Modelled and observed changes in aerosols and surface solar radiation over Europe between 1960 and 2009

Turnock, S. T.; Spracklen, D. V.; Carslaw, K. S.; Mann, G. W.; Woodhouse, M. T.; Forster, P. M.; Haywood, J.; Johnson, C. E.; Dalvi, M.; Bellouin, N.; Sanchez-Lorenzo, A.

doi:10.5194/acp-15-9477-2015

Articles | Volume 15, issue 16

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9477-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Special issue:

The Pan European Gas-Aerosols Climate Interaction Study...

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9477-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 15, issue 16

Research article

|

25 Aug 2015

Research article |

| 25 Aug 2015

Modelled and observed changes in aerosols and surface solar radiation over Europe between 1960 and 2009

S. T. Turnock, D. V. Spracklen, K. S. Carslaw, G. W. Mann, M. T. Woodhouse, P. M. Forster, J. Haywood, C. E. Johnson, M. Dalvi, N. Bellouin, and A. Sanchez-Lorenzo

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Aug 2015	215	137	5	357
Sep 2015	73	71	2	146
Oct 2015	54	23	2	79
Nov 2015	52	49	7	108
Dec 2015	22	30	1	53
Jan 2016	54	35	5	94
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Jun 2016	9	5	1	15
Jul 2016	17	9	3	29
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Sep 2016	14	9	0	23
Oct 2016	13	12	0	25
Nov 2016	10	15	0	25
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Apr 2017	29	14	1	44
May 2017	37	18	2	57
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Jan 2020	12	4	0	16
Feb 2020	11	8	1	20
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Apr 2023	10	7	0	17
May 2023	36	17	1	54
Jun 2023	41	5	1	47
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Jan 2024	56	6	1	63
Feb 2024	54	18	2	74
Mar 2024	54	25	2	81
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May 2024	25	32	2	59
Jun 2024	18	13	1	32
Jul 2024	25	15	3	43
Aug 2024	42	16	1	59
Sep 2024	18	4	0	22
Oct 2024	35	7	0	42
Nov 2024	27	7	2	36
Dec 2024	22	7	2	31
Jan 2025	42	30	8	80
Feb 2025	40	14	2	56
Mar 2025	27	18	3	48
Apr 2025	24	19	1	44
May 2025	35	10	0	45
Jun 2025	63	14	0	77
Jul 2025	56	22	5	83
Aug 2025	92	28	2	122
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Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 08 May 2015)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
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Jun 2015	24	39	2	65
Jul 2015	24	35	2	61
Aug 2015	215	137	5	357
Sep 2015	73	71	2	146
Oct 2015	54	23	2	79
Nov 2015	52	49	7	108
Dec 2015	22	30	1	53
Jan 2016	54	35	5	94
Feb 2016	41	23	1	65
Mar 2016	31	21	0	52
Apr 2016	15	15	0	30
May 2016	16	16	0	32
Jun 2016	9	5	1	15
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Sep 2023	123	12	0	135
Oct 2023	200	11	2	213
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Jan 2024	56	6	1	63
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Jan 2025	42	30	8	80
Feb 2025	40	14	2	56
Mar 2025	27	18	3	48
Apr 2025	24	19	1	44
May 2025	35	10	0	45
Jun 2025	63	14	0	77
Jul 2025	56	22	5	83
Aug 2025	92	28	2	122
Sep 2025	94	16	2	112
Oct 2025	32	1,289	2	1,323
Nov 2025	41	2,406	3	2,450

Latest update: 25 Nov 2025

Short summary

We evaluate HadGEM3-UKCA over Europe for the period 1960-2009 against observations of aerosol mass and number, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and surface solar radiation (SSR). The model underestimates aerosol mass and number but is less biased if compared to AOD and SSR. Observed trends in aerosols are well simulated by the model and necessary for reproducing the observed increase in SSR since 1990. European all-sky top of atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing increased by > 3 Wm-2 from 1970 to 2009.