Articles | Volume 16, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12359-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12359-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Sep 2016
Research article |
| 29 Sep 2016
A numerical study of back-building process in a quasistationary rainband with extreme rainfall over northern Taiwan during 11–12 June 2012
Department of Earth Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
Bing-Kui Chiou
Department of Earth Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
George Tai-Jen Chen
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Hung-Chi Kuo
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Ching-Hwang Liu
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
Related authors
Chung-Chieh Wang, Duc Van Nguyen, Thang Van Vu, Pham Thi Thanh Nga, Pi-Yu Chuang, and Kien Ba Truong
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-192, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-192, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
CReSS well predict the rainfall fields at the short-range forecast (less than 3 days) for 10 December. These good results are due to the model having good predicts of other meteorological variables, such as surface wind fields. These prediction skills are reducing at lead time longer than 3 days. The 24-hour rainfall is very sensitive with initial conditions, not only at the lower level but also at the upper level. The ensemble-based sensitivity is decreased with the increasing lead time.
Chung-Chieh Wang and Duc Van Nguyen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 771–788, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-771-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-771-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A record-breaking rainfall event over central Vietnam is investigated. Key factors include the combined effect of northeasterly wind, easterly wind blowing to central Vietnam from the western North Pacific (WNP), southeasterly wind, local topography, and high sea surface temperature (SST) over WNP and the South China Sea (SCS). The cloud-resolving storm simulator (CReSS) is applied to simulate this event. The results show that the model mostly captured the quantitative rainfall of this event.
Chung-Chieh Wang, Ting-Yu Yeh, Chih-Sheng Chang, Ming-Siang Li, Kazuhisa Tsuboki, and Ching-Hwang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 501–521, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-501-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-501-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The extreme rainfall event (645 mm in 24 h) at the northern coast of Taiwan on 2 June 2017 is studied using a cloud model. Two 1 km experiments with peak amounts of 541 and 400 mm are compared to isolate the reasons for such a difference. It is found that the frontal rainband remains fixed in location for a longer period in the former run due to a low disturbance that acts to focus the near-surface convergence. Therefore, the rainfall is more concentrated and there is a higher total amount.
Chung-Chieh Wang, Pi-Yu Chuang, Shi-Ting Chen, Dong-In Lee, and Kazuhisa Tsuboki
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1795–1817, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1795-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1795-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, cloud-resolving simulations are performed under idealized and uniform southwesterly flow direction and speed to investigate the rainfall regimes in the Mei-yu season and the role of complex mesoscale topography on rainfall without the influence of unwanted disturbances, including a low-Froude number regime where the thermodynamic effects and island circulation dominate, a high-Froude number regime where topographic rainfall in a flow-over scenario prevails, and a mixed regime.
Chung-Chieh Wang, Pi-Yu Chuang, Chih-Sheng Chang, Kazuhisa Tsuboki, Shin-Yi Huang, and Guo-Chen Leu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 23–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-23-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-23-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study indicated that the Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS) model significantly improved heavy-rainfall quantitative precipitation forecasts in the Taiwan Mei-yu season. At high resolution, the model has higher threat scores and is more skillful in predicting larger rainfall events compared to smaller ones. And the strength of the model mainly lies in the topographic rainfall rather than less predictable and migratory events due to nonlinearity.
Jong-Hoon Jeong, Dong-In Lee, Chung-Chieh Wang, and In-Seong Han
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 927–939, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-927-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-927-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An extreme rainfall-producing mesoscale convective system (MCS) associated with the Changma front in south-eastern South Korea was investigated using observational data. The aim of the present study is to analyze and better understand the synoptic and mesoscale environment and the behaviour of the MCS causing natural hazards over South Korea.
C.-C. Wang, H.-C. Kuo, R. H. Johnson, C.-Y. Lee, S.-Y. Huang, and Y.-H. Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11097–11115, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11097-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11097-2015, 2015
Hung-Chi Kuo, Ting-Shuo Yo, Hungjui Yu, Shih-Hao Su, Ching-Hwang Liu, and Po-Hsiung Lin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-661, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-661, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
The study introduces "Storm Tracker," a budget-friendly device for weather observation. It highlights the calibration and testing against more expensive devices, ensuring its accuracy for temperature and humidity. This innovation could improve weather forecasting by making detailed atmospheric data more accessible, especially in challenging regions. Through rigorous comparison and enhancement, "Storm Tracker" promises to improve disaster preparedness and understanding of local weather patterns.
Chung-Chieh Wang, Duc Van Nguyen, Thang Van Vu, Pham Thi Thanh Nga, Pi-Yu Chuang, and Kien Ba Truong
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-192, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-192, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
CReSS well predict the rainfall fields at the short-range forecast (less than 3 days) for 10 December. These good results are due to the model having good predicts of other meteorological variables, such as surface wind fields. These prediction skills are reducing at lead time longer than 3 days. The 24-hour rainfall is very sensitive with initial conditions, not only at the lower level but also at the upper level. The ensemble-based sensitivity is decreased with the increasing lead time.
Chung-Chieh Wang and Duc Van Nguyen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 771–788, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-771-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-771-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A record-breaking rainfall event over central Vietnam is investigated. Key factors include the combined effect of northeasterly wind, easterly wind blowing to central Vietnam from the western North Pacific (WNP), southeasterly wind, local topography, and high sea surface temperature (SST) over WNP and the South China Sea (SCS). The cloud-resolving storm simulator (CReSS) is applied to simulate this event. The results show that the model mostly captured the quantitative rainfall of this event.
Chung-Chieh Wang, Ting-Yu Yeh, Chih-Sheng Chang, Ming-Siang Li, Kazuhisa Tsuboki, and Ching-Hwang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 501–521, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-501-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-501-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The extreme rainfall event (645 mm in 24 h) at the northern coast of Taiwan on 2 June 2017 is studied using a cloud model. Two 1 km experiments with peak amounts of 541 and 400 mm are compared to isolate the reasons for such a difference. It is found that the frontal rainband remains fixed in location for a longer period in the former run due to a low disturbance that acts to focus the near-surface convergence. Therefore, the rainfall is more concentrated and there is a higher total amount.
Chung-Chieh Wang, Pi-Yu Chuang, Shi-Ting Chen, Dong-In Lee, and Kazuhisa Tsuboki
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1795–1817, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1795-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1795-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, cloud-resolving simulations are performed under idealized and uniform southwesterly flow direction and speed to investigate the rainfall regimes in the Mei-yu season and the role of complex mesoscale topography on rainfall without the influence of unwanted disturbances, including a low-Froude number regime where the thermodynamic effects and island circulation dominate, a high-Froude number regime where topographic rainfall in a flow-over scenario prevails, and a mixed regime.
Chung-Chieh Wang, Pi-Yu Chuang, Chih-Sheng Chang, Kazuhisa Tsuboki, Shin-Yi Huang, and Guo-Chen Leu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 23–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-23-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-23-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study indicated that the Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS) model significantly improved heavy-rainfall quantitative precipitation forecasts in the Taiwan Mei-yu season. At high resolution, the model has higher threat scores and is more skillful in predicting larger rainfall events compared to smaller ones. And the strength of the model mainly lies in the topographic rainfall rather than less predictable and migratory events due to nonlinearity.
Jong-Hoon Jeong, Dong-In Lee, Chung-Chieh Wang, and In-Seong Han
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 927–939, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-927-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-927-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An extreme rainfall-producing mesoscale convective system (MCS) associated with the Changma front in south-eastern South Korea was investigated using observational data. The aim of the present study is to analyze and better understand the synoptic and mesoscale environment and the behaviour of the MCS causing natural hazards over South Korea.
C.-C. Wang, H.-C. Kuo, R. H. Johnson, C.-Y. Lee, S.-Y. Huang, and Y.-H. Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11097–11115, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11097-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11097-2015, 2015
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Correction of ERA5 temperature and relative humidity biases by bivariate quantile mapping for contrail formation analysis
Can pollen affect precipitation?
Potential impacts of marine fuel regulations on an Arctic stratocumulus case and its radiative response
The impact of the mesh size and microphysics scheme on the representation of mid-level clouds in the ICON model in hilly and complex terrain
The role of ascent timescales for warm conveyor belt (WCB) moisture transport into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS)
Estimating the concentration of silver iodide needed to detect unambiguous signatures of glaciogenic cloud seeding
Ice-nucleating particle concentration impacts cloud properties over Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, in COSMO-CLM2
Numerical simulation of aerosol concentration effects on cloud droplet size spectrum evolutions of warm stratiform clouds in Jiangxi, China
The impact of aerosol on cloud water: a heuristic perspective
The presence of clouds lowers climate sensitivity in the MPI-ESM1.2 climate model
Diurnal variation in an amplified canopy urban heat island during heat wave periods in the megacity of Beijing: roles of mountain–valley breeze and urban morphology
Diurnal evolution of non-precipitating marine stratocumuli in a large-eddy simulation ensemble
High ice water content in tropical mesoscale convective systems (a conceptual model)
Evolution of cloud droplet temperature and lifetime in spatiotemporally varying subsaturated environments with implications for ice nucleation at cloud edges
Effect of secondary ice production processes on the simulation of ice pellets using the Predicted Particle Properties microphysics scheme
Simulated particle evolution within a winter storm: contributions of riming to radar moments and precipitation fallout
A thermal-driven graupel generation process to explain dry-season convective vigor over the Amazon
Modeling homogeneous ice nucleation from drop-freezing experiments: impact of droplet volume dispersion and cooling rates
Cloud water adjustments to aerosol perturbations are buffered by solar heating in non-precipitating marine stratocumuli
Glaciation of mixed-phase clouds: insights from bulk model and bin-microphysics large-eddy simulation informed by laboratory experiment
Microphysical processes involving the vapour phase dominate in simulated low-level Arctic clouds
Understanding aerosol–cloud interactions using a single-column model for a cold-air outbreak case during the ACTIVATE campaign
Investigating ice formation pathways using a novel two-moment multi-class cloud microphysics scheme
On the sensitivity of aerosol–cloud interactions to changes in sea surface temperature in radiative–convective equilibrium
Exploring aerosol–cloud interactions in liquid-phase clouds over eastern China and its adjacent ocean using the WRF-Chem–SBM model
How the representation of microphysical processes affects tropical condensate in a global storm-resolving model
Impact of secondary ice production on thunderstorm electrification under different aerosol conditions
Finite domains cause bias in measured and modeled distributions of cloud sizes
A systematic evaluation of high-cloud controlling factors
Tracking precipitation features and associated large-scale environments over southeastern Texas
Revisiting the evolution of downhill thunderstorms over Beijing: a new perspective from a radar wind profiler mesonet
How well can persistent contrails be predicted? An update
Model analysis of biases in satellite diagnosed aerosol effect on cloud liquid water path
Dynamical imprints on precipitation cluster statistics across a hierarchy of high-resolution simulations
Present-day correlations are insufficient to predict cloud albedo change by anthropogenic aerosols in E3SM v2
Simulations of primary and secondary ice production during an Arctic mixed-phase cloud case from the Ny-Ålesund Aerosol Cloud Experiment (NASCENT) campaign
Microphysical characteristics of precipitation within convective overshooting over East China observed by GPM DPR and ERA5
Effects of radiative cooling on advection fog over the northwest Pacific Ocean: observations and large-eddy simulations
Evaluating the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process in ICON in large-eddy mode with in situ observations from the CLOUDLAB project
Aerosol-induced closure of marine cloud cells: enhanced effects in the presence of precipitation
Impact of ice multiplication on the cloud electrification of a cold-season thunderstorm: a numerical case study
Developing a climatological simplification of aerosols to enter the cloud microphysics of a global climate model
Interactions between trade wind clouds and local forcings over the Great Barrier Reef: a case study using convection-permitting simulations
Variability in the properties of the distribution of the relative humidity with respect to ice: implications for contrail formation
Simulating the seeder–feeder impacts on cloud ice and precipitation over the Alps
Cloud response to co-condensation of water and organic vapors over the boreal forest
Distribution and morphology of non-persistent contrail and persistent contrail formation areas in ERA5
Connection of Surface Snowfall Bias to Cloud Phase Bias – Satellite Observations, ERA5, and CMIP6
Above-cloud concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei help to sustain some Arctic low-level clouds
Contrail formation on ambient aerosol particles for aircraft with hydrogen combustion: a box model trajectory study
Kevin Wolf, Nicolas Bellouin, Olivier Boucher, Susanne Rohs, and Yun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 157–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-157-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-157-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis and airborne in situ observations from IAGOS are compared in terms of the representation of the contrail formation potential and the presence of supersaturation. Differences are traced back to biases in ERA5 relative humidity fields. Those biases are addressed by applying a quantile mapping technique that significantly improved contrail estimation based on post-processed ERA5 data.
Marje Prank, Juha Tonttila, Xiaoxia Shang, Sami Romakkaniemi, and Tomi Raatikainen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 183–197, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-183-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-183-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Large primary bioparticles such as pollen can be abundant in the atmosphere. In humid conditions pollen can rupture and release a large number of fine sub-pollen particles (SPPs). The paper investigates what kind of birch pollen concentrations are needed for the pollen and SPPs to start playing a noticeable role in cloud processes and alter precipitation formation. In the studied cases only the largest observed pollen concentrations were able to noticeably alter the precipitation formation.
Luís Filipe Escusa dos Santos, Hannah C. Frostenberg, Alejandro Baró Pérez, Annica M. L. Ekman, Luisa Ickes, and Erik S. Thomson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 119–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-119-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-119-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is experiencing enhanced surface warming. The observed decline in Arctic sea-ice extent is projected to lead to an increase in Arctic shipping activity, which may lead to further climatic feedbacks. Using an atmospheric model and results from marine engine experiments that focused on fuel sulfur content reduction and exhaust wet scrubbing, we investigate how ship exhaust particles influence the properties of Arctic clouds. Implications for radiative surface processes are discussed.
Nadja Omanovic, Brigitta Goger, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14145–14175, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the numerical weather model ICON in two horizontal resolutions with two bulk microphysics schemes over hilly and complex terrain in Switzerland and Austria, respectively. We focused on the model's ability to simulate mid-level clouds in summer and winter. By combining observational data from two different field campaigns, we show that an increase in the horizontal resolution and a more advanced cloud microphysics scheme is strongly beneficial for cloud representation.
Cornelis Schwenk and Annette Miltenberger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14073–14099, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14073-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14073-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) transport moisture into the upper atmosphere, where it acts as a greenhouse gas. This transport is not well understood, and the role of rapidly rising air is unclear. We simulate a WCB and look at fast- and slow-rising air to see how moisture is (differently) transported. We find that for fast-ascending air more ice particles reach higher into the atmosphere and that frozen cloud particles are removed differently than during slow ascent, which has more water vapour.
Jing Yang, Jiaojiao Li, Meilian Chen, Xiaoqin Jing, Yan Yin, Bart Geerts, Zhien Wang, Yubao Liu, Baojun Chen, Shaofeng Hua, Hao Hu, Xiaobo Dong, Ping Tian, Qian Chen, and Yang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13833–13848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13833-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13833-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Detecting unambiguous signatures is vital for examining cloud-seeding impacts, but often, seeding signatures are immersed in natural variability. In this study, reflectivity changes induced by glaciogenic seeding using different AgI concentrations are investigated under various conditions, and a method is developed to estimate the AgI concentration needed to detect unambiguous seeding signatures. The results aid in operational seeding-based decision-making regarding the amount of AgI dispersed.
Florian Sauerland, Niels Souverijns, Anna Possner, Heike Wex, Preben Van Overmeiren, Alexander Mangold, Kwinten Van Weverberg, and Nicole van Lipzig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13751–13768, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13751-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13751-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a regional climate model, COSMO-CLM², enhanced with a module resolving aerosol processes, to study Antarctic clouds. We prescribe different concentrations of ice-nucleating particles to our model to assess how these clouds respond to concentration changes, validating results with cloud and aerosol observations from the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station. Our results show that aerosol–cloud interactions vary with temperature, providing valuable insights into Antarctic cloud dynamics.
Yi Li, Xiaoli Liu, and Hengjia Cai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13525–13540, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of different aerosol modes on cloud processes remains controversial. We modified the aerosol spectra and concentrations to simulate a warm stratiform cloud process in Jiangxi, China, using the WRF-SBM scheme. Research shows that different aerosol spectra have diverse effects on cloud droplet spectra, cloud development, and the correlation between dispersion (ε) and cloud physics quantities. Compared to cloud droplet concentration, ε is more sensitive to the volume radius.
Fabian Hoffmann, Franziska Glassmeier, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13403–13412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13403-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13403-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds constitute a major cooling influence on Earth's climate system by reflecting a large fraction of the incident solar radiation back to space. This ability is controlled by the number of cloud droplets, which is governed by the number of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, laying the foundation for so-called aerosol–cloud–climate interactions. In this study, a simple model to understand the effect of aerosol on cloud water is developed and applied.
Andrea Mosso, Thomas Hocking, and Thorsten Mauritsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12793–12806, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12793-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12793-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's energy balance, as they can either warm up or cool down the area they cover depending on their height and depth. They are expected to alter their behaviour under climate change, affecting the warming generated by greenhouse gases. This paper proposes a new method to estimate their overall effect on this warming by simulating a climate where clouds are transparent. Results show that with the model used, clouds have a stabilising effect on climate.
Tao Shi, Yuanjian Yang, Ping Qi, and Simone Lolli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12807–12822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12807-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12807-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explored the formation mechanisms of the amplified canopy urban heat island intensity (ΔCUHII) during heat wave (HW) periods in the megacity of Beijing from the perspectives of mountain–valley breeze and urban morphology. During the mountain breeze phase, high-rise buildings with lower sky view factors (SVFs) had a pronounced effect on the ΔCUHII. During the valley breeze phase, high-rise buildings exerted a dual influence on the ΔCUHII.
Yao-Sheng Chen, Jianhao Zhang, Fabian Hoffmann, Takanobu Yamaguchi, Franziska Glassmeier, Xiaoli Zhou, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12661–12685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12661-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12661-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine stratocumulus cloud is a type of shallow cloud that covers the vast areas of Earth's surface. It plays an important role in Earth's energy balance by reflecting solar radiation back to space. We used numerical models to simulate a large number of marine stratocumuli with different characteristics. We found that how the clouds develop throughout the day is affected by the level of humidity in the air above the clouds and how closely the clouds connect to the ocean surface.
Alexei Korolev, Zhipeng Qu, Jason Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Mélissa Cholette, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Greg M. McFarquhar, Paul Lawson, and Ann M. Fridlind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11849–11881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The phenomenon of high ice water content (HIWC) occurs in mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) when a large number of small ice particles with typical sizes of a few hundred micrometers is found at high altitudes. It was found that secondary ice production in the vicinity of the melting layer plays a key role in the formation and maintenance of HIWC. This study presents a conceptual model of the formation of HIWC in tropical MCSs based on in situ observations and numerical simulation.
Puja Roy, Robert M. Rauber, and Larry Di Girolamo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11653–11678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11653-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11653-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud droplet temperature and lifetime impact cloud microphysical processes such as the activation of ice-nucleating particles. We investigate the thermal and radial evolution of supercooled cloud droplets and their surrounding environments with an aim to better understand observed enhanced ice formation at supercooled cloud edges. This analysis shows that the magnitude of droplet cooling during evaporation is greater than estimated from past studies, especially for drier environments.
Mathieu Lachapelle, Mélissa Cholette, and Julie M. Thériault
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11285–11304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11285-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11285-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hazardous precipitation types such as ice pellets and freezing rain are difficult to predict because they are associated with complex microphysical processes. Using Predicted Particle Properties (P3), this work shows that secondary ice production processes increase the amount of ice pellets simulated while decreasing the amount of freezing rain. Moreover, the properties of the simulated precipitation compare well with those that were measured.
Andrew DeLaFrance, Lynn A. McMurdie, Angela K. Rowe, and Andrew J. Heymsfield
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11191–11206, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model, the process whereby falling ice crystals accumulate supercooled liquid water droplets is investigated to elucidate its effects on radar-based measurements and surface precipitation. We demonstrate that this process accounted for 55% of the precipitation during a wintertime storm and is uniquely discernable from other ice crystal growth processes in Doppler velocity measurements. These results have implications for measurements from airborne and spaceborne platforms.
Toshi Matsui, Daniel Hernandez-Deckers, Scott E. Giangrande, Thiago S. Biscaro, Ann Fridlind, and Scott Braun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10793–10814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10793-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10793-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using computer simulations and real measurements, we discovered that storms over the Amazon were narrower but more intense during the dry periods, producing heavier rain and more ice particles in the clouds. Our research showed that cumulus bubbles played a key role in creating these intense storms. This study can improve the representation of the effect of continental and ocean environments on tropical regions' rainfall patterns in simulations.
Ravi Kumar Reddy Addula, Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Valeria Molinero, and Baron Peters
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10833–10848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10833-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10833-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice nucleation from supercooled droplets is important in many weather and climate modeling efforts. For experiments where droplets are steadily supercooled from the freezing point, our work combines nucleation theory and survival probability analysis to predict the nucleation spectrum, i.e., droplet freezing probabilities vs. temperature. We use the new framework to extract approximately consistent rate parameters from experiments with different cooling rates and droplet sizes.
Jianhao Zhang, Yao-Sheng Chen, Takanobu Yamaguchi, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10425–10440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying cloud response to aerosol perturbations presents a major challenge in understanding the human impact on climate. Using a large number of process-resolving simulations of marine stratocumulus, we show that solar heating drives a negative feedback mechanism that buffers the persistent negative trend in cloud water adjustment after sunrise. This finding has implications for the dependence of the cloud cooling effect on the timing of deliberate aerosol perturbations.
Aaron Wang, Steve Krueger, Sisi Chen, Mikhail Ovchinnikov, Will Cantrell, and Raymond A. Shaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10245–10260, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10245-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10245-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We employ two methods to examine a laboratory experiment on clouds with both ice and liquid phases. The first assumes well-mixed properties; the second resolves the spatial distribution of turbulence and cloud particles. Results show that while the trends in mean properties generally align, when turbulence is resolved, liquid droplets are not fully depleted by ice due to incomplete mixing. This underscores the threshold of ice mass fraction in distinguishing mixed-phase clouds from ice clouds.
Theresa Kiszler, Davide Ori, and Vera Schemann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10039–10053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10039-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10039-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microphysical processes impact the phase-partitioning of clouds. In this study we evaluate these processes while focusing on low-level Arctic clouds. To achieve this we used an extensive simulation set in combination with a new diagnostic tool. This study presents our findings on the relevance of these processes and their behaviour under different thermodynamic regimes.
Shuaiqi Tang, Hailong Wang, Xiang-Yu Li, Jingyi Chen, Armin Sorooshian, Xubin Zeng, Ewan Crosbie, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Luke D. Ziemba, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10073–10092, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10073-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10073-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examined marine boundary layer clouds and their interactions with aerosols in the E3SM single-column model (SCM) for a case study. The SCM shows good agreement when simulating the clouds with high-resolution models. It reproduces the relationship between cloud droplet and aerosol particle number concentrations as produced in global models. However, the relationship between cloud liquid water and droplet number concentration is different, warranting further investigation.
Tim Lüttmer, Peter Spichtinger, and Axel Seifert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2157, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2157, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate ice formation pathways in idealized convective clouds using a novel microphysics scheme, that distinguishes between five ice classes each with their unique formation mechanism. Ice crystals from rime splintering forms the lowermost layer of ice crystals around the updraft core. The majority of ice crystals in the anvil of the convective cloud stems from frozen droplets. Ice stemming from homogeneous and deposition nucleation was only relevant in the overshoot.
Suf Lorian and Guy Dagan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9323–9338, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the combined effect of aerosols and sea surface temperature (SST) on clouds under equilibrium conditions in cloud-resolving radiative–convective equilibrium simulations. We demonstrate that the aerosol–cloud interaction's effect on top-of-atmosphere energy gain strongly depends on the underlying SST, while the shortwave part of the spectrum is significantly more sensitive to SST. Furthermore, increasing aerosols influences upper-troposphere stability and thus anvil cloud fraction.
Jianqi Zhao, Xiaoyan Ma, Johannes Quaas, and Hailing Jia
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9101–9118, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explore aerosol–cloud interactions in liquid-phase clouds over eastern China and its adjacent ocean in winter based on the WRF-Chem–SBM model, which couples a spectral-bin microphysics scheme and an online aerosol module. Our study highlights the differences in aerosol–cloud interactions between land and ocean and between precipitation clouds and non-precipitation clouds, and it differentiates and quantifies their underlying mechanisms.
Ann Kristin Naumann, Monika Esch, and Bjorn Stevens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2268, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2268, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how uncertainties in the representation of microphysical processes affect the tropical condensate distribution in the global storm-resolving model ICON. The results point to the importance of the fall speed of hydrometeor particles and to a simple relationship: the faster a condensate falls, the less there is of it. Implications for the energy balance and precipitation properties are discussed.
Shiye Huang, Jing Yang, Qian Chen, Jiaojiao Li, Qilin Zhang, and Fengxia Guo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2013, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol and secondary ice production are both vital to charge separation in thunderstorms, but the relative importance of different SIP processes to cloud electrification under different aerosol conditions is not well understood. In this study, we show in a clean environment, the shattering of freezing drops has the greatest effect on the charging rate, while in a polluted environment, both rime splintering and the shattering of freezing drops have a significant effect on cloud electrification.
Thomas D. DeWitt and Timothy J. Garrett
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8457–8472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8457-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8457-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There is considerable disagreement on mathematical parameters that describe the number of clouds of different sizes as well as the size of the largest clouds. Both are key defining characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. A previous study provided an incorrect explanation for the disagreement. Instead, the disagreement may be explained by prior studies not properly accounting for the size of their measurement domain. We offer recommendations for how the domain size can be accounted for.
Sarah Wilson Kemsley, Paulo Ceppi, Hendrik Andersen, Jan Cermak, Philip Stier, and Peer Nowack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8295–8316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8295-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8295-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aiming to inform parameter selection for future observational constraint analyses, we incorporate five candidate meteorological drivers specifically targeting high clouds into a cloud controlling factor framework within a range of spatial domain sizes. We find a discrepancy between optimal domain size for predicting locally and globally aggregated cloud radiative anomalies and identify upper-tropospheric static stability as an important high-cloud controlling factor.
Ye Liu, Yun Qian, Larry K. Berg, Zhe Feng, Jianfeng Li, Jingyi Chen, and Zhao Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8165–8181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convection under various large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs) shows distinct precipitation features. In southeastern Texas, mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) contribute significantly to precipitation year-round, while isolated deep convection (IDC) is prominent in summer and fall. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) reveal convection can occur without large-scale lifting or moisture convergence. MCSs and IDC events have distinct life cycles influenced by specific LSMPs.
Xiaoran Guo, Jianping Guo, Tianmeng Chen, Ning Li, Fan Zhang, and Yuping Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8067–8083, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The prediction of downhill thunderstorms (DSs) remains elusive. We propose an objective method to identify DSs, based on which enhanced and dissipated DSs are discriminated. A radar wind profiler (RWP) mesonet is used to derive divergence and vertical velocity. The mid-troposphere divergence and prevailing westerlies enhance the intensity of DSs, whereas low-level divergence is observed when the DS dissipates. The findings highlight the key role that an RWP mesonet plays in the evolution of DSs.
Sina Hofer, Klaus Gierens, and Susanne Rohs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7911–7925, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We try to improve the forecast of ice supersaturation (ISS) and potential persistent contrails using data on dynamical quantities in addition to temperature and relative humidity in a modern kind of regression model. Although the results are improved, they are not good enough for flight routing. The origin of the problem is the strong overlap of probability densities conditioned on cases with and without ice-supersaturated regions (ISSRs) in the important range of 70–100 %.
Harri Kokkola, Juha Tonttila, Silvia Calderón, Sami Romakkaniemi, Antti Lipponen, Aapo Peräkorpi, Tero Mielonen, Edward Gryspeerdt, Timo H. Virtanen, Pekka Kolmonen, and Antti Arola
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1964, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1964, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how atmospheric aerosols affect clouds is a scientific challenge. One question is how aerosols affects the amount cloud water. We used a cloud-scale model to study these effects on marine clouds. The study showed that variations in cloud properties and instrument noise can cause bias in satellite derived cloud water content. However, our results suggest that for similar weather conditions with well-defined aerosol concentrations, satellite data can reliably track these effects.
Claudia Christine Stephan and Bjorn Stevens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2020, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical precipitation cluster area and intensity distributions follow power laws, but the physical processes responsible for this behavior remain unknown. We analyze global simulations that realistically represent precipitation processes. We consider Earth-like planets as well as virtual planets to realize different types of large-scale dynamics. Our finding is that power laws in Earth’s precipitation cluster statistics stem from the robust power laws in Earth’s atmospheric wind field.
Naser Mahfouz, Johannes Mülmenstädt, and Susannah Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7253–7260, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7253-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7253-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are our primary tool to probe past, present, and future climate states unlike the more recent observation record. By constructing a hypothetical model configuration, we show that present-day correlations are insufficient to predict a persistent uncertainty in climate projection (how much sun because clouds will reflect in a changing climate). We hope our result will contribute to the scholarly conversation on better utilizing observations to constrain climate uncertainties.
Britta Schäfer, Robert Oscar David, Paraskevi Georgakaki, Julie Thérèse Pasquier, Georgia Sotiropoulou, and Trude Storelvmo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7179–7202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7179-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7179-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixed-phase clouds, i.e., clouds consisting of ice and supercooled water, are very common in the Arctic. However, how these clouds form is often not correctly represented in standard weather models. We show that both ice crystal concentrations in the cloud and precipitation from the cloud can be improved in the model when aerosol concentrations are prescribed from observations and when more processes for ice multiplication, i.e., the production of new ice particles from existing ice, are added.
Nan Sun, Gaopeng Lu, and Yunfei Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7123–7135, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microphysical characteristics of convective overshooting are essential but poorly understood, and we examine them by using the latest data. (1) Convective overshooting events mainly occur over NC (Northeast China) and northern MEC (Middle and East China). (2) Radar reflectivity of convective overshooting over NC accounts for a higher proportion below the zero level, while the opposite is the case for MEC and SC (South China). (3) Droplets of convective overshooting are large but sparse.
Liu Yang, Saisai Ding, Jing-Wu Liu, and Su-Ping Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6809–6824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Advection fog occurs when warm and moist air moves over a cold sea surface. In this situation, the temperature of the foggy air usually drops below the sea surface temperature (SST), particularly at night. High-resolution simulations show that the cooling effect of longwave radiation from the top of the fog layer permeates through the fog, resulting in a cooling of the surface air below SST. This study emphasizes the significance of monitoring air temperature to enhance sea fog forecasting.
Nadja Omanovic, Sylvaine Ferrachat, Christopher Fuchs, Jan Henneberger, Anna J. Miller, Kevin Ohneiser, Fabiola Ramelli, Patric Seifert, Robert Spirig, Huiying Zhang, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6825–6844, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present simulations with a high-resolution numerical weather prediction model to study the growth of ice crystals in low clouds following glaciogenic seeding. We show that the simulated ice crystals grow slower than observed and do not consume as many cloud droplets as measured in the field. This may have implications for forecasting precipitation, as the ice phase is crucial for precipitation at middle and high latitudes.
Matthew W. Christensen, Peng Wu, Adam C. Varble, Heng Xiao, and Jerome D. Fast
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6455–6476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6455-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6455-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds are essential to keep Earth cooler by reflecting sunlight back to space. We show that an increase in aerosol concentration suppresses precipitation in clouds, causing them to accumulate water and expand in a polluted environment with stronger turbulence and radiative cooling. This process enhances their reflectance by 51 %. It is therefore prudent to account for cloud fraction changes in assessments of aerosol–cloud interactions to improve predictions of climate change.
Jing Yang, Shiye Huang, Tianqi Yang, Qilin Zhang, Yuting Deng, and Yubao Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5989–6010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study contributes to filling the dearth of understanding the impacts of different secondary ice production (SIP) processes on the cloud electrification in cold-season thunderstorms. The results suggest that SIP, especially the rime-splintering process and the shattering of freezing drops, has significant impacts on the charge structure of the storm. In addition, the modeled radar composite reflectivity and flash rate are improved after implementing the SIP processes in the model.
Ulrike Proske, Sylvaine Ferrachat, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5907–5933, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5907-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5907-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models include treatment of aerosol particles because these influence clouds and radiation. Over time their representation has grown increasingly detailed. This complexity may hinder our understanding of model behaviour. Thus here we simplify the aerosol representation of our climate model by prescribing mean concentrations, which saves run time and helps to discover unexpected model behaviour. We conclude that simplifications provide a new perspective for model study and development.
Wenhui Zhao, Yi Huang, Steven Siems, Michael Manton, and Daniel Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5713–5736, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5713-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5713-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how shallow clouds and rain behave over the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) using a detailed weather model. We found that the shape of the land, especially mountains, and particles in the air play big roles in influencing these clouds. Surprisingly, the sea's temperature had a smaller effect. Our research helps us understand the GBR's climate and how various factors can influence it, where the importance of the local cloud in thermal coral bleaching has recently been identified.
Sidiki Sanogo, Olivier Boucher, Nicolas Bellouin, Audran Borella, Kevin Wolf, and Susanne Rohs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5495–5511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Relative humidity relative to ice (RHi) is a key variable in the formation of cirrus clouds and contrails. This study shows that the properties of the probability density function of RHi differ between the tropics and higher latitudes. In line with RHi and temperature variability, aircraft are likely to produce more contrails with bioethanol and liquid hydrogen as fuel. The impact of this fuel change decreases with decreasing pressure levels but increases from high latitudes to the tropics.
Zane Dedekind, Ulrike Proske, Sylvaine Ferrachat, Ulrike Lohmann, and David Neubauer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5389–5404, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5389-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5389-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice particles precipitating into lower clouds from an upper cloud, the seeder–feeder process, can enhance precipitation. A numerical modeling study conducted in the Swiss Alps found that 48 % of observed clouds were overlapping, with the seeder–feeder process occurring in 10 % of these clouds. Inhibiting the seeder–feeder process reduced the surface precipitation and ice particle growth rates, which were further reduced when additional ice multiplication processes were included in the model.
Liine Heikkinen, Daniel G. Partridge, Sara Blichner, Wei Huang, Rahul Ranjan, Paul Bowen, Emanuele Tovazzi, Tuukka Petäjä, Claudia Mohr, and Ilona Riipinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5117–5147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The organic vapor condensation with water vapor (co-condensation) in rising air below clouds is modeled in this work over the boreal forest because the forest air is rich in organic vapors. We show that the number of cloud droplets can increase by 20 % if considering co-condensation. The enhancements are even larger if the air contains many small, naturally produced aerosol particles. Such conditions are most frequently met in spring in the boreal forest.
Kevin Wolf, Nicolas Bellouin, and Olivier Boucher
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5009–5024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5009-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5009-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The contrail formation potential and its tempo-spatial distribution are estimated for the North Atlantic flight corridor. Meteorological conditions of temperature and relative humidity are taken from the ERA5 re-analysis and IAGOS. Based on IAGOS flight tracks, crossing length, size, orientation, frequency of occurrence, and overlap of persistent contrail formation areas are determined. The presented conclusions might provide a guide for statistical flight track optimization to reduce contrails.
Franziska Hellmuth, Tim Carlsen, Anne Sophie Daloz, Robert Oscar David, and Trude Storelvmo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-754, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-754, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article compares the occurrence of supercooled liquid-containing clouds (sLCCs) and their link to surface snowfall in CloudSat-CALIPSO, ERA5, and CMIP6 models. Significant discrepancies were found, with ERA5 and CMIP6 consistently overestimating sLCC and snowfall frequency. This bias is likely due to cloud microphysics parameterization. This conclusion has implications for accurately representing cloud phase and snowfall in future climate projections.
Lucas J. Sterzinger and Adele L. Igel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3529–3540, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3529-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using idealized large eddy simulations, we find that clouds forming in the Arctic in environments with low concentrations of aerosol particles may be sustained by mixing in new particles through the cloud top. Observations show that higher concentrations of these particles regularly exist above cloud top in concentrations that are sufficient to promote this sustenance.
Andreas Bier, Simon Unterstrasser, Josef Zink, Dennis Hillenbrand, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, and Annemarie Lottermoser
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2319–2344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2319-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2319-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using hydrogen as aviation fuel affects contrails' climate impact. We study contrail formation behind aircraft with H2 combustion. Due to the absence of soot emissions, contrail ice crystals are assumed to form only on ambient particles mixed into the plume. The ice crystal number, which strongly varies with temperature and aerosol number density, is decreased by more than 80 %–90 % compared to kerosene contrails. However H2 contrails can form at lower altitudes due to higher H2O emissions.
Cited articles
Bluestein, H. B. and Jain, M. H.: Formation of mesoscale lines of precipitation: severe squall lines in Oklahoma during the spring, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1711–1732, 1985.
Brooks, H. E. and Stensrud, D. J.: Climatology of heavy rain events in the United States from hourly precipitation observations, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1194–1201, 2000.
Browning, K. A.: Organization of clouds and precipitation in extratropical cyclones, in: Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, edited by: Newton, C. W. and Holopanien, E. O., Am. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA, USA, 129–153, 1990.
Carbone, R. E.: A severe frontal rainband. Part I: Stormwide hydrodynamic structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 258–279, 1982.
Chappell, C. F.: Quasi-stationary convective events, in: Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, edited by: Ray, P., Am. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA, USA, 289–310, 1986.
Chen, G. T.-J.: Research on the phenomena of Meiyu during the past quarter century: An overview, World Scientific Series on Asia-Pacific Weather and Climate, Volume 2. East Asian Monsoon, edited by: Chang, C.-P., World Scientific, Singapore, 357–403, 2004.
Chen, G. T.-J. and Chou, H.-C.: General characteristics of squall lines observed in TAMEX, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 726–733, 1993.
Chen, G. T.-J. and Yu, C.-C.: Study of low-level jet and extremely heavy rainfall over northern Taiwan in the mei-yu season, Mon. Weather Rev., 116, 884–891, 1988.
Chen, G. T.-J., Wang, C.-C., and Liu, S. C.-S.: Potential vorticity diagnostics of a Mei-yu front case, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 2680–2696, 2003.
Chen, G. T.-J., Wang, C.-C., and Lin, D. T.-W.: Characteristics of low-level jets over northern Taiwan in Mei-yu season and their relationship to heavy rain events, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 20–43, 2005.
Corfidi, S. F.: Cold pools and MCS propagation: forecasting the motion of downwind-developing MCSs, Weather Forecast., 18, 997–1017, 2003.
Corfidi, S. F., Meritt, J. H., and Fritsch, J. M.: Predicting the movement of mesoscale convective complexes, Weather Forecast., 11, 41–46, 1996.
Cotton, W. R., Tripoli, G. J., Rauber, R. M., and Mulvihill, E. A.: Numerical simulation of the effects of varying ice crystal nucleation rates and aggregation processes on orographic snowfall, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1658–1680, 1986.
Ding, Y.: Summer monsoon rainfalls in China, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 70, 373–396, 1992.
Ding, Y. and Chan, J. C.-L.: The East Asian summer monsoon: An overview, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 89, 117–142, 2005.
Doswell III, C. A.: Severe convective storms – an overview, in: Severe Convective Storms, Meteor. Monogr., No. 50, Am. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA, USA, 1–26, 2001.
Doswell III, C. A., Brooks, H. E., and Maddox, R. A.: Flash flood forecasting: an ingredients-based methodology, Weather Forecast., 11, 560–581, 1996.
Figa-Saldaña, J., Wilson, J. J. W., Attema, E., Gelsthorpe, R., Drinkwater, M. R., and Stoffelen, A.: The Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) on the Meteorological Operational (MetOp) platform: A follow on for the European wind scatterometers, Can. J. Remote Sens., 28, 404–412, 2002.
Fovell, R. G., Mullendore, G. L., and Kim, S.-H.: Discrete propagation in numerically simulated nocturnal squall lines, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 3735–3752, 2006.
Houston, A. L. and Wilhelmson, R. B.: Observational analysis of the 27 May 1997 central Texas tornadic event. Part I: Prestorm environment and storm maintenance/propagation, Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 701–726, 2007.
Houze Jr., R. A., Smull, B. F., and Dodge, P.: Mesoscale organization of springtime rainstorms in Oklahoma, Mon. Weather. Rev., 118, 613–654, 1990.
Hsu, J.: ARMTS up and running in Taiwan, Väisälä News, 146, 24–26, 1998.
Ikawa, M. and Saito, K.: Description of a nonhydrostatic model developed at the Forecast Research Department of the MRI, MRI Tech. Rep. 28, Tsukuba, Japan, 238 pp., 1991.
James, R. P. and Markowski, P. M.: A numerical investigation of the effects of dry air aloft on deep convection, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 140–161, 2010.
Jeong, J.-H., Lee, D.-I., and Wang, C.-C.: Impact of cold pool on mesoscale convective system produced extreme rainfall over southeastern South Korea: 7 July 2009, Mon. Weather Rev., in press, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0131.1, 2016.
Johnson, R. H. and Mapes, B. E.: Mesoscale processes and severe convective weather, in: Severe Convective Storms, edited by: Doswell III, C. A., Meteor. Monogr., No. 50, Am. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA, USA, 71–122, 2001.
Jou, B. J.-D. and Deng, S.-M.: Structure of a low-level jet and its role in triggering and organizing moist convection over Taiwan: A TAMEX case study, Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 3, 39–58, 1992.
Klemp, J. B.: Dynamics of tornadic thunderstorms, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 19, 369–402, 1987.
Kondo, J.: Heat balance of the China Sea during the air mass transformation experiment, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 54, 382–398, 1976.
Kuo, Y.-H. and Anthes, R. A.: Numerical simulation of a Mei-Yu system over southeastern Asia, Pap. Meteor. Res., 5, 15–36, 1982.
Kuo, Y.-H. and Chen, G. T.-J.: The Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment (TAMEX): An overview, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 71, 488–503, 1990.
LeMone, M. A., Zipser, E. J., and Trier, S. B.: The role of environmental shear and thermodynamic conditions in determining the structure and evolution of mesoscale convective systems during TOGA COARE, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3493–3518, 1998.
Li, J. and Chen, Y.-L.: Barrier jets during TAMEX, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 959–971, 1998.
Li, J., Chen, Y.-L., and Lee, W.-C.: Analysis of a heavy rainfall event during TAMEX, Mon. Weather Rev., 125, 1060–1082, 1997.
Lin, Y.-L., Farley, R. D., and Orville, H. D.: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1065–1092, 1983.
Louis, J. F., Tiedtke, M., and Geleyn, J. F.: A short history of the operational PBL – parameterization at ECMWF, in: Proceedings, ECMWF Workshop on Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization, 25–27 November 1981, Reading, UK, 59–79, 1981.
Luo, Y., Gong, Y., and Zhang, D.-L.: Initiation and organizational modes of an extreme-rain-producing mesoscale convective system along a Mei-yu front in East China, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 203–221, 2014.
Maddox, R. A., Chappell, C. F., and Hoxit, L. R.: Synoptic and meso-α scale aspects of flash flood events, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 60, 115–123, 1979.
Meng, Z., Yan, D., and Zhang, Y.: General features of squall lines in East China, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 1629–1647, 2013.
Moore, B. J., Neiman, P. J., Ralph, F. M., and Barthold, F. E.: Physical processes associated with heavy flooding rainfall in Nashville, Tennessee, and vicinity during 1–2 May 2010: The role of an atmospheric river and mesoscale convective systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 358–378, 2012.
Morrison, H., Thompson, G., and Tatarskii, V.: Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 991–1007, 2009.
Murakami, M.: Numerical modeling of dynamical and microphysical evolution of an isolated convective cloud – The 19 July 1981 CCOPE cloud, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 68, 107–128, 1990.
Murakami, M., Clark, T. L., and Hall, W. D.: Numerical simulations of convective snow clouds over the Sea of Japan: two-dimensional simulation of mixed layer development and convective snow cloud formation, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 72, 43–62, 1994.
Parker, M. D. and Johnson, R. H.: Organizational modes of midlatitude mesoscale convective systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 3413–3436, 2000.
Parker, M. D. and Johnson, R. H.: Structures and dynamics of quasi-2D mesoscale convective systems, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 545–567, 2004.
Peters, J. M. and Roebber, P. J.: Synoptic control of heavy-rain-producing convective training episodes, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 2464–2482, 2014.
Peters, J. M. and Schumacher, R. S.: Mechanisms for organization and echo training in a flash-flood-producing mesoscale convective system, Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 1058–1085, 2015.
Reynolds, R. W., Rayner, N. A., Smith, T. M., Stokes, D. C., and Wang, W.: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate, J. Climate, 15, 1609–1625, 2002.
Rotunno, R. and Klemp, J. B.: The influence of the shear-induced pressure gradient on thunderstorm motion, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 136–151, 1982.
Rotunno, R., Klemp, J. B., and Weisman, M. L.: A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 463–485, 1988.
Schumacher, R. S. and Johnson, R. H.: Organization and environmental properties of extreme-rain-producing mesoscale convective systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 961–976, 2005.
Schumacher, R. S. and Johnson, R. H.: Characteristics of U.S. extreme rain events during 1999–2003, Weather Forecast., 21, 69–85, 2006.
Schumacher, R. S. and Johnson, R. H.: Quasi-stationary, extreme-rain-producing convective systems associated with midlevel cyclonic circulations, Weather Forecast., 24, 555–574, 2009.
Schumacher, R. S., Galarneau Jr., T. J., and Bosart, L. F.: Distant effects of a recurving tropical cyclones on rainfall in a midlatitude convective system: A high-impact predecessor rain event, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 650–667, 2011.
Segami, A., Kurihara, K., Nakamura, H., Ueno, M., Takano, I., and Tatsumi, Y.: Operational mesoscale weather prediction with Japan Spectral Model, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 67, 907–924, 1989.
Stevenson, S. N. and Schumacher, R. S.: A 10-year survey of extreme rainfall events in the central and eastern United States using gridded multisensor precipitation analyses, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 3147–3162, 2014.
Sun, J. and Lee, T.-Y.: A numerical study of an intense quasi-stationary convection band over the Korean Peninsula, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80, 1221–1245, 2002.
Tompkins, A. M.: Organization of tropical convection in low vertical wind shears: The role of cold pools, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1650–1672, 2001.
Tsuboki, K. and Sakakibara, A.: Large-scale parallel computing of cloud resolving storm simulator, in: High Performance Computing, edited by: Zima, H. P., Joe, K., Sato, M., Seo, Y., and Shimasaki, M., Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, New York, NY, USA, 243–259, 2002.
Tsuboki, K. and Sakakibara, A.: Numerical Prediction of High-Impact Weather Systems: the Textbook for the Seventeenth IHP Training Course in 2007, Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center, Nagoya University and UNESCO, Nagoya, Japan, 273 pp., 2007.
Wang, C.-C.: The more rain, the better the model performs – The dependency of quantitative precipitation forecast skill on rainfall amount for typhoons in Taiwan, Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 1723–1748, 2015.
Wang, C.-C.: Paper of notes: The more rain from typhoons, the better the models perform, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 16–17, 2016.
Wang, C.-C. and Chen, G. T.-J.: Case study of the leeside mesolow and mesocyclone in TAMEX, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2572–2592, 2002.
Wang, C.-C. and Huang, W.-M.: High-resolution simulation of a nocturnal narrow convective line off the southeastern coast of Taiwan in the mei-yu season, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L06815, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037147, 2009.
Wang, C.-C., Chen, G. T.-J., Chen, T.-C., and Tsuboki, K.: A numerical study on the effects of Taiwan topography on a convective line during the mei-yu season, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 3217–3242, 2005.
Wang, C.-C., Chen, G. T.-J., and Huang, S.-Y.: Remote trigger of deep convection by cold outflow over the Taiwan Strait in the Mei-yu season: A modeling study of the 8 June 2007 case, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 2854–2875, 2011.
Wang, C.-C., Kuo, H.-C., Chen, Y.-H., Huang, H.-L., Chung, C.-H., and Tsuboki, K.: Effects of asymmetric latent heating on typhoon movement crossing Taiwan: The case of Morakot (2009) with extreme rainfall, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 3172–3196, 2012.
Wang, C.-C., Kuo, H.-C., Yeh, T.-C., Chung, C.-H., Chen, Y.-H., Huang, S.-Y., Wang, Y.-W., and Liu, C.-H.: High-resolution quantitative precipitation forecasts and simulations by the Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS) for Typhoon Morakot (2009), J. Hydrol., 506, 26–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.018, 2013.
Wang, C.-C., Hsu, J. C.-S., Chen, G. T.-J., and Lee, D.-I.: A study of two propagating heavy-rainfall episodes near Taiwan during SoWMEX/TiMREX IOP-8 in June 2008. Part I: Synoptic evolution, episode propagation, and model control simulation, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 2619–2643, 2014a.
Wang, C.-C., Hsu, J. C.-S., Chen, G. T.-J., and Lee, D.-I.: A study of two propagating heavy-rainfall episodes near Taiwan during SoWMEX/TiMREX IOP-8 in June 2008. Part II: Sensitivity tests on the roles of synoptic conditions and topographic effects, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 2644–2664, 2014b.
Wang, C.-C., Kuo, H.-C., Johnson, R. H., Lee, C.-Y., Huang, S.-Y., and Chen, Y.-H.: A numerical study of convection in rainbands of Typhoon Morakot (2009) with extreme rainfall: roles of pressure perturbations with low-level wind maxima, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11097–11115, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11097-2015, 2015.
Wang, C.-C., Huang, S.-Y., Chen, S.-H., Chang, C.-S., and Tsuboki, K.: Cloud-resolving typhoon rainfall ensemble forecasts for Taiwan with large domain and extended range through time-lagged approach, Weather Forecast., 31, 151–172, 2016a.
Wang, C.-C., Chen, G. T.-J., and Ho, K.-H.: A diagnostic case study of mei-yu frontal retreat and associated low development near Taiwan, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 2327–2349, 2016b.
Wang, H., Luo, Y.-L., and Jou, B. J.-D.: Initiation, maintenance, and properties of convection in an extreme rainfall event during SCMREX: observational analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 13206–13232, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022339, 2014.
Weisman, M. L. and Klemp, J. B.: Characteristics of isolated convective storms, in: Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, edited by: Ray, P. S., Am. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA, USA, 331–358, 1986.
Weisman, M. L. and Rotunno, R.: “A theory for strong long-lived squall lines” revisited, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 361–382, 2004.
Wilhelmson, R. B. and Ogura, Y.: The pressure perturbation and the numerical modeling of a cloud, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1295–1307, 1972.
Xu, W., Zipser, E. J., Chen, Y.-L., Liu, C., Liou, Y.-C., Lee, W.-C., and Jou, B. J.-D.: An orography-associated extreme rainfall event during TiMREX: Initiation, storm evolution, and maintenance, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 2555–2574, 2012.
Yang, M.-J. and Houze Jr., R. A.: Multicell squall-line structure as a manifestation of vertically trapped gravity waves, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 641–661, 1995.
Yeh, H.-C. and Chen, Y.-L.: The role of offshore convergence on coastal rainfall during TAMEX IOP 3, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2709–2730, 2002.
Yu, C.-K. and Chen, Y.: Surface fluctuations associated with tropical cyclone rainbands observed near Taiwan during 2000–08, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1568–1585, 2011.
Zhang, M. and Zhang, D.-L.: Subkilometer simulation of a torrential-rain-producing mesoscale convective system in East China. Part I: Model verification and convective organization, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 184–201, 2012.
Short summary
In this study, the back-building process of a quasistationary convective line with extreme rainfall is investigated using a cloud model. At the initiation stage of new cells, thermodynamic processes of near-surface latent heating coupled with adiabatic cooling above along the convergence line, rather than dynamic pressure perturbations, are found to be important. The stronger uplift and cooling aloft provided by old cells made their upstream areas more favorable for new cell development.
In this study, the back-building process of a quasistationary convective line with extreme...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint