Jianming Xu, Zhiqiang Ma, Mohd Talib Latif, Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen, Junsu Gil, Mee-Hye Lee, Juseon Bak, Joowan Kim, Hong Liao, Yugo Kanaya, Xiao Lu, Tatsuya Nagashima, and Ja-Ho Koo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3756, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3756, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
East Asia and Southeast Asia has been identified as a global hot spot with the fastest ozone increase. This paper presents the most comprehensive observational view of ozone distributions and evolution over East Asia and Southeast Asia across different spatiotemporal scales in the past two decades, which will have important implications for assessing ozone impacts on public health and crop yields, and for developing future ozone control strategies.
Xiao Lu, Yiming Liu, Jiayin Su, Xiang Weng, Tabish Ansari, Yuqiang Zhang, Guowen He, Yuqi Zhu, Haolin Wang, Ganquan Zeng, Jingyu Li, Cheng He, Shuai Li, Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen, Tim Butler, Qi Fan, Shaojia Fan, Grant L. Forster, Meng Gao, Jianlin Hu, Yugo Kanaya, Mohd Talib Latif, Keding Lu, Philippe Nédélec, Peer Nowack, Bastien Sauvage, Xiaobin Xu, Lin Zhang, Ke Li, Ja-Ho Koo, and Tatsuya Nagashima
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3702, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3702, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes summertime ozone trends in East and Southeast Asia derived from a comprehensive observational database spanning from 1995 to 2019, incorporating aircraft observations, ozonesonde data, and measurements from 2500 surface sites. Multiple models are applied to attribute to changes in anthropogenic emissions and climate. The results highlight increases in anthropogenic emission are the primary driver of ozone increases both in the free troposphere and at the surface.
Hossain Mohammed Syedul Hoque, Kengo Sudo, Hitoshi Irie, Yanfeng He, and Md Firoz Khan
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5545–5571, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5545-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5545-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using multi-platform observations, we validated global formaldehyde (HCHO) simulations from a chemistry transport model. HCHO is a crucial intermediate in the chemical catalytic cycle that governs the ozone formation in the troposphere. The model was capable of replicating the observed spatiotemporal variability in HCHO. In a few cases, the model's capability was limited. This is attributed to the uncertainties in the observations and the model parameters.
Margaret R. Marvin, Paul I. Palmer, Fei Yao, Mohd Talib Latif, and Md Firoz Khan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3699–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use an atmospheric chemistry model to investigate aerosols emitted from fire activity across Southeast Asia. We find that the limited nature of measurements in this region leads to large uncertainties that significantly hinder the model representation of these aerosols and their impacts on air quality. As a result, the number of monthly attributable deaths is underestimated by as many as 4500, particularly in March at the peak of the mainland burning season.
Daan Hubert, Klaus-Peter Heue, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Tijl Verhoelst, Marc Allaart, Steven Compernolle, Patrick D. Cullis, Angelika Dehn, Christian Félix, Bryan J. Johnson, Arno Keppens, Debra E. Kollonige, Christophe Lerot, Diego Loyola, Matakite Maata, Sukarni Mitro, Maznorizan Mohamad, Ankie Piters, Fabian Romahn, Henry B. Selkirk, Francisco R. da Silva, Ryan M. Stauffer, Anne M. Thompson, J. Pepijn Veefkind, Holger Vömel, Jacquelyn C. Witte, and Claus Zehner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7405–7433, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the first 2 years of TROPOMI tropical tropospheric ozone column data. Comparisons to reference measurements by ozonesonde and satellite sensors show that TROPOMI bias (−0.1 to +2.3 DU) and precision (1.5 to 2.5 DU) meet mission requirements. Potential causes of bias and its spatio-temporal structure are discussed, as well as ways to identify sampling errors. Our analysis of known geophysical patterns demonstrates the improved performance of TROPOMI with respect to its predecessors.
Margaret R. Marvin, Paul I. Palmer, Barry G. Latter, Richard Siddans, Brian J. Kerridge, Mohd Talib Latif, and Md Firoz Khan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1917–1935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use an atmospheric chemistry model in combination with satellite and surface observations to investigate how biomass burning affects tropospheric ozone over Southeast Asia during its fire seasons. We find that nitrogen oxides from biomass burning were responsible for about 30 % of the regional ozone formation potential, and we estimate that ozone from biomass burning caused more than 400 excess premature deaths in Southeast Asia during the peak burning months of March and September 2014.
Laura Kiely, Dominick V. Spracklen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Luke Conibear, Carly L. Reddington, Scott Archer-Nicholls, Douglas Lowe, Stephen R. Arnold, Christoph Knote, Md Firoz Khan, Mohd Talib Latif, Mikinori Kuwata, Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini, and Lailan Syaufina
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11105–11121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11105-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11105-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In 2015, a large fire episode occurred in Indonesia, reducing air quality. Fires occurred predominantly on peatland, where large uncertainties are associated with emissions. Current fire emissions datasets underestimate peat fire emissions. We created new fire emissions data, with data specific to Indonesian peat fires. Using these emissions in simulations of particulate matter and aerosol optical depth shows an improvement over simulations using current data, when compared with observations.
M. F. Khan, M. T. Latif, W. H. Saw, N. Amil, M. S. M. Nadzir, M. Sahani, N. M. Tahir, and J. X. Chung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 597–617, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-597-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-597-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Trans-boundary haze pollution is a major health and environmental concern during south-west and north-east monsoon in the South East Asian regions. The concentration of PM2.5 exceeds the tolerable limits (WHO; USA EPA) during the summer monsoon. The novelty of this study is the source characterization of PM2.5 and source-specific risk assessment during intense haze pollution, which are yet to be addressed in this region. The outcomes of this study will give an insight about future implications.
Y. Fujii, S. Tohno, N. Amil, M. T. Latif, M. Oda, J. Matsumoto, and A. Mizohata
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13319–13329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13319-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13319-2015, 2015
A. D. Robinson, N. R. P. Harris, M. J. Ashfold, B. Gostlow, N. J. Warwick, L. M. O'Brien, E. J. Beardmore, M. S. M. Nadzir, S. M. Phang, A. A. Samah, S. Ong, H. E. Ung, L. K. Peng, S. E. Yong, M. Mohamad, and J. A. Pyle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8369–8388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8369-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8369-2014, 2014
M. S. Mohd Nadzir, S. M. Phang, M. R. Abas, N. Abdul Rahman, A. Abu Samah, W. T. Sturges, D. E. Oram, G. P. Mills, Emma C. Leedham Elvidge, J. A. Pyle, N. R. P. Harris, A. D. Robinson, M. J. Ashfold, M. I. Mead, M. T. Latif, M. F. Khan, A. M. Amiruddin, N. Banan, and M. M. Hanafiah
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8137–8148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8137-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8137-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Technical note: Reconstructing missing surface aerosol elemental carbon data in long-term series with ensemble learning
Enhanced emission of intermediate-volatility/semi-volatile organic matter in gas and particle phases from ship exhausts with low-sulfur fuels
Measurement report: Crustal materials play an increasing role in elevating particle pH – insights from 12-year records in a typical inland city of China
Significant contributions of biomass burning to PM2.5-bound aromatic compounds: insights from field observations and quantum chemical calculations
Measurement report: In-depth characterization of ship emissions during operations in a Mediterranean port
Direct measurement of N2O5 heterogeneous uptake coefficients on atmospheric aerosols in southwestern China and evaluation of current parameterizations
Measurement report: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in particulate matter (PM10) from activated sludge aeration
African dust transported to Barbados in the wintertime lacks indicators of chemical aging
A 60-year atmospheric nitrate isotope record from a southeastern Greenland ice core with minimal postdepositional alteration
Measurement report: Characterization of aerosol hygroscopicity over Southeast Asia during the NASA CAMP2Ex campaign
Molecular characterization of organic aerosols in urban and forested areas of Paris using high-resolution mass spectrometry
Measurement report: Wintertime aerosol characterization at an urban traffic site in Helsinki, Finland
Source apportionment and ecotoxicity of PM2.5 pollution events in a major Southern Hemisphere megacity: influence of a biofuel-impacted fleet and biomass burning
The impacts of pollution sources and temperature on the light absorption of HULIS were revealed by UHPLC-HRMS/MS at the molecular structure level
Marine organic aerosol at Mace Head: effects from phytoplankton and source region variability
Elemental composition, iron mineralogy and solubility of anthropogenic and natural mineral dust aerosols in Namibia: a case study analysis from the AEROCLO-sA campaign
Fossil-Dominated SOA Formation in Coastal China: Size-Divergent Pathways of Aqueous Fenton Reactions versus Gas-phase VOC Autoxidation
Measurement report: Sources and meteorology influencing highly time-resolved PM2.5 trace elements at three urban sites in the extremely polluted Indo-Gangetic Plain in India
Formation of highly absorptive secondary brown carbon through nighttime multiphase chemistry of biomass burning emissions
Measurement report: Vertically resolved atmospheric properties observed over the Southern Great Plains with the ArcticShark uncrewed aerial system
Technical note: Towards a stronger observational support for haze pollution control by interpreting carbonaceous aerosol results derived from different measurement approaches
Non-biogenic sources are an important but overlooked contributor to aerosol isoprene-derived organosulfates during winter in northern China
Unveiling single-particle composition, size, shape, and mixing state of freshly emitted Icelandic dust via electron microscopy analysis
The Critical Role of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission in Nitrate Formation in Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau: Insights from Oxygen Isotope Anomaly Measurements
The critical role of aqueous-phase processes in aromatic-derived nitrogen-containing organic aerosol formation in cities with different energy consumption patterns
Characterization of atmospheric water-soluble brown carbon in the Athabasca oil sands region, Canada
Sensitivity of aerosol and cloud properties to coupling strength of marine boundary layer clouds over the northwest Atlantic
Measurement Report: Molecular composition, sources, and evolution of atmospheric organic aerosols in a basin city in China
Burning conditions and transportation pathways determine biomass-burning aerosol properties in the Ascension Island marine boundary layer
Observations of high-time-resolution and size-resolved aerosol chemical composition and microphysics in the central Arctic: implications for climate-relevant particle properties
Measurement report: Brown carbon aerosol in rural Germany – sources, chemistry, and diurnal variations
Particle flux-gradient relationships in the high Arctic: Emission and deposition patterns across three surface types
Climatology of aerosol pH and its controlling factors at the Melpitz continental background site in central Europe
Measurement Report: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated (RPAHs), nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives in the global marine atmosphere: occurrence, spatial variations, and source apportionment
Multiple eco-regions contribute to the seasonal cycle of Antarctic aerosol size distributions
Seasonal investigation of ultrafine-particle organic composition in an eastern Amazonian rainforest
Characterizing lead-rich particles in Beijing's atmosphere following coal-to-gas conversion: Insights from single particle aerosol mass spectrometry
Contrasting solubility and speciation of metal ions in total suspended particulate matter and fog from the coast of Namibia
Significant secondary formation of nitrogenous organic aerosols in an urban atmosphere revealed by bihourly measurements of bulk organic nitrogen and comprehensive molecular markers
High-resolution analyses of concentrations and sizes of refractory black carbon particles deposited in northwestern Greenland over the past 350 years – Part 2: Seasonal and temporal trends in refractory black carbon originated from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning
Carbonate content and stable isotopic composition of aerosol carbon in the Canadian High Arctic
Significant role of biomass burning in heavy haze formation in Nanjing, a megacity in China: molecular-level insights from intensive PM2.5 sampling on winter hazy days
Widespread trace bromine and iodine in remote tropospheric non-sea-salt aerosols
Iron isotopes reveal significant aerosol dissolution over the Pacific Ocean
Formation and chemical evolution of secondary organic aerosol in two different environments: a dual-chamber study
Complementary aerosol mass spectrometry elucidates sources of wintertime sub-micron particle pollution in Fairbanks, Alaska, during ALPACA 2022
Enrichment of organic nitrogen in fog residuals observed in the Italian Po Valley
Technical note: Quantified organic aerosol subsaturated hygroscopicity by a simple optical scatter monitor system through field measurements
Measurement report: Oxidation potential of water-soluble aerosol components in the south and north of Beijing
Enhanced daytime secondary aerosol formation driven by gas–particle partitioning in downwind urban plumes
Qingxiao Meng, Yunjiang Zhang, Sheng Zhong, Jie Fang, Lili Tang, Yongcai Rao, Minfeng Zhou, Jian Qiu, Xiaofeng Xu, Jean-Eudes Petit, Olivier Favez, and Xinlei Ge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7485–7498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7485-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7485-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a machine-learning-based method to reconstruct missing elemental carbon (EC) data in four Chinese cities from 2013 to 2023. Using machine learning, we filled data gaps and introduced a new approach to analyze EC trends. Our findings reveal a significant decline in EC due to stricter pollution controls, though this slowed after 2020. This study provides a versatile framework for addressing data gaps and supports strategies to reduce urban air pollution and its climate impacts.
