Modelled and observed changes in aerosols and surface solar radiation over Europe between 1960 and 2009

Turnock, S. T.; Spracklen, D. V.; Carslaw, K. S.; Mann, G. W.; Woodhouse, M. T.; Forster, P. M.; Haywood, J.; Johnson, C. E.; Dalvi, M.; Bellouin, N.; Sanchez-Lorenzo, A.

doi:10.5194/acp-15-9477-2015

Articles | Volume 15, issue 16

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9477-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Special issue:

The Pan European Gas-Aerosols Climate Interaction Study...

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9477-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 15, issue 16

Research article

|

25 Aug 2015

Research article |

| 25 Aug 2015

Modelled and observed changes in aerosols and surface solar radiation over Europe between 1960 and 2009

S. T. Turnock, D. V. Spracklen, K. S. Carslaw, G. W. Mann, M. T. Woodhouse, P. M. Forster, J. Haywood, C. E. Johnson, M. Dalvi, N. Bellouin, and A. Sanchez-Lorenzo

Viewed

Total article views: 9,968 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
3,904	5,862	202	9,968	213	258

HTML: 3,904
PDF: 5,862
XML: 202
Total: 9,968
BibTeX: 213
EndNote: 258

Views and downloads (calculated since 08 May 2015)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
May 2015	173	176	23	372
Jun 2015	24	39	2	65
Jul 2015	24	35	2	61
Aug 2015	215	137	5	357
Sep 2015	73	71	2	146
Oct 2015	54	23	2	79
Nov 2015	52	49	7	108
Dec 2015	22	30	1	53
Jan 2016	54	35	5	94
Feb 2016	41	23	1	65
Mar 2016	31	21	0	52
Apr 2016	15	15	0	30
May 2016	16	16	0	32
Jun 2016	9	5	1	15
Jul 2016	17	9	3	29
Aug 2016	14	9	0	23
Sep 2016	14	9	0	23
Oct 2016	13	12	0	25
Nov 2016	10	15	0	25
Dec 2016	4	5	1	10
Jan 2017	19	10	1	30
Feb 2017	16	8	1	25
Mar 2017	24	12	2	38
Apr 2017	29	14	1	44
May 2017	37	18	2	57
Jun 2017	29	4	2	35
Jul 2017	23	10	1	34
Aug 2017	13	16	1	30
Sep 2017	12	4	0	16
Oct 2017	10	16	0	26
Nov 2017	15	14	0	29
Dec 2017	8	9	0	17
Jan 2018	13	7	1	21
Feb 2018	15	8	2	25
Mar 2018	20	12	1	33
Apr 2018	13	7	0	20
May 2018	17	11	2	30
Jun 2018	12	6	6	24
Jul 2018	10	10	6	26
Aug 2018	31	20	3	54
Sep 2018	13	15	0	28
Oct 2018	16	11	4	31
Nov 2018	18	7	0	25
Dec 2018	5	6	0	11
Jan 2019	12	9	0	21
Feb 2019	4	8	0	12
Mar 2019	10	10	0	20
Apr 2019	12	13	0	25
May 2019	16	12	1	29
Jun 2019	11	12	0	23
Jul 2019	18	24	1	43
Aug 2019	20	23	0	43
Sep 2019	4	3	0	7
Oct 2019	9	11	1	21
Nov 2019	15	10	1	26
Dec 2019	11	10	1	22
Jan 2020	12	4	0	16
Feb 2020	11	8	1	20
Mar 2020	5	4	0	9
Apr 2020	9	8	0	17
May 2020	7	2	0	9
Jun 2020	25	7	0	32
Jul 2020	24	8	5	37
Aug 2020	17	5	4	26
Sep 2020	9	9	0	18
Oct 2020	15	10	1	26
Nov 2020	16	3	1	20
Dec 2020	14	6	0	20
Jan 2021	20	10	0	30
Feb 2021	12	8	0	20
Mar 2021	11	16	0	27
Apr 2021	14	5	0	19
May 2021	16	15	1	32
Jun 2021	10	27	0	37
Jul 2021	4	6	0	10
Aug 2021	12	23	0	35
Sep 2021	15	15	0	30
Oct 2021	9	27	0	36
Nov 2021	16	37	2	55
Dec 2021	23	19	0	42
Jan 2022	12	5	0	17
Feb 2022	9	8	3	20
Mar 2022	10	7	0	17
Apr 2022	14	6	2	22
May 2022	10	7	0	17
Jun 2022	6	8	0	14
Jul 2022	7	5	0	12
Aug 2022	28	9	0	37
Sep 2022	8	6	1	15
Oct 2022	9	5	0	14
Nov 2022	18	8	1	27
Dec 2022	12	10	2	24
Jan 2023	25	12	2	39
Feb 2023	22	9	0	31
Mar 2023	24	15	0	39
Apr 2023	10	7	0	17
May 2023	36	17	1	54
Jun 2023	41	5	1	47
Jul 2023	52	8	1	61
Aug 2023	49	8	3	60
Sep 2023	123	12	0	135
Oct 2023	200	11	2	213
Nov 2023	185	5	0	190
Dec 2023	52	8	3	63
Jan 2024	56	6	1	63
Feb 2024	54	18	2	74
Mar 2024	54	25	2	81
Apr 2024	53	17	6	76
May 2024	25	32	2	59
Jun 2024	18	13	1	32
Jul 2024	25	15	3	43
Aug 2024	42	16	1	59
Sep 2024	18	4	0	22
Oct 2024	35	7	0	42
Nov 2024	27	7	2	36
Dec 2024	22	7	2	31
Jan 2025	42	30	8	80
Feb 2025	40	14	2	56
Mar 2025	27	18	3	48
Apr 2025	24	19	1	44
May 2025	35	10	0	45
Jun 2025	63	14	0	77
Jul 2025	56	22	5	83
Aug 2025	92	28	2	122
Sep 2025	94	16	2	112
Oct 2025	32	1,289	2	1,323
Nov 2025	48	2,428	3	2,479
Dec 2025	44	57	2	103
Jan 2026	66	66	9	141
Feb 2026	39	24	3	66
Mar 2026	39	33	5	77
Apr 2026	11	10	0	21

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 08 May 2015)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
May 2015	173	176	23	372
Jun 2015	24	39	2	65
Jul 2015	24	35	2	61
Aug 2015	215	137	5	357
Sep 2015	73	71	2	146
Oct 2015	54	23	2	79
Nov 2015	52	49	7	108
Dec 2015	22	30	1	53
Jan 2016	54	35	5	94
Feb 2016	41	23	1	65
Mar 2016	31	21	0	52
Apr 2016	15	15	0	30
May 2016	16	16	0	32
Jun 2016	9	5	1	15
Jul 2016	17	9	3	29
Aug 2016	14	9	0	23
Sep 2016	14	9	0	23
Oct 2016	13	12	0	25
Nov 2016	10	15	0	25
Dec 2016	4	5	1	10
Jan 2017	19	10	1	30
Feb 2017	16	8	1	25
Mar 2017	24	12	2	38
Apr 2017	29	14	1	44
May 2017	37	18	2	57
Jun 2017	29	4	2	35
Jul 2017	23	10	1	34
Aug 2017	13	16	1	30
Sep 2017	12	4	0	16
Oct 2017	10	16	0	26
Nov 2017	15	14	0	29
Dec 2017	8	9	0	17
Jan 2018	13	7	1	21
Feb 2018	15	8	2	25
Mar 2018	20	12	1	33
Apr 2018	13	7	0	20
May 2018	17	11	2	30
Jun 2018	12	6	6	24
Jul 2018	10	10	6	26
Aug 2018	31	20	3	54
Sep 2018	13	15	0	28
Oct 2018	16	11	4	31
Nov 2018	18	7	0	25
Dec 2018	5	6	0	11
Jan 2019	12	9	0	21
Feb 2019	4	8	0	12
Mar 2019	10	10	0	20
Apr 2019	12	13	0	25
May 2019	16	12	1	29
Jun 2019	11	12	0	23
Jul 2019	18	24	1	43
Aug 2019	20	23	0	43
Sep 2019	4	3	0	7
Oct 2019	9	11	1	21
Nov 2019	15	10	1	26
Dec 2019	11	10	1	22
Jan 2020	12	4	0	16
Feb 2020	11	8	1	20
Mar 2020	5	4	0	9
Apr 2020	9	8	0	17
May 2020	7	2	0	9
Jun 2020	25	7	0	32
Jul 2020	24	8	5	37
Aug 2020	17	5	4	26
Sep 2020	9	9	0	18
Oct 2020	15	10	1	26
Nov 2020	16	3	1	20
Dec 2020	14	6	0	20
Jan 2021	20	10	0	30
Feb 2021	12	8	0	20
Mar 2021	11	16	0	27
Apr 2021	14	5	0	19
May 2021	16	15	1	32
Jun 2021	10	27	0	37
Jul 2021	4	6	0	10
Aug 2021	12	23	0	35
Sep 2021	15	15	0	30
Oct 2021	9	27	0	36
Nov 2021	16	37	2	55
Dec 2021	23	19	0	42
Jan 2022	12	5	0	17
Feb 2022	9	8	3	20
Mar 2022	10	7	0	17
Apr 2022	14	6	2	22
May 2022	10	7	0	17
Jun 2022	6	8	0	14
Jul 2022	7	5	0	12
Aug 2022	28	9	0	37
Sep 2022	8	6	1	15
Oct 2022	9	5	0	14
Nov 2022	18	8	1	27
Dec 2022	12	10	2	24
Jan 2023	25	12	2	39
Feb 2023	22	9	0	31
Mar 2023	24	15	0	39
Apr 2023	10	7	0	17
May 2023	36	17	1	54
Jun 2023	41	5	1	47
Jul 2023	52	8	1	61
Aug 2023	49	8	3	60
Sep 2023	123	12	0	135
Oct 2023	200	11	2	213
Nov 2023	185	5	0	190
Dec 2023	52	8	3	63
Jan 2024	56	6	1	63
Feb 2024	54	18	2	74
Mar 2024	54	25	2	81
Apr 2024	53	17	6	76
May 2024	25	32	2	59
Jun 2024	18	13	1	32
Jul 2024	25	15	3	43
Aug 2024	42	16	1	59
Sep 2024	18	4	0	22
Oct 2024	35	7	0	42
Nov 2024	27	7	2	36
Dec 2024	22	7	2	31
Jan 2025	42	30	8	80
Feb 2025	40	14	2	56
Mar 2025	27	18	3	48
Apr 2025	24	19	1	44
May 2025	35	10	0	45
Jun 2025	63	14	0	77
Jul 2025	56	22	5	83
Aug 2025	92	28	2	122
Sep 2025	94	16	2	112
Oct 2025	32	1,289	2	1,323
Nov 2025	48	2,428	3	2,479
Dec 2025	44	57	2	103
Jan 2026	66	66	9	141
Feb 2026	39	24	3	66
Mar 2026	39	33	5	77
Apr 2026	11	10	0	21

Saved (final revised paper)

Latest update: 24 Apr 2026

Short summary

We evaluate HadGEM3-UKCA over Europe for the period 1960-2009 against observations of aerosol mass and number, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and surface solar radiation (SSR). The model underestimates aerosol mass and number but is less biased if compared to AOD and SSR. Observed trends in aerosols are well simulated by the model and necessary for reproducing the observed increase in SSR since 1990. European all-sky top of atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing increased by > 3 Wm-2 from 1970 to 2009.