Articles | Volume 13, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3271-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3271-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| 
20 Mar 2013
Review article |
| 20 Mar 2013
The role of the global cryosphere in the fate of organic contaminants
A. M. Grannas
Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
C. Bogdal
Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
K. J. Hageman
Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand
C. Halsall
Lancaster Environment Centre, Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
T. Harner
Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
H. Hung
Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
R. Kallenborn
Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsen vei 1, Postbox 5003, 1432, Norway
P. Klán
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
J. Klánová
RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
R. W. Macdonald
Department of Environment and Geography, Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
T. Meyer
Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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Cynthia H. Whaley, Tim Butler, Jose A. Adame, Rupal Ambulkar, Stephen R. Arnold, Rebecca R. Buchholz, Benjamin Gaubert, Douglas S. Hamilton, Min Huang, Hayley Hung, Johannes W. Kaiser, Jacek W. Kaminski, Christophe Knote, Gerbrand Koren, Jean-Luc Kouassi, Meiyun Lin, Tianjia Liu, Jianmin Ma, Kasemsan Manomaiphiboon, Elisa Bergas Masso, Jessica L. McCarty, Mariano Mertens, Mark Parrington, Helene Peiro, Pallavi Saxena, Saurabh Sonwani, Vanisa Surapipith, Damaris Tan, Wenfu Tang, Veerachai Tanpipat, Kostas Tsigaridis, Christine Wiedinmyer, Oliver Wild, Yuanyu Xie, and Paquita Zuidema
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-126, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-126, 2024
Preprint under review for GMD
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The multi-model experiment design of the HTAP3 Fires project takes a multi-pollutant approach to improving our understanding of transboundary transport of wildland fire and agricultural burning emissions and their impacts. The experiments are designed with the goal of answering science policy questions related to fires. The options for the multi-model approach, including inputs, outputs, and model set up are discussed, and the official recommendations for the project are presented.
Yuening Li, Faqiang Zhan, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Ying Duan Lei, Jenny Oh, Amina Ben Chaaben, Zhe Lu, Kelsey Lee, Frank A. P. C. Gobas, Hayley Hung, and Frank Wania
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1883, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1883, 2024
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Organophosphate esters are important man-made trace contaminants. Measuring them in the atmospheric gas phase, particles, precipitation and surface water from Canada, we explore seasonal concentration variability, gas/particle partitioning, precipitation scavenging, and air-water equilibrium. Whereas higher concentrations in summer and efficient precipitation scavenging conform with expectations, the lack of a relationship between compound volatility and gas-particle partitioning is puzzling.
Yuening Li, Faqiang Zhan, Yushan Su, Ying Duan Lei, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Zilin Zhou, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Hayley Hung, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 715–729, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-715-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-715-2024, 2024
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A simple device for sampling gases from the atmosphere without the help of pumps was calibrated for an important group of hazardous air pollutants called polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). While the sampler appeared to perform well when used for relatively short periods of up to several months, some PACs were lost from the sampler during longer deployments. Sampling rates that can be used to quantitatively interpret the quantities of PACs taken up in the device have been derived.
Jenny Oh, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Ying Duan Lei, Faqiang Zhan, Yuening Li, Abigaëlle Dalpé Castilloux, Amina Ben Chaaben, Zhe Lu, Kelsey Lee, Frank A. P. C. Gobas, Sabine Eckhardt, Nick Alexandrou, Hayley Hung, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10191–10205, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10191-2023, 2023
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An emerging brominated flame retardant (BFR) called TBECH (1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane) has never been produced or imported for use in Canada yet is found to be one of the most abundant gaseous BFRs in the Canadian atmosphere. The recorded spatial and temporal variability of TBECH suggest that the release from imported consumer products containing TBECH is the most likely explanation for its environmental occurrence in Canada.
Attilio Naccarato, Antonella Tassone, Maria Martino, Sacha Moretti, Antonella Macagnano, Emiliano Zampetti, Paolo Papa, Joshua Avossa, Nicola Pirrone, Michelle Nerentorp, John Munthe, Ingvar Wängberg, Geoff W. Stupple, Carl P. J. Mitchell, Adam R. Martin, Alexandra Steffen, Diana Babi, Eric M. Prestbo, Francesca Sprovieri, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3657–3672, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3657-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3657-2021, 2021
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Mercury monitoring in support of the Minamata Convention requires effective and reliable analytical tools. Passive sampling is a promising approach for creating a sustainable long-term network for atmospheric mercury with improved spatial resolution and global coverage. In this study the analytical performance of three passive air samplers (CNR-PAS, IVL-PAS, and MerPAS) was assessed over extended deployment periods and the accuracy of concentrations was judged by comparison with active sampling.
David S. McLagan, Carl P. J. Mitchell, Alexandra Steffen, Hayley Hung, Cecilia Shin, Geoff W. Stupple, Mark L. Olson, Winston T. Luke, Paul Kelley, Dean Howard, Grant C. Edwards, Peter F. Nelson, Hang Xiao, Guey-Rong Sheu, Annekatrin Dreyer, Haiyong Huang, Batual Abdul Hussain, Ying D. Lei, Ilana Tavshunsky, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5905–5919, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5905-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5905-2018, 2018
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A new passive air sampler for gaseous mercury was tested at 20 sites on four continents. These sites have in common that they use the state-of-the-art active air sampling technique for gaseous mercury on a continuous basis and therefore allow for an evaluation and calibration of the passive sampler. The sampler proved to work exceptionally well, with a precision and accuracy on par with the active
instrument and better than what has previously been achieved with passive samplers.
David S. McLagan, Carl P. J. Mitchell, Haiyong Huang, Batual Abdul Hussain, Ying Duan Lei, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3651–3660, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3651-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3651-2017, 2017
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Laboratory experiments indicate that the sampling rate of a passive air sampler for gaseous mercury is (1) not affected by relative humidity, (2) increases slightly with increasing temperature because of the effect of temperature on molecular diffusivity, (3) increases only slightly with wind speed as long as the wind speed is at least 1 m/s, and (4) is not changed when previously deployed diffusive barriers are used.
Leiming Zhang, Seth Lyman, Huiting Mao, Che-Jen Lin, David A. Gay, Shuxiao Wang, Mae Sexauer Gustin, Xinbin Feng, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9133–9144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9133-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9133-2017, 2017
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Future research needs are proposed for improving the understanding of atmospheric mercury cycling. These include refinement of mercury emission estimations, quantification of dry deposition and air–surface exchange, improvement of the treatment of chemical mechanisms in chemical transport models, increase in the accuracy of oxidized mercury measurements, better interpretation of atmospheric mercury chemistry data, and harmonization of network operation.
Chen Wang, Tiange Yuan, Stephen A. Wood, Kai-Uwe Goss, Jingyi Li, Qi Ying, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7529–7540, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7529-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7529-2017, 2017
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Three property prediction methods are used to predict equilibrium partitioning coefficients for a set of 3414 compounds implicated in secondary organic aerosol formation. Partitioning from the gas phase to water is found to be much more uncertain than estimates of partitioning into the organic matter of aerosol. This uncertainty matters, as phase distribution is very different depending on which prediction method is applied.
David S. McLagan, Maxwell E. E. Mazur, Carl P. J. Mitchell, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3061–3076, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3061-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3061-2016, 2016
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For more than 20 years, scientists and engineers have tried to design simple sampling devices that can collect gaseous elemental mercury from the atmosphere without the use of a pump. A thorough review of the sampler designs that have been presented so far suggests that while some may be suitable for measuring higher air concentrations close to sources, none of them have the accuracy and precision required to record the low atmospheric mercury concentrations prevalent in background regions.
X. Feng, Ö. Gustafsson, R. M. Holmes, J. E. Vonk, B. E. van Dongen, I. P. Semiletov, O. V. Dudarev, M. B. Yunker, R. W. Macdonald, D. B. Montluçon, and T. I. Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 12, 4841–4860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4841-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4841-2015, 2015
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Currently very few studies have examined the distribution and fate of hydrolyzable organic carbon (OC) in Arctic sediments, whose fate remains unclear in the context of climate change. Our study focuses on the source, distribution and fate of hydrolyzable OC as compared with plant wax lipids and lignin phenols in the sedimentary particles of nine Arctic and sub-Arctic rivers. This multi-molecular approach allows for a comprehensive investigation of terrestrial OC transfer via Arctic rivers.
F. Wania, Y. D. Lei, C. Wang, J. P. D. Abbatt, and K.-U. Goss
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3395–3412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3395-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3395-2015, 2015
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The manuscript presents a new way to graphically illustrate some of the processes that occur when organic particles form in the atmosphere. In particular, this method makes it possible to see how factors such as the composition of the atmosphere and temperature affect these processes.
T. F. Bidleman, L. M. Jantunen, H. Hung, J. Ma, G. A. Stern, B. Rosenberg, and J. Racine
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1411–1420, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1411-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1411-2015, 2015
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Canadian Arctic air samples were analysed for enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) of pesticides α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), trans-chlordane (TC) and cis-chlordane (CC). Annual cycles