Binyu Xiao, Fan Zhang, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Rui Li, Can Wu, Xinyi Wan, Yi Wang, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Libo Zhang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7053–7069, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7053-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7053-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Intermediate-volatility/semi-volatile organic compounds in gas and particle phases from ship exhausts are enhanced due to the switch of fuels from low sulfur to ultra-low sulfur. The findings indicate that optimization is necessary for the forthcoming global implementation of an ultra-low-sulfur oil policy. Besides, we find that organic diagnostic markers of hopanes in conjunction with the ratio of octadecanoic to tetradecanoic could be considered potential tracers for heavy fuel oil exhausts.
Hongyu Zhang, Shenbo Wang, Zhangsen Dong, Xiao Li, and Ruiqin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6943–6955, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6943-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6943-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Analyzing 12-year Zhengzhou data revealed post-2019 crustal material rebound caused by soil dust resuspension, elevating particle pH. Similar coarse particle increases are observed across cities of the North China Plain. Long-term particle acidity evolution in this region requires an integrated assessment of interactions among acidic precursors, ammonia, and crustal components.
Yanqin Ren, Zhenhai Wu, Fang Bi, Hong Li, Haijie Zhang, Junling Li, Rui Gao, Fangyun Long, Zhengyang Liu, Yuanyuan Ji, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6975–6990, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6975-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6975-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The daily concentrations of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and nitrated phenols (NPs) in PM2.5 were all increased during the heating season. Biomass burning was identified to be the primary source of these aromatic compounds, particularly for PAHs. Phenol and nitrobenzene are two main primary precursors for 4NP, with phenol showing lower reaction barriers. P-Cresol was identified as the primary precursor for the formation of 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol.
Lise Le Berre, Brice Temime-Roussel, Grazia Maria Lanzafame, Barbara D'Anna, Nicolas Marchand, Stéphane Sauvage, Marvin Dufresne, Liselotte Tinel, Thierry Leonardis, Joel Ferreira de Brito, Alexandre Armengaud, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Romain Bourjot, and Henri Wortham
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6575–6605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6575-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6575-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A summer campaign in a Mediterranean port examined pollution caused by ships. Two stations in the port measured pollution levels and captured over 350 ship plumes to study their chemical composition. Results showed that pollution levels, such as ultra-fine particles, were higher in the port than in the city and offer strong support to improve emission inventories. These findings may also serve as reference to assess the benefits of a sulfur Emission Control Area in the Mediterranean in 2025.
Jiayin Li, Tianyu Zhai, Xiaorui Chen, Haichao Wang, Shuyang Xie, Shiyi Chen, Chunmeng Li, Yuanjun Gong, Huabin Dong, and Keding Lu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6395–6406, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6395-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6395-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We directly measured the dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) uptake coefficient using an aerosol flow tube, which critically impacts the NOx fate and particulate nitrate formation in a typical highland city, Kunming, in China. We found that the performance of current γ (N2O5) parameterizations showed deviations with the varying aerosol liquid water content (ALWC). Such differences would lead to biased estimation of particulate nitrate production potential. We give suggestions for future research directions.
Jishnu Pandamkulangara Kizhakkethil, Zongbo Shi, Anna Bogush, and Ivan Kourtchev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5947–5958, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5947-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5947-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Pollution with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has received attention due to their environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, but their sources remain poorly understood. PM10 (particulate matter) collected above a scaled-down activated sludge tank treating domestic sewage in the UK was analysed for a range of short-, medium-, and long-chain PFAS. Eight PFAS were detected in the PM10. Our results suggest that wastewater treatment processes, i.e. activated sludge aeration, could aerosolise PFAS into airborne PM.
Haley M. Royer, Michael T. Sheridan, Hope E. Elliott, Edmund Blades, Nurun Nahar Lata, Zezhen Cheng, Swarup China, Zihua Zhu, Andrew P. Ault, and Cassandra J. Gaston
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5743–5759, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5743-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5743-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Saharan dust transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean, South America, and North America is hypothesized to undergo chemical processing by acids that enhances cloud droplet formation and nutrient availability. In this study, chemical analysis performed on African dust deposited over Barbados shows that acid tracers are found mostly on sea salt and smoke particles, rather than dust, indicating that dust particles undergo minimal chemical processing.
Zhao Wei, Shohei Hattori, Asuka Tsuruta, Zhuang Jiang, Sakiko Ishino, Koji Fujita, Sumito Matoba, Lei Geng, Alexis Lamothe, Ryu Uemura, Naohiro Yoshida, Joel Savarino, and Yoshinori Iizuka
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5727–5742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5727-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5727-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrate isotope records in ice cores reveal changes in NOₓ emissions and atmospheric oxidation chemistry driven by human activity. However, UV-driven postdepositional processes can alter nitrate in snow, making snow accumulation rates critical for preserving these records. This study examines nitrate isotopes in a southeastern Greenland ice core, where high snow accumulation minimizes these effects, providing a reliable archive of atmospheric nitrogen cycling.
Genevieve Rose Lorenzo, Luke D. Ziemba, Avelino F. Arellano, Mary C. Barth, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Richard Ferrare, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Michael A. Shook, Simone Tilmes, Jian Wang, Qian Xiao, Jun Zhang, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5469–5495, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5469-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5469-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Novel aerosol hygroscopicity analyses of CAMP2Ex (Cloud, Aerosol, and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment) field campaign data show low aerosol hygroscopicity values in Southeast Asia. Organic carbon from smoke decreases hygroscopicity to levels more like those in continental than in polluted marine regions. Hygroscopicity changes at cloud level demonstrate how surface particles impact clouds in the region, affecting model representation of aerosol and cloud interactions in similar polluted marine regions with high organic carbon emissions.
Diana L. Pereira, Chiara Giorio, Aline Gratien, Alexander Zherebker, Gael Noyalet, Servanne Chevaillier, Stéphanie Alage, Elie Almarj, Antonin Bergé, Thomas Bertin, Mathieu Cazaunau, Patrice Coll, Ludovico Di Antonio, Sergio Harb, Johannes Heuser, Cécile Gaimoz, Oscar Guillemant, Brigitte Language, Olivier Lauret, Camilo Macias, Franck Maisonneuve, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Raquel Torres, Sylvain Triquet, Pascal Zapf, Lelia Hawkins, Drew Pronovost, Sydney Riley, Pierre-Marie Flaud, Emilie Perraudin, Pauline Pouyes, Eric Villenave, Alexandre Albinet, Olivier Favez, Robin Aujay-Plouzeau, Vincent Michoud, Christopher Cantrell, Manuela Cirtog, Claudia Di Biagio, Jean-François Doussin, and Paola Formenti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4885–4905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4885-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4885-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In order to study aerosols in environments influenced by anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, we performed analyses of samples collected during the ACROSS (Atmospheric Chemistry Of the Suburban Forest) campaign in summer 2022 in the greater Paris area. After analysis of the chemical composition by means of total carbon determination and high-resolution mass spectrometry, this work highlights the influence of anthropogenic inputs on the chemical composition of both urban and forested areas.
Kimmo Teinilä, Sanna Saarikoski, Henna Lintusaari, Teemu Lepistö, Petteri Marjanen, Minna Aurela, Heidi Hellén, Toni Tykkä, Markus Lampimäki, Janne Lampilahti, Luis Barreira, Timo Mäkelä, Leena Kangas, Juha Hatakka, Sami Harni, Joel Kuula, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Jaakko Yli-Ojanperä, Ville Niemelä, Milja Jäppi, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Joonas Vanhanen, Liisa Pirjola, Hanna E. Manninen, Tuukka Petäjä, Topi Rönkkö, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4907–4928, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4907-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4907-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Physical and chemical properties of particulate matter and concentrations of trace gases were measured in a street canyon in Helsinki, Finland, and an urban background site in January–February 2022 to investigate the effect of wintertime conditions on pollutants. State-of-the-art instruments and a mobile laboratory were used, and the measurement data were analysed further with modelling tools like positive matrix factorization and the Pollution Detection Algorithm.
Guilherme Martins Pereira, Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti, Rubens Fabio Pereira, Djacinto Monteiro dos Santos, Thayná da Silva Santos, José Vinicius Martins, Célia Alves, Cátia Gonçalves, Ismael Casotti Rienda, Nora Kováts, Thiago Nogueira, Luciana Rizzo, Paulo Artaxo, Regina Maura de Miranda, Marcia Akemi Yamasoe, Edmilson Dias de Freitas, Pérola de Castro Vasconcellos, and Maria de Fatima Andrade
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4587–4616, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4587-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4587-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of fine particulate matter was studied in the megacity of São Paulo (Brazil) during a polluted period. Vehicular-related sources remain relevant; however, a high contribution of biomass burning was observed and correlated with sample ecotoxicity. Emerging biomass burning sources, such as forest fires and sugarcane-bagasse-based power plants, highlight the need for additional control measures alongside stricter rules concerning vehicular emissions.
Tao Qiu, Yanting Qiu, Yongyi Yuan, Rui Su, Xiangxinyue Meng, Jialiang Ma, Xiaofan Wang, Yu Gu, Zhijun Wu, Yang Ning, Xiuyi Hua, Dapeng Liang, and Deming Dong
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1808, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1808, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research reveals that some species from biomass burning and coal combustion dominate the light absorption of organic aerosols during winter. Cold weather helps these species accumulate in aerosols by slowing their degradation and altering atmospheric chemical processes. This means colder regions might experience stronger and more persistent climate impacts. Our findings highlight the importance of local temperatures and pollution sources when tackling climate challenges.
Emmanuel Chevassus, Kirsten N. Fossum, Darius Ceburnis, Lu Lei, Chunshui Lin, Wei Xu, Colin O'Dowd, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4107–4129, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4107-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4107-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first source apportionment of organic aerosol at Mace Head via high-resolution mass spectrometry. Introducing transfer entropy as a novel method reveals that aged organic aerosol originates from both open-ocean ozonolysis and local peat-burning oxidation. Methanesulfonic acid and organic sea spray both mirror phytoplankton activity, with the former closely tied to coccolithophore blooms and the latter linked to diatoms, chlorophytes, and cyanobacteria.
Paola Formenti, Chiara Giorio, Karine Desboeufs, Alexander Zherebker, Marco Gaetani, Clarissa Baldo, Gautier Landrot, Simona Montebello, Servanne Chevaillier, Sylvain Triquet, Guillaume Siour, Claudia Di Biagio, Francesco Battaglia, Jean-François Doussin, Anais Feron, Andreas Namwoonde, and Stuart John Piketh
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-446, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-446, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The elemental composition and solubility of several metals, including iron, at a coastal site in Namibia in August–September 2017, indicate that natural and anthropogenic dust had different solubility depending on mineralogy but mostly to the processing by fluoride ions from marine emissions, pointing out to the complexity of atmospheric/oceanic interactions in this region of the world influenced by the Benguela current and significant aerosol load.
Jia-Yuan Wang, Meng-Xue Tang, Shan Lu, Ke-Jin Tang, Xing Peng, Ling-Yan He, and Xiao-Feng Huang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1034, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1034, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores how secondary organic aerosols (SOA), a major component of air pollution, form in different particle sizes in a coastal city in China. We found that SOA in fine particles is mainly produced through aqueous chemical reactions, especially those involving iron. In contrast, coarse particles form SOA through reactions with ozone and gases from both fossil fuels and natural sources. These findings highlight the need for size-specific air pollution models.
Ashutosh K. Shukla, Sachchida N. Tripathi, Shamitaksha Talukdar, Vishnu Murari, Sreenivas Gaddamidi, Manousos-Ioannis Manousakas, Vipul Lalchandani, Kuldeep Dixit, Vinayak M. Ruge, Peeyush Khare, Mayank Kumar, Vikram Singh, Neeraj Rastogi, Suresh Tiwari, Atul K. Srivastava, Dilip Ganguly, Kaspar Rudolf Daellenbach, and André S. H. Prévôt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3765–3784, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3765-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3765-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study delves into the elemental composition of aerosols at three sites across the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), revealing distinct patterns during pollution episodes. We found significant increases in chlorine (Cl)-rich and solid fuel combustion (SFC) sources, indicating dynamic emission sources, agricultural burning impacts, and meteorological influences. Surges in Cl-rich particles during cold periods highlight their role in particle growth under high-relative-humidity conditions.
Ye Kuang, Biao Luo, Shan Huang, Junwen Liu, Weiwei Hu, Yuwen Peng, Duohong Chen, Dingli Yue, Wanyun Xu, Bin Yuan, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3737–3752, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3737-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3737-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This research reveals the potential importance of nighttime NO3 radical chemistry and aerosol water in the rapid formation of secondary brown carbon from diluted biomass burning emissions. The findings enhance our understanding of nighttime biomass burning evolution and its implications for climate and regional air quality, especially regarding interactions with background aerosol water and water-rich fogs and clouds.
Fan Mei, Qi Zhang, Damao Zhang, Jerome D. Fast, Gourihar Kulkarni, Mikhail S. Pekour, Christopher R. Niedek, Susanne Glienke, Israel Silber, Beat Schmid, Jason M. Tomlinson, Hardeep S. Mehta, Xena Mansoura, Zezhen Cheng, Gregory W. Vandergrift, Nurun Nahar Lata, Swarup China, and Zihua Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3425–3444, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the unique capability of the ArcticShark, an uncrewed aerial system, in measuring vertically resolved atmospheric properties. Data from 32 research flights in 2023 reveal seasonal patterns and correlations with conventional measurements. The consistency and complementarity of in situ and remote sensing methods are highlighted. The study demonstrates the ArcticShark’s versatility in bridging data gaps and improving the understanding of vertical atmospheric structures.
Yuan Cheng, Ying-jie Zhong, Zhi-qing Zhang, Xu-bing Cao, and Jiu-meng Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-537, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-537, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
As an emerging hotspot of atmospheric sciences, Northeast China is distinct due to the frigid winter and the strong emissions from agricultural fires. Based on field campaigns conducted in Harbin, we successively identified the analytical method that could lead to proper results of organic and elemental carbon. Our results are believed to be a support for future efforts on exploration of the PM2.5 sources in Northeast China, which are essential for further improving the regional air quality.
Ting Yang, Yu Xu, Yu-Chen Wang, Yi-Jia Ma, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2967–2978, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2967-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2967-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Previous measurement–model comparisons of atmospheric isoprene levels showed a significant unidentified source of isoprene in some northern Chinese cities during winter. Here, the first combination of large-scale observations and field combustion experiments provides novel insights into biomass burning emissions as a significant source of isoprene-derived organosulfates during winter in northern cities of China.
Agnesh Panta, Konrad Kandler, Kerstin Schepanski, Andres Alastuey, Pavla Dagsson Waldhauserova, Sylvain Dupont, Melanie Eknayan, Cristina González-Flórez, Adolfo González-Romero, Martina Klose, Mara Montag, Xavier Querol, Jesús Yus-Díez, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-494, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-494, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Iceland is among the most active dust source areas in the world. Dust properties are influenced by particle size, mineralogy, shape, and mixing state. This work characterizes freshly emitted individual aerosol particles of Icelandic dust using electron microscopy. Our study provides insights into critical particle-specific information will contribute to better constraining climate models that consider mineralogical variations in their representation of the dust cycle.
Xueqin Zheng, Junwen Liu, Nima Chuduo, Bian Ba, Pengfei Yu, Phu Drolgar, Fang Cao, and Yanlin Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-164, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-164, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present the first report on the annual variation of stable oxygen isotope anomalies (∆17O = δ17O - 0.52 × δ18O) in NO3- collected from the urban area of Lhasa , on the Tibetan Plateau, China. Using a Bayesian isotope mixture model, we found that the relative contribution of the NO3+VOC pathway to NO3- formation in spring in Lhasa was several times higher than in urban cities, highlighting the significant influence of VOC transported from outside the Tibetan Plateau.
Yi-Jia Ma, Yu Xu, Ting Yang, Lin Gui, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2763–2780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2763-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2763-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The abundance, potential precursors, and main formation mechanisms of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in PM2.5 during winter were compared among cities with different energy consumption patterns. The aerosol NOC pollution during winter in China is closely associated with the intensity of precursor emissions and the aqueous-phase processes. Our results highlight the importance of emission reduction strategies in controlling aerosol NOCs pollution during winter in China.
Dane Blanchard, Mark Gordon, Duc Huy Dang, Paul Andrew Makar, and Julian Aherne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2423–2442, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2423-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2423-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study offers the first known evaluation of water-soluble brown carbon aerosols in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR), Canada. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of aerosol samples from five regional sites (collected during the summer of 2021) identified oil sands operations as a measurable brown carbon source. Industrial aerosol emissions were unlikely to impact regional radiative forcing. These findings show that fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to monitor brown carbon in the AOSR.
Kira Zeider, Kayla McCauley, Sanja Dmitrovic, Leong Wai Siu, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Simon Kirschler, John B. Nowak, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, Paquita Zuidema, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2407–2422, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2407-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2407-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In situ aircraft data collected over the northwest Atlantic Ocean are utilized to compare aerosol conditions and turbulence between near-surface and below-cloud-base altitudes for different regimes of coupling strength between those two levels, along with how cloud microphysical properties vary across those regimes. Stronger coupling yields more homogenous aerosol structure vertically along with higher cloud drop concentrations and sea salt influence in clouds.
Junke Zhang, Xinyi Fu, Chunying Chen, Yunfei Su, Siyu Liu, Luyao Chen, Yubao Chen, Gehui Wang, and Andre S. H. Prevot
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-92, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-92, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The 125 organic aerosol (OA) compounds in PM2.5 in winter in Chengdu were measured at the molecular level. OA was dominated by fatty acids, phthalate esters, and anhydrosugars, and were deeply influenced by anthropogenic sources. As pollution worsens: secondary inorganic species and secondary organic carbon (OC) dominated the increase in PM2.5; fatty acids and anhydrosugars dominated the increase in OA; and the contribution of secondary formation and biomass burning to OC increased markedly.
Amie Dobracki, Ernie R. Lewis, Arthur J. Sedlacek III, Tyler Tatro, Maria A. Zawadowicz, and Paquita Zuidema
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2333–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2333-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2333-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass-burning aerosol is commonly present in the marine boundary layer over the southeast Atlantic Ocean between June and October. Our research indicates that burning conditions, aerosol transport pathways, and prolonged oxidation processes (heterogeneous and aqueous phases) determine the chemical, microphysical, and optical properties of the boundary layer aerosol. Notably, we find that the aerosol optical properties can be estimated from the chemical properties alone.
Benjamin Heutte, Nora Bergner, Hélène Angot, Jakob B. Pernov, Lubna Dada, Jessica A. Mirrielees, Ivo Beck, Andrea Baccarini, Matthew Boyer, Jessie M. Creamean, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Imad El Haddad, Markus M. Frey, Silvia Henning, Tiia Laurila, Vaios Moschos, Tuukka Petäjä, Kerri A. Pratt, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Matthew D. Shupe, Paul Zieger, Tuija Jokinen, and Julia Schmale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2207–2241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2207-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2207-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Limited aerosol measurements in the central Arctic hinder our understanding of aerosol–climate interactions in the region. Our year-long observations of aerosol physicochemical properties during the MOSAiC expedition reveal strong seasonal variations in aerosol chemical composition, where the short-term variability is heavily affected by storms in the Arctic. Local wind-generated particles are shown to be an important source of cloud seeds, especially in autumn.
Feng Jiang, Harald Saathoff, Uzoamaka Ezenobi, Junwei Song, Hengheng Zhang, Linyu Gao, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1917–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1917-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1917-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of brown carbon in the particle and gas phase was determined by mass spectrometry. BrC in the gas phase was mainly controlled by secondary formation and particle-to-gas partitioning. BrC in the particle phase was mainly from secondary formation. This work helps to get a better understanding of diurnal variations and the sources of brown carbon aerosol at a rural location in central Europe.
Theresa Mathes, Heather Guy, John Prytherch, Julia Kojoj, Ian Brooks, Sonja Murto, Paul Zieger, Birgit Wehner, Michael Tjernström, and Andreas Held
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-183, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-183, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming faster than the global average and aerosol-cloud-sea-ice interactions are crucial for studying its climate system. During the ARTofMELT Expedition 2023, particle and sensible heat fluxes were measured over multiple surfaces. Wide lead surfaces acted as particle sources with the strongest sensible heat fluxes, while closed ice surfaces acted as a particle sink. This study improves methods to measure these interactions, enhancing our understanding of Arctic climate processes.
Vikram Pratap, Christopher J. Hennigan, Bastian Stieger, Andreas Tilgner, Laurent Poulain, Dominik van Pinxteren, Gerald Spindler, and Hartmut Herrmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-457, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-457, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we characterize trends in aerosol pH and its controlling factors over the period of 2010 – 2019 at the Melpitz research station in eastern Germany. We find strong trends in aerosol pH and major inorganic species in response to changing emissions. We conduct a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the aerosol system and discuss implications for controlling PM2.5 in the region.
Rui Li, Yubing Shen, Yumeng Shao, Yining Gao, Ziwei Yao, Qian Liu, Xing Liu, and Guitao Shi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3740, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3740, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
It is the first time to reveal the global variations of PAHs derivatives in the marine air. We found that marine aerosols in East China Sea (ECS) and Western Pacific (WP) were significantly affected by coal and engine combustion, while those in Bismarck Sea (BS) and East Australian Sea (EAS) were mainly influenced by wildfire and coal combustion. Antarctic Ocean (AO) was dominated by biomass burning and local shipping emissions. This finding help elucidate the mechanism of global PAH cycle.
James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Eija Asmi, Aki Virkkula, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Mikko Sipilä, Floortje Van Den Heuvel, Thomas Lachlan-Cope, Anna Jones, Markus Frey, Angelo Lupi, Jiyeon Park, Young Jun Yoon, Rolf Weller, Giselle L. Marincovich, Gabriela C. Mulena, Roy M. Harrison, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1145–1162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1145-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1145-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our results emphasise how understanding the geographical variation in surface types across the Antarctic is key to understanding secondary aerosol sources.
Adam E. Thomas, Hayley S. Glicker, Alex B. Guenther, Roger Seco, Oscar Vega Bustillos, Julio Tota, Rodrigo A. F. Souza, and James N. Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 959–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-959-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present measurements of the organic composition of ultrafine particles collected from the eastern Amazon, an understudied region that is subjected to increasing human influence. We find that while isoprene chemistry is likely significant for ultrafine-particle growth throughout the year, compounds related to other sources, such as biological-spore emissions and biomass burning, exhibit striking seasonal differences, implying extensive variation in regional ultrafine-particle sources.
Xiufeng Lian, Yongjiang Xu, Fengxian Liu, Long Peng, Xiaodong Hu, Guigang Tang, Xu Dao, Hui Guo, Liwei Wang, Bo Huang, Chunlei Cheng, Lei Li, Guohua Zhang, Xinhui Bi, Xiaofei Wang, Zhen Zhou, and Mei Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3469, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3469, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyzed the mixing state and atmospheric chemical processes of Pb-rich single particles in Beijing. Then, we focused on analyzing the differences in Pb-rich particles between the heating period and non-heating period, as well as the formation mechanism of lead nitrate after coal-to-gas conversion. Our results highlighted the improvement of coal-to-gas conversion on Pb in the particulate.
Chiara Giorio, Anne Monod, Valerio Di Marco, Pierre Herckes, Denise Napolitano, Amy Sullivan, Gautier Landrot, Daniel Warnes, Marika Nasti, Sara D'Aronco, Agathe Gérardin, Nicolas Brun, Karine Desboeufs, Sylvain Triquet, Servanne Chevaillier, Claudia Di Biagio, Francesco Battaglia, Frédéric Burnet, Stuart J. Piketh, Andreas Namwoonde, Jean-François Doussin, and Paola Formenti
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4140, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4140, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A comparison between the solubility of trace metals in pairs of total suspended particulate (TSP) and fog water samples collected in Henties Bay, Namibia, during the AEROCLO-sA field campaign is presented. We found enhanced solubility of metals in fog samples which we attributed to metal-ligand complexes formation in the early stages of particle activation into droplets which can then remain in a kinetically stable form in fog or lead to the formation of colloidal nanoparticles.
Xu Yu, Min Zhou, Shuhui Zhu, Liping Qiao, Jinjian Li, Yingge Ma, Zijing Zhang, Kezheng Liao, Hongli Wang, and Jian Zhen Yu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4103, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4103, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Online measurements of bulk aerosol organic nitrogen (ON), in conjunction with a comprehensive array of source markers, have revealed five emission sources and five potentially significant formation processes of nitrogenous organic aerosols. This study provides first quantitative source analysis of ON aerosol and valuable observational evidence on secondary ON aerosol formation through NH3 and NOx chemistries.
Kumiko Goto-Azuma, Yoshimi Ogawa-Tsukagawa, Kaori Fukuda, Koji Fujita, Motohiro Hirabayashi, Remi Dallmayr, Jun Ogata, Nobuhiro Moteki, Tatsuhiro Mori, Sho Ohata, Yutaka Kondo, Makoto Koike, Sumito Matoba, Moe Kadota, Akane Tsushima, Naoko Nagatsuka, and Teruo Aoki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 657–683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-657-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-657-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Monthly ice core records spanning 350 years from Greenland show trends in refractory black carbon (rBC) concentrations and sizes. rBC levels have increased since the 1870s due to the inflow of anthropogenic rBC, with larger diameters than those from biomass burning (BB) rBC. High summer BB rBC peaks may reduce the ice sheet albedo, but BB rBC showed no increase until the early 2000s. These results are vital for validating aerosol and climate models.
Petr Vodička, Kimitaka Kawamura, Bhagawati Kunwar, Lin Huang, Dhananjay K. Deshmukh, Md. Mozammel Haque, Sangeeta Sharma, and Leonard Barrie
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3656, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3656, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonate carbon (CC) is not negligible in Arctic total suspended particles (TSP). If not considered, CC biases the contribution of elemental and organic carbon. CC content in TSP was strongly reflected in the δ13C values of total carbon (TC). Carbon contribution from CaCO3 supports strong dependence of CC and δ13C on Ca. Finally, two hypothetical CC sources were identified based on the analysis of air mass back trajectories – dust resuspension and marine microorganisms.
Mingjie Kang, Mengying Bao, Wenhuai Song, Aduburexiati Abulimiti, Changliu Wu, Fang Cao, Sönke Szidat, and Yanlin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 73–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-73-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-73-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Reports on molecular-level knowledge of high-temporal-resolution particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) on hazy days are limited. We investigated various PM2.5 species and their sources. The results show biomass burning (BB) was the main source of organic carbon. Moreover, BB enhanced fungal spore emissions and secondary aerosol formation. The contribution of non-fossil sources increased with increasing haze pollution, suggesting BB may be an important driver of haze events in winter.
Gregory P. Schill, Karl D. Froyd, Daniel M. Murphy, Christina J. Williamson, Charles A. Brock, Tomás Sherwen, Mat J. Evans, Eric A. Ray, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Alan J. Hills, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea R. Thompson, Ilann Bourgeois, Donald R. Blake, Joshua P. DiGangi, and Glenn S. Diskin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 45–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-45-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-45-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using single-particle mass spectrometry, we show that trace concentrations of bromine and iodine are ubiquitous in remote tropospheric aerosol and suggest that aerosols are an important part of the global reactive iodine budget. Comparisons to a global climate model with detailed iodine chemistry are favorable in the background atmosphere; however, the model cannot replicate our measurements near the ocean surface, in biomass burning plumes, and in the stratosphere.
Capucine Camin, François Lacan, Catherine Pradoux, Marie Labatut, Anne Johansen, and James W. Murray
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3777, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3777, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript presents the chemical composition of aerosols (> 1µm) over the Equatorial and Tropical Pacific Ocean, presenting the first measurements of iron isotopes in aerosols from this region. Iron concentrations and isotopes were determined using a Neptune MC-ICPMS. Our data analysis reveals that a significant portion of the aerosols undergo dissolution and removal during atmospheric transport. These findings contribute to original conclusions about the chemistry and physics of aerosols.
Andreas Aktypis, Dontavious J. Sippial, Christina N. Vasilakopoulou, Angeliki Matrali, Christos Kaltsonoudis, Andrea Simonati, Marco Paglione, Matteo Rinaldi, Stefano Decesari, and Spyros N. Pandis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13769–13791, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13769-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13769-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A dual-chamber system was deployed in two different environments (Po Valley, Italy, and Pertouli forest, Greece) to study the potential of ambient air directly injected into the chambers, to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In the Po Valley, the system reacts rapidly, forming large amounts of SOA, while in Pertouli the SOA formation chemistry appears to have been practically terminated before the beginning of most experiments, so there is little additional SOA formation potential left.
Amna Ijaz, Brice Temime-Roussel, Benjamin Chazeau, Sarah Albertin, Stephen R. Arnold, Brice Barrett, Slimane Bekki, Natalie Brett, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Elsa Dieudonne, Kayane K. Dingilian, Javier G. Fochesatto, Jingqiu Mao, Allison Moon, Joel Savarino, William Simpson, Rodney J. Weber, Kathy S. Law, and Barbara D'Anna
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3789, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3789, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fairbanks is among the most polluted cities with the highest particulate matter (PM) levels in the US during winters. Highly time-resolved measurements of the sub-micron PM elucidated residential heating with wood and oil and hydrocarbon-like organics from traffic, as well as sulphur-containing organic aerosol, to be the key pollution sources. Remarkable differences existed between complementary instruments, warranting the deployment of multiple tools at sites with wide-ranging influences.
Fredrik Mattsson, Almuth Neuberger, Liine Heikkinen, Yvette Gramlich, Marco Paglione, Matteo Rinaldi, Stefano Decesari, Paul Zieger, Ilona Riipinen, and Claudia Mohr
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3629, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated aerosol-cloud interactions, focusing on organic nitrogen (ON) formation in the aqueous phase. Measurements were conducted in wintertime Italian Po Valley, using aerosol mass spectrometry. The fog was enriched in more hygroscopic inorganic compounds and ON, containing e.g. imidazoles. The formation of imidazole by aerosol-fog interactions could be confirmed for the first time in atmospheric observations. Findings highlight the role of fog in nitrogen aerosol formation.
Jie Zhang, Tianyu Zhu, Alexandra Catena, Yaowei Li, Margaret J. Schwab, Pengfei Liu, Akua Asa-Awuku, and James Schwab
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13445–13456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the derived organic aerosol hygroscopicity under high-humidity conditions based on a simple optical scatter monitor system, including two nephelometric monitors (pDR-1500), when the aerosol chemical composition is already known.
Wei Yuan, Ru-Jin Huang, Chao Luo, Lu Yang, Wenjuan Cao, Jie Guo, and Huinan Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13219–13230, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized water-soluble oxidative potential (OP) levels in wintertime PM2.5 in the south and north of Beijing. Our results show that the volume-normalized dithiothreitol (DTTv) in the north was comparable to that in the south, while the mass-normalized dithiothreitol (DTTm) in the north was almost twice that in the south. Traffic-related emissions and biomass burning were the main sources of DTTv in the south, and traffic-related emissions contributed the most to DTTv in the north.
Mingfu Cai, Chenshuo Ye, Bin Yuan, Shan Huang, E Zheng, Suxia Yang, Zelong Wang, Yi Lin, Tiange Li, Weiwei Hu, Wei Chen, Qicong Song, Wei Li, Yuwen Peng, Baoling Liang, Qibin Sun, Jun Zhao, Duohong Chen, Jiaren Sun, Zhiyong Yang, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13065–13079, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13065-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13065-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the daytime secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in urban plumes. We observed a significant daytime SOA formation through gas–particle partitioning when the site was affected by urban plumes. A box model simulation indicated that urban pollutants (nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds) could enhance the oxidizing capacity, while the elevated volatile organic compounds were mainly responsible for promoting daytime SOA formation.
Cited articles
Abas, M. R. B. and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Composition of extractable organic matter of air particles from Malaysia: Initial study, Atmos. Environ., 30, 2779–2793, 1996.
Abdullah, A. M., Abu Samah, M. A., and Jun, T. Y.: An Overview of the Air Pollution Trend in Klang Valley, Malaysia, Open Environ. J., 6, 13–19, https://doi.org/10.2174/1876325101206010013, 2012.
Afroz, R., Hassan, M. N., and Ibrahim, N. A.: Review of air pollution and health impacts in Malaysia, Environ. Res., 92, 71–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(02)00059-2, 2003.
Aldabe, J., Elustondo, D., Santamaría, C., Lasheras, E., Pandolfi, M., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., and Santamaría, J. M.: Chemical characterisation and source apportionment of PM2.5 and PM10 at rural, urban and traffic sites in Navarra (North of Spain), Atmos. Res., 102, 191–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.07.003, 2011.
Almeida, S. M., Pio, C. A., Freitas, M. C., Reis, M. A., and Trancoso, M. A.: Source apportionment of fine and coarse particulate matter in a sub-urban area at the Western European Coast, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3127–3138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.01.048, 2005.
Almeida, S. M., Pio, C. A., Freitas, M. C., Reis, M. A., and Trancoso, M. A.: Approaching PM2.5 and PM2.5 – 10 source apportionment by mass balance analysis, principal component analysis and particle size distribution, Sci. Total Environ., 368, 663–674, 2006.
Amil, N., Latif, M., and Khan, M.: Characterization and Source Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter during 2011 Haze Episode in UKM Bangi, Malaysia, in: From Sources to Solution, edited by: Aris, A. Z., Tengku Ismail, T. H., Harun, R., Abdullah, A. M., and Ishak, M. Y., Springer Singapore, 363–367, 2014.
Awang, M. B., Jaafar, A. B., Abdullah, A. M., Ismail, M. B., Hassan, M. N., Abdullah, R., Johan, S., and Noor, H.: Air quality in Malaysia: Impacts, management issues and future challenges, Respirology, 5, 183–196, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2000.00248.x, 2000.
Azmi, S. Z., Latif, M. T., Ismail, A. S., Juneng, L., and Jemain, A. A.: Trend and status of air quality at three different monitoring stations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, Air Qual. Atmos. Health, 3, 53–64, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-009-0051-1, 2010.
Balakrishnaiah, G., Wei, H., Chun-Nan, L., Amit, A., Chuen-Jinn, T., Gwo-Dong, R., Yue-Chuen, W., and Chung-Fang, C.: Source Characterization and Apportionment of PM10, PM2.5 and PM0.1 by Using Positive Matrix Factorization, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 12, 476–491, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.04.0084, 2012.
Balasubramanian, R., Qian, W. B., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., and Fuzzi, S.: Comprehensive characterization of PM2.5 aerosols in Singapore, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4523, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002517, 2003.
Beckerman, B., Jerrett, M., Brook, J. R., Verma, D. K., Arain, M. A., and Finkelstein, M. M.: Correlation of nitrogen dioxide with other traffic pollutants near a major expressway, Atmos. Environ., 42, 275–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.042, 2008.
Begum, B. A., Kim, E., Biswas, S. K., and Hopke, P. K.: Investigation of sources of atmospheric aerosol at urban and semi-urban areas in Bangladesh, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3025–3038, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.042, 2004.
Bressi, M., Sciare, J., Ghersi, V., Bonnaire, N., Nicolas, J. B., Petit, J.-E., Moukhtar, S., Rosso, A., Mihalopoulos, N., and Féron, A.: A one-year comprehensive chemical characterisation of fine aerosol (PM2.5) at urban, suburban and rural background sites in the region of Paris (France), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7825–7844, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7825-2013, 2013.
Cesari, D., Contini, D., Genga, A., Siciliano, M., Elefante, C., Baglivi, F., and Daniele, L.: Analysis of raw soils and their re-suspended PM10 fractions: Characterisation of source profiles and enrichment factors, Appl. Geochem., 27, 1238–1246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.02.029, 2012.
Chang, D., Song, Y., and Liu, B.: Visibility trends in six megacities in China 1973–2007, Atmos. Res., 94, 161–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.05.006, 2009.
Cheng, Y., Lee, S. C., Ho, K. F., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Louie, P. K. K., Cao, J. J., and Hai, X.: Chemically-speciated on-road PM2.5 motor vehicle emission factors in Hong Kong, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 1621–1627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.061, 2010.
Cohen, D. D., Garton, D., Stelcer, E., Hawas, O., Wang, T., Poon, S., Kim, J., Choi, B. C., Oh, S. N., Shin, H. J., Ko, M. Y., and Uematsu, M.: Multielemental analysis and characterization of fine aerosols at several key ACE-Asia sites, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, 11–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003569, 2004.
Contini, D., Cesari, D., Donateo, A., Chirizzi, D., and Belosi, F.: Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and Their Metals Content in Different Typologies of Sites in South-Eastern Italy, Atmosphere, 5, 435–453, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos5020435, 2014.
Diederen, H. S. M. A., Guicherit, R., and HolLonder, J. C. T.: Visibility reduction by air pollution in The Netherlands, Atmos. Environ., 19, 377–383, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90105-2, 1985.
Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., and Speizer, F. E.: An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six US Cities, New Engl. J. Med., 329, 1753–1759, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199312093292401, 1993.
Dongarrà, G., Manno, E., Varrica, D., Lombardo, M., and Vultaggio, M.: Study on ambient concentrations of PM10, PM10–2.5, PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants. Trace elements and chemical speciation of atmospheric particulates, Atmos. Environ., 44, 5244–5257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.041, 2010.
Doumbia, E. H. T., Liousse, C., Galy-Lacaux, C., Ndiaye, S. A., Diop, B., Ouafo, M., Assamoi, E. M., Gardrat, E., Castera, P., Rosset, R., Akpo, A., and Sigha, L.: Real time black carbon measurements in West and Central Africa urban sites, Atmos. Environ., 54, 529–537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.005, 2012.
Doyle, M. and Dorling, S.: Visibility trends in the UK 1950–1997, Atmos. Environ., 36, 3161–3172 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00248-0, 2002.
Eatough, D. J., Long, R. W., Modey, W. K., and Eatough, N. L.: Semi-volatile secondary organic aerosol in urban atmospheres: meeting a measurement challenge, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1277–1292, 2003.
Eatough, D. J., Anderson, R. R., Martello, D. V., Modey, W. K., and Mangelson, N. F.: Apportionment of Ambient Primary and Secondary PM2.5 During a 2001 Summer Intensive Study at the NETL Pittsburgh Site Using PMF2 and EPA UNMIX, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 925–940, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820600796616, 2006.
Echalar, F., Gaudichet, A., Cachier, H., and Artaxo, P.: Aerosol emissions by tropical forest and savanna biomass burning: Characteristic trace elements and fluxes, Geophy. Res. Lett., 22, 3039–3042, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL03170, 1995.
Ee-Ling, O., Mustaffa, N. I., Amil, N., Khan, M. F., and Latif, M. T.: Source Contribution of PM2.5 at Different Locations on the Malaysian Peninsula, B. Environ. Contam. Tox., 94, 537–542, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1477-9, 2015.
European Commission: Air Quality Standards: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm, last access: 2 June 2015.
Ewen, C., Anagnostopoulou, M., and Ward, N.: Monitoring of heavy metal levels in roadside dusts of Thessaloniki, Greece in relation to motor vehicle traffic density and flow, Environ. Monit. Assess., 157, 483–498, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0550-9, 2009.
Fang, G.-C., Chang, C.-N., Chu, C.-C., Wu, Y.-S., Fu, P. P.-C., Yang, I. L., and Chen, M.-H.: Characterization of particulate, metallic elements of TSP, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 aerosols at a farm sampling site in Taiwan, Taichung, Sci. Total Environ., 308, 157–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00648-4, 2003.
Farao, C., Canepari, S., Perrino, C., and Harrison, R. M.: Sources of PM in an Industrial Area: Comparison between Receptor Model Results and Semiempirical Calculations of Source Contributions, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 14, 1558–1572, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.08.0281, 2014.
Favez, O., El Haddad, I., Piot, C., Boréave, A., Abidi, E., Marchand, N., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Besombes, J.-L., Personnaz, M.-B., Sciare, J., Wortham, H., George, C., and D'Anna, B.: Inter-comparison of source apportionment models for the estimation of wood burning aerosols during wintertime in an Alpine city (Grenoble, France), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5295–5314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5295-2010, 2010.
Fuzzi, S., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K., Decesari, S., Denier van der Gon, H., Facchini, M. C., Fowler, D., Koren, I., Langford, B., Lohmann, U., Nemitz, E., Pandis, S., Riipinen, I., Rudich, Y., Schaap, M., Slowik, J. G., Spracklen, D. V., Vignati, E., Wild, M., Williams, M., and Gilardoni, S.: Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8217–8299, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8217-2015, 2015.
Gehrig, R. and Buchmann, B.: Characterising seasonal variations and spatial distribution of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations based on long-term Swiss monitoring data, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2571–2580, 2003.
Gibson, M. D., Pierce, J. R., Waugh, D., Kuchta, J. S., Chisholm, L., Duck, T. J., Hopper, J. T., Beauchamp, S., King, G. H., Franklin, J. E., Leaitch, W. R., Wheeler, A. J., Li, Z., Gagnon, G. A., and Palmer, P. I.: Identifying the sources driving observed PM2.5 temporal variability over Halifax, Nova Scotia, during BORTAS-B, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7199–7213, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7199-2013, 2013.
Gomišček, B., Hauck, H., Stopper, S., and Preining, O.: Spatial and temporal variations of PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and particle number concentration during the AUPHEP-project, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3917–3934, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.056, 2004.
Grossi, C. M. and Brimblecombe, P.: The effect of atmospheric pollution on building materials, J. Phys. IV, 12, 197–210, 2002.
Gugamsetty, B., Wei, H., Liu, C.-N., Awasthi, A., Tsai, C.-J., Roam, G.-D., Wu, Y.-C., and Chen, C.-F.: Source Characterization and Apportionment of PM10, PM2.5 and PM0.1 by Using Positive Matrix Factorization, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 12, 476–491, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.04.0084, 2012.
Halonen, J.: Acute Cardiorespiratory Health Effects of Size-Segregated Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Ozone, PhD Faculty of Medicine University of Kuopio, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland, 174 pp., 2009.
Han, Y. M., Cao, J. J., Jin, Z. D., and An, Z. S.: Elemental composition of aerosols in Daihai, a rural area in the front boundary of the summer Asian monsoon, Atmos. Res., 92, 229–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.031, 2009.
Harrison, R. M., Smith, D. J. T., and Luhana, L.: Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Collected from an Urban Location in Birmingham, UK, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 825–832, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950252d, 1996.
Harrison, R. M., Jones, A. M., and Lawrence, R. G.: A pragmatic mass closure model for airborne particulate matter at urban background and roadside sites, Atmos. Environ., 37, 4927–4933, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.025, 2003.
He, K., Zhao, Q., Ma, Y., Duan, F., Yang, F., Shi, Z., and Chen, G.: Spatial and seasonal variability of PM2.5 acidity at two Chinese megacities: insights into the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1377–1395, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1377-2012, 2012.
Heal, M. R., Hibbs, L. R., Agius, R. M., and Beverland, I. J.: Interpretation of variations in fine, coarse and black smoke particulate matter concentrations in a northern European city, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3711–3718, 2005.
Hellebust, S., Allanic, A., O'Connor, I. P., Wenger, J. C., and Sodeau, J. R.: The use of real-time monitoring data to evaluate major sources of airborne particulate matter, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1116–1125, 2010.
Hellén, H., Hakola, H., and Laurila, T.: Determination of source contributions of NMHCs in Helsinki (60° N, 25° E) using chemical mass balance and the Unmix multivariate receptor models, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1413–1424, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01049-X, 2003.
Heo, J.-B., Hopke, P. K., and Yi, S.-M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4957–4971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4957-2009, 2009.
Ho, K. F., Cao, J. J., Lee, S. C., and Chan, C. K.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 in urban area of Hong Kong, J. Hazard. Mater., 138, 73–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.047, 2006.
Hopke, P. K. and Song, X.-H.: The chemical mass balance as a multivariate calibration problem, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 37, 5–14, 1997.
Hopke, P. K., Ito, K., Mar, T., Christensen, W. F., Eatough, D. J., Henry, R. C., Kim, E., Laden, F., Lall, R., Larson, T. V., Liu, H., Neas, L., Pinto, J., Stolzel, M., Suh, H., Paatero, P., and Thurston, G. D.: PM source apportionment and health effects: 1. Intercomparison of source apportionment results, J. Expo. Sci. Env. Epid., 16, 275–286, https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500458, 2006.
Hopke, P. K., Cohen, D. D., Begum, B. A., Biswas, S. K., Ni, B., Pandit, G. G., Santoso, M., Chung, Y.-S., Davy, P., Markwitz, A., Waheed, S., Siddique, N., Santos, F. L., Pabroa, P. C. B., Seneviratne, M. C. S., Wimolwattanapun, W., Bunprapob, S., Vuong, T. B., Duy Hien, P., and Markowicz, A.: Urban air quality in the Asian region, Sci. Total Environ., 404, 103–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.039, 2008.
Huang, B., Liu, M., Ren, Z., Bi, X., Zhang, G., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.: Chemical composition, diurnal variation and sources of PM2.5 at two industrial sites of South China, Atmospolres, 4, 298–305, https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2013.033, 2013.
Hyslop, N. P.: Impaired visibility: the air pollution people see, Atmos. Environ., 43, 182–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.067, 2009.
Jacobson, M. Z.: Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4410, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001376, 2002.
Jiang, S. Y. N., Yang, F., Chan, K. L., and Ning, Z.: Water solubility of metals in coarse PM and PM2.5 in typical urban environment in Hong Kong, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 5, 236–244, https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.029, 2014.
Juneng, L., Latif, M. T., Tangang, F. T., and Mansor, H.: Spatio-temporal characteristics of PM10 concentration across Malaysia, Atmos. Environ., 43, 4584–4594, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.018, 2009.
Juneng, L., Latif, M. T., and Tangang, F.: Factors influencing the variations of PM10 aerosol dust in Klang Valley, Malaysia during the summer, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4370–4378, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.045, 2011.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 437–471, 1996.
Karthikeyan, S. and Balasubramanian, R.: Determination of water-soluble inorganic and organic species in atmospheric fine particulate matter, Microchem. J., 82, 49–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2005.07.003, 2006.
Katsouyanni, K., Touloumi, G., Spix, C., Schwartz, J., Balducci, F., Medina, S., Rossi, G., Wojtyniak, B., Sunyer, J., Bacharova, L., Schouten, J. P., Ponka, A., and Anderson, H. R.: Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: results from time series data from the APHEA project, BMJ, 314, 1658, 1997.
Keywood, M. D., Ayers, G. P., Gras, J. L., Boers, C. P., and Leong: Haze in the Klang Valley of Malaysia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 591–605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-591-2003, 2003.
Khan, M. F., Hirano, K., and Masunaga, S.: Quantifying the sources of hazardous elements of suspended particulate matter aerosol collected in Yokohama, Japan, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2646–2657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.040, 2010a.
Khan, M. F., Shirasuna, Y., Hirano, K., and Masunaga, S.: Characterization of PM2.5, PM2.5–10 and PM10 in ambient air, Yokohama, Japan, Atmos. Res., 96, 159–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.12.009, 2010b.
Khan, M. F., Latif, M. T., Juneng, L., Amil, N., Nadzir, M. S. M., and Syedul Hoque, H. M.: Physicochemical factors and sources of PM10 at residential-urban environment in Kuala Lumpur, J. Air Waste Manage., 65, 958–969, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2015.1042094, 2015a.
Khan, M. F., Latif, M. T., Lim, C. H., Amil, N., Jaafar, S. A., Dominick, D., Mohd Nadzir, M. S., Sahani, M., and Tahir, N. M.: Seasonal effect and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5, Atmos. Environ., 106, 178–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.077, 2015b.
Khan, M. F., Latif, M. T., Saw, W. H., Amil, N., Nadzir, M. S. M., Sahani, M., Tahir, N. M., and Chung, J. X.: Fine particulate matter in the tropical environment: monsoonal effects, source apportionment, and health risk assessment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 597–617, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-597-2016, 2016.
Kim, E. and Hopke, P. K.: Source characterization of ambient fine particles at multiple sites in the Seattle area, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6047–6056, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.032, 2008.
Kim Oanh, N. T., Upadhyay, N., Zhuang, Y. H., Hao, Z. P., Murthy, D. V. S., Lestari, P., Villarin, J. T., Chengchua, K., Co, H. X., Dung, N. T., and Lindgren, E. S.: Particulate air pollution in six Asian cities: Spatial and temporal distributions, and associated sources, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3367–3380, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.050, 2006.
Koçak, M., Theodosi, C., Zarmpas, P., Im, U., Bougiatioti, A., Yenigun, O., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Particulate matter (PM10) in Istanbul: Origin, source areas and potential impact on surrounding regions, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6891–6900, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.007, 2011.
Kowalczyk, G. S., Gordon, G. E., and Rheingrover, S. W.: Identification of atmospheric particulate sources in Washington, D.C. using chemical element balances, Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 79–90, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00096a005, 1982.
Krewski, D., Jerrett, M., Burnett, R. T., Ma, R., Hughes, E., Shi, Y., Turner, M. C., Pope III , C. A., Thurston, G., Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Beckerman, B., DeLuca, P., Finkelstein, N., Ito, K., Moore, D. K., Newbold, K. B., Ramsay, T., Ross, Z., Shin, H., and Tempalski, B.: Extended follow-up and spatial analysis of the American Cancer Society study linking particulate air pollution and mortality, HEI Research Report 140, Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA, 5–114, 115–136, 2009.
Kuo, Y.-M., Hung, H.-F., and Yang, T.-T.: Chemical Compositions of PM2.5 in Residential Homes of Southern Taiwan, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 7, 403–416, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2007.02.0009, 2007.
Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., and Schwartz, J.: Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six US cities, Environ. Health Persp., 108, 941–947, 2000.
Lanki, T., de Hartog, J. J., Heinrich, J., Hoek, G., Janssen, N. A. H., Peters, A., Stölzel, M., Timonen, K. L., Vallius, M., Vanninen, E., and Pekkanen, J.: Can we identify sources of fine particles respnsible for exercise-induced ischemia on days with elevated air pollution? The ULTRA study, Environ. Health Persp., 114, 655–660, 2006.
Lanz, V. A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Alfarra, M. R., Weimer, S., Mohr, C., DeCarlo, P. F., Gianini, M. F. D., Hueglin, C., Schneider, J., Favez, O., D'Anna, B., George, C., and Baltensperger, U.: Characterization of aerosol chemical composition with aerosol mass spectrometry in Central Europe: an overview, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10453–10471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10453-2010, 2010.
Lawson, D. R. and Winchester, J. W.: A standard crustal aerosol as a reference for elemental enrichment factors, Atmos. Environ., 13, 925–930, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(79)90003-9, 1979.
Lestari, P. and Mauliadi, Y. D.: Source apportionment of particulate matter at urban mixed site in Indonesia using PMF, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1760–1770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.044, 2009.
Louie, P. K. K., Chow, J. C., Chen, L. W. A., Watson, J. G., Leung, G., and Sin, D. W. M.: PM2.5 chemical composition in Hong Kong: urban and regional variations, Sci. Total Environ., 338, 267–281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.07.021, 2005.
Mallet, M., Dulac, F., Formenti, P., Nabat, P., Sciare, J., Roberts, G., Pelon, J., Ancellet, G., Tanré, D., Parol, F., Denjean, C., Brogniez, G., di Sarra, A., Alados-Arboledas, L., Arndt, J., Auriol, F., Blarel, L., Bourrianne, T., Chazette, P., Chevaillier, S., Claeys, M., D'Anna, B., Derimian, Y., Desboeufs, K., Di Iorio, T., Doussin, J.-F., Durand, P., Féron, A., Freney, E., Gaimoz, C., Goloub, P., Gómez-Amo, J. L., Granados-Muñoz, M. J., Grand, N., Hamonou, E., Jankowiak, I., Jeannot, M., Léon, J.-F., Maillé, M., Mailler, S., Meloni, D., Menut, L., Momboisse, G., Nicolas, J., Podvin, T., Pont, V., Rea, G., Renard, J.-B., Roblou, L., Schepanski, K., Schwarzenboeck, A., Sellegri, K., Sicard, M., Solmon, F., Somot, S., Torres, B., Totems, J., Triquet, S., Verdier, N., Verwaerde, C., Waquet, F., Wenger, J., and Zapf, P.: Overview of the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment/Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing on the Mediterranean Climate (ChArMEx/ADRIMED) summer 2013 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 455–504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-455-2016, 2016.
Megaritis, A. G., Fountoukis, C., Charalampidis, P. E., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Pilinis, C., and Pandis, S. N.: Linking climate and air quality over Europe: effects of meteorology on PM2.5 concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10283–10298, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10283-2014, 2014.
METMalaysia: General Climate of Malaysia: http://www.met.gov.my/en/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateofmalaysia (last access: 1 July 2015), 2013.
Meyer, N. K.: Particulate, black carbon and organic emissions from small-scale residential wood combustion appliances in Switzerland, Biomass. Bioenerg., 36, 31–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.09.023, 2012.
Ministry of Works: Road Traffic Volume Malaysia Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), Selangor, Malaysia, 2011.
Moldanová, J., Fridell, E., Winnes, H., Holmin-Fridell, S., Boman, J., Jedynska, A., Tishkova, V., Demirdjian, B., Joulie, S., Bladt, H., Ivleva, N. P., and Niessner, R.: Physical and chemical characterisation of PM emissions from two ships operating in European Emission Control Areas, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3577–3596, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3577-2013, 2013.
Mooibroek, D., Schaap, M., Weijers, E. P., and Hoogerbrugge, R.: Source apportionment and spatial variability of PM2.5 using measurements at five sites in the Netherlands, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4180–4191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.017, 2011.
Mueller, D., Uibel, S., Takemura, M., Klingelhoefer, D., and Groneberg, D.: Ships, ports and particulate air pollution – an analysis of recent studies, J. Occup. Med. Toxicol., 6, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-6-31, 2011.
Mustaffa, N. I., Latif, M. T., Ali, M. M., and Khan, M. F.: Source apportionment of surfactants in marine aerosols at different locations along the Malacca Straits, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21, 6590–6602, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2562-z, 2014.
NOAA: NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1: Pressure: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.pressure.html, last access: 3 March 2015.
Norela, S., Saidah, M. S., and Mastura, M.: Chemical composition of the haze in Malaysia 2005, Atmos. Environ., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.024, 2013.
Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Analysis of different modes of factor analysis as least squares fit problems, Chemometer. Intell. Lab., 18, 183–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7439(93)80055-M, 1993.
Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive Matrix Factorization – A Nonnegative Factor Model With Optimal Utilization of Error – Estimates of Data Values, Environmetrics, 5, 111–126, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203, 1994.
Paatero, P., Eberly, S., Brown, S. G., and Norris, G. A.: Methods for estimating uncertainty in factor analytic solutions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 781–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-781-2014, 2014.
Pachauri, T., Satsangi, A., Singla, V., Lakhani, A., and Kumari, K. M.: Characteristics and Sources of Carbonaceous Aerosols in PM2.5 during Wintertime in Agra, India, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 977–991, 2013.
Park, S. S., Kim, Y. J., and Fung, K.: PM2.5 carbon measurements in two urban areas: Seoul and Kwangju, Korea, Atmos. Environ., 36, 1287–1297, 2002.
Pastuszka, J., Rogula-Kozlowska, W., and Zajusz-Zubek, E.: Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and associated heavy metals at the crossroads and urban background site in Zabrze, Upper Silesia, Poland, during the smog episodes, Environ. Monit. Assess., 168, 613–627, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1138-8, 2010.
Pey, J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Rodríguez, S., Putaud, J. P., and Van Dingenen, R.: Source apportionment of urban fine and ultra-fine particle number concentration in a Western Mediterranean city, Atmos. Environ., 43, 4407–4415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.024, 2009.
Pope III, C. A.: Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: Biologic mechanisms and who's at risk?, Environ. Health Persp., 108, 713–723, 2000.
Pope III, C. A. and Dockery, D. W.: Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect, J. Air Waste Manage., 56, 709–742, 2006.
Querol, X., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., Amato, F., Moreno, T., Castillo, S., Pey, J., de la Rosa, J., Sánchez de la Campa, A., Artíñano, B., Salvador, P., García Dos Santos, S., Fernández-Patier, R., Moreno-Grau, S., Negral, L., Minguillón, M. C., Monfort, E., Gil, J. I., Inza, A., Ortega, L. A., Santamaría, J. M., and Zabalza, J.: Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7219–7231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.022, 2007.
Querol, X., Pey, J., Minguillón, M. C., Pérez, N., Alastuey, A., Viana, M., Moreno, T., Bernabé, R. M., Blanco, S., Cárdenas, B., Vega, E., Sosa, G., Escalona, S., Ruiz, H., and Artíñano, B.: PM speciation and sources in Mexico during the MILAGRO-2006 Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 111–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-111-2008, 2008.
Rahman, S. A., Hamzah, M. S., Wood, A. K., Elias, M. S., Adullah Salim, N. A., and Sanuri, E.: Sources apportionment of fine and coarse aerosol in Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur using positive matrix factorization, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 2, 197–206, https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2011.025, 2011.
Rashid, M. and Griffiths, R. F.: Trends of atmospheric fine and coarse particulates in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1986–1990), Environ. Technol., 16, 25–34, 1995.
Reche, C., Viana, M., Amato, F., Alastuey, A., Moreno, T., Hillamo, R., Teinilä, K., Saarnio, K., Seco, R., Peñuelas, J., Mohr, C., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Querol, X.: Biomass burning contributions to urban aerosols in a coastal Mediterranean City, Sci. Total Environ., 427, 175–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.012, 2012.
Reid, J. S., Hyer, E. J., Johnson, R. S., Holben, B. N., Yokelson, R. J., Zhang, J., Campbell, J. R., Christopher, S. A., Di Girolamo, L., Giglio, L., Holz, R. E., Kearney, C., Miettinen, J., Reid, E. A., Turk, F. J., Wang, J., Xian, P., Zhao, G., Balasubramanian, R., Chew, B. N., Janjai, S., Lagrosas, N., Lestari, P., Lin, N.-H., Mahmud, M., Nguyen, A. X., Norris, B., Oanh, N. T. K., Oo, M., Salinas, S. V., Welton, E. J., and Liew, S. C.: Observing and understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: An initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program, Atmos. Res., 122, 403–468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.005, 2013.
Reisen, F., Meyer, C. P., and Keywood, M. D.: Impact of biomass burning sources on seasonal aerosol air quality, Atmos. Environ., 67, 437–447, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.004, 2013.
Remoundaki, E., Kassomenos, P., Mantas, E., Mihalopoulos, N., and Tsezos, M.: Composition and Mass Closure of PM2.5 in Urban Environment (Athens, Greece), Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 72–82, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.03.0054, 2013.
Rengarajan, R., Sudheer, A. K., and Sarin, M. M.: Wintertime PM2.5 and PM10 carbonaceous and inorganic constituents from urban site in western India, Atmos. Res., 102, 420–431, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.09.005, 2011.
Richard, A., Gianini, M. F. D., Mohr, C., Furger, M., Bukowiecki, N., Minguillón, M. C., Lienemann, P., Flechsig, U., Appel, K., DeCarlo, P. F., Heringa, M. F., Chirico, R., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Source apportionment of size and time resolved trace elements and organic aerosols from an urban courtyard site in Switzerland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8945–8963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8945-2011, 2011.
Richmond-Bryant, J., Saganich, C., Bukiewicz, L., and Kalin, R.: Associations of PM2.5 and black carbon concentrations with traffic, idling, background pollution, and meteorology during school dismissals, Sci. Total Environ., 407, 3357–3364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.046, 2009.
Ross, Z., Ito, K., Johnson, S., Yee, M., Pezeshki, G., Clougherty, J. E., Savitz, D., and Matte, T.: Spatial and temporal estimation of air pollutants in New York City: exposure assignment for use in a birth outcomes study, Environ. Health, 12, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-12-51, 2013.
Ruuskanen, J., Tuch, T., Ten Brink, H., Peters, A., Khlystov, A., Mirme, A., Kos, G. P. A., Brunekreef, B., Wichmann, H. E., Buzorius, G., Vallius, M., Kreyling, W. G., and Pekkanen, J.: Concentrations of ultrafine, fine and PM2.5 particles in three European cities, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3729–3738, 2001.
Sánchez de la Campa, A. M., de la Rosa, J. D., Sánchez-Rodas, D., Oliveira, V., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., and Gómez Ariza, J. L.: Arsenic speciation study of PM2.5 in an urban area near a copper smelter, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6487–6495, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.016, 2008.
Santoso, M., Hopke, P. K., Hidayat, A., and Diah Dwiana, L.: Sources identification of the atmospheric aerosol at urban and suburban sites in Indonesia by positive matrix factorization, Sci. Total Environ., 397, 229–237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.057, 2008.
Schwartz, J., Dockery, D. W., and Neas, L. M.: Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles?, J. Air Waste Manage., 46, 927–939, 1996.
Song, C. H. and Carmichael, G. R.: The aging process of naturally emitted aerosol (sea-salt and mineral aerosol) during long range transport, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2203–2218, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00301-X, 1999.
Song, Y., Xie, S., Zhang, Y., Zeng, L., Salmon, L. G., and Zheng, M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing using principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores and UNMIX, Sci. Total Environ., 372, 278–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.041, 2006.
Speer, R. E., Barnes, H. M., and Brown, R.: An instrument for measuring the liquid water content of aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 27, 50–61, 1997.
Squizzato, S., Masiol, M., Brunelli, A., Pistollato, S., Tarabotti, E., Rampazzo, G., and Pavoni, B.: Factors determining the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol: a case study in the Po Valley (Italy), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1927–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1927-2013, 2013.
Srimuruganandam, B. and Shiva Nagendra, S. M.: Source characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 mass using a chemical mass balance model at urban roadside, Sci. Total Environ., 433, 8–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.082, 2012a.
Srimuruganandam, B. and Shiva Nagendra, S. M.: Application of positive matrix factorization in characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 emission sources at urban roadside, Chemosphere, 88, 120–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.083, 2012b.
Stortini, A. M., Freda, A., Cesari, D., Cairns, W. R. L., Contini, D., Barbante, C., Prodi, F., Cescon, P., and Gambaro, A.: An evaluation of the PM2.5 trace elemental composition in the Venice Lagoon area and an analysis of the possible sources, Atmos. Environ., 43, 6296–6304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09.033, 2009.
Tagaris, E., Liao, K.-J., DeLucia, A. J., Deck, L., Amar, P., and Russell, A. G.: Potential Impact of Climate Change on Air Pollution-Related Human Health Effects, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4979–4988, https://doi.org/10.1021/es803650w, 2009.
Tahir, N. M., Koh, M., and Suratman, S.: PM2.5 and associated ionic species in a sub-urban coastal area of Kuala Terengganu, Southern South China Sea (Malaysia), Sains Malays., 42, 1065–1072, 2013a.
Tahir, N. M., Suratman, S., Fong, F. T., Hamzah, M. S., and Latif, M. T.: Temporal Distribution and Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Particulate Matter in the Eastern Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 584–595, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.08.0216, 2013b.
Tai, A. P. K., Mickley, L. J., and Jacob, D. J.: Correlations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and meteorological variables in the United States: Implications for the sensitivity of PM2.5 to climate change, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3976–3984, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.060, 2010.
Tai, A. P. K., Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Leibensperger, E. M., Zhang, L., Fisher, J. A., and Pye, H. O. T.: Meteorological modes of variability for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality in the United States: implications for PM2.5 sensitivity to climate change, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3131–3145, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3131-2012, 2012.
Thurston, G. D., Ito, K., and Lall, R.: A source apportionment of US fine particulate matter air pollution, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3924–3936, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.070, 2011.
USEPA: National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS): http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html, last access: 30 April 2015.
Vallius, M., Ruuskanen, J., and Pekkanen, J.: Comparison of multivariate source apportionment of urban PM2. 5 with chemical mass closure, Boreal Environ. Res., 13, 347–358, 2008.
Vecchi, R., Chiari, M., D'Alessandro, A., Fermo, P., Lucarelli, F., Mazzei, F., Nava, S., Piazzalunga, A., Prati, P., Silvani, F., and Valli, G.: A mass closure and PMF source apportionment study on the sub-micron sized aerosol fraction at urban sites in Italy, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2240–2253, 2008.
Viana, M., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Harrison, R. M., Hopke, P. K., Winiwarter, W., Vallius, M., Szidat, S., Prévôt, A. S. H., Hueglin, C., Bloemen, H., Wåhlin, P., Vecchi, R., Miranda, A. I., Kasper-Giebl, A., Maenhaut, W., and Hitzenberger, R.: Source apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: A review of methods and results, J. Aerosol Sci., 39, 827–849, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.05.007, 2008.
Vieno, M., Heal, M. R., Hallsworth, S., Famulari, D., Doherty, R. M., Dore, A. J., Tang, Y. S., Braban, C. F., Leaver, D., Sutton, M. A., and Reis, S.: The role of long-range transport and domestic emissions in determining atmospheric secondary inorganic particle concentrations across the UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8435–8447, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8435-2014, 2014.
Viidanoja, J., Sillanpää, M., Laakia, J., Kerminen, V.-M., Hillamo, R., Aarnio, P., and Koskentalo, T.: Organic and black carbon in PM2.5 and PM10: 1 year of data from an urban site in Helsinki, Finland, Atmos. Environ., 36, 3183–3193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00205-4, 2002.
Wagstrom, K. M. and Pandis, S. N.: Source–receptor relationships for fine particulate matter concentrations in the Eastern United States, Atmos. Environ., 45, 347–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.019, 2011.
Wahid, N. B. A., Latif, M. T., and Suratman, S.: Composition and source apportionment of surfactants in atmospheric aerosols of urban and semi-urban areas in Malaysia, Chemosphere, 91, 1508–1516, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.029, 2013.
Wåhlin, P., Berkowicz, R., and Palmgren, F.: Characterisation of traffic-generated particulate matter in Copenhagen, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2151–2159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.049, 2006.
Wang, Y., Zhuang, G., Sun, Y., and An, Z.: Water-soluble part of the aerosol in the dust storm season-evidence of the mixing between mineral and pollution aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7020–7029, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.005, 2005.
Watson, J. G.: Visibility: Science and Regulation, J. Air Waste Manage., 52, 628–713, 2002.
Watson, J. G. and Chow, J. C.: Source characterization of major emission sources in the Imperial and Mexicali Valleys along the US/Mexico border, Sci. Total Environ., 276, 33–47, 2001.
Watson, J. G., Zhu, T., Chow, J. C., Engelbrecht, J., Fujita, E. M., and Wilson, W. E.: Receptor modeling application framework for particle source apportionment, Chemosphere, 49, 1093–1136, 2002.
WHO: WHO Air Quality Guidelines Global Updates 2005: Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006.
WHO: Health Effects of Particulate Matter, WHO Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Marmorvej 51, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, 2013.
Wiwolwattanapun, W., Hopke, P. K., and Pongkiatkul, P.: Source Apportionment and Potential Source Locations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-PM10 at Residential Sites in Metropolitan Bangkok, APR, 2, 172–181, https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2011.022, 2011.
Ye, B., Ji, X., Yang, H., Yao, X., Chan, C. K., Cadle, S. H., Chan, T., and Mulawa, P. A.: Concentration and chemical composition of PM2.5 in Shanghai for a 1-year period, Atmos. Environ., 37, 499–510, 2003.
Yin, J., Allen, A. G., Harrison, R. M., Jennings, S. G., Wright, E., Fitzpatrick, M., Healy, T., Barry, E., Ceburnis, D., and McCusker, D.: Major component composition of urban PM10 and PM2.5 in Ireland, Atmos. Res., 78, 149–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.03.006, 2005.
Yin, J., Harrison, R. M., Chen, Q., Rutter, A., and Schauer, J. J.: Source apportionment of fine particles at urban background and rural sites in the UK atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 44, 841–851, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.11.026, 2010.
Yu, L., Wang, G., Zhang, R., Zhang, L., Song, Y., Wu, B., Li, X., An, K., and Chu, J.: Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in an urban environment in Beijing, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 574–583, 2013.
Zaki, N. S., Barbooti, M. M., Baha-Uddin, S. S., and Hassan, E. B.: Determination of Trace Metals and Their Distribution in Heavy Crude Oil Distillates (350 °C+) by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Appl. Spectrosc., 43, 1257–1259, 1989.
Zhang, R., Jing, J., Tao, J., Hsu, S.-C., Wang, G., Cao, J., Lee, C. S. L., Zhu, L., Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., and Shen, Z.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing: seasonal perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7053–7074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7053-2013, 2013.
Zhang, T., Cao, J. J., Tie, X. X., Shen, Z. X., Liu, S. X., Ding, H., Han, Y. M., Wang, G. H., Ho, K. F., Qiang, J., and Li, W. T.: Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: Seasonal variations and sources, Atmos. Res., 102, 110–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.06.014, 2011.
Zhao, M., Zhang, Y., Ma, W., Fu, Q., Yang, X., Li, C., Zhou, B., Yu, Q., and Chen, L.: Characteristics and ship traffic source identification of air pollutants in China's largest port, Atmos. Environ., 64, 277–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.007, 2013.
Zheng, J., He, M., Shen, X., Yin, S., and Yuan, Z.: High resolution of black carbon and organic carbon emissions in the Pearl River Delta region, China, Sci. Total Environ., 438, 189–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.068, 2012.
Zheng, M., Salmon, L. G., Schauer, J. J., Zeng, L., Kiang, C. S., Zhang, Y., and Cassa, G. R.: Seasonal trends in PM2.5 source contributions in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3967–3976, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.036, 2005.
Short summary
This study investigates the PM2.5 variability in the Klang Valley urban-industrial environment. Source apportionment analysis reveals two major contributors of PM2.5 in the study area: secondary inorganic aerosols and biomass burning. The chemical constituents and sources of PM2.5 in this study area were greatly influenced and characterised by meteorological and gaseous parameters which largely vary with season.
This study investigates the PM2.5 variability in the Klang Valley urban-industrial environment....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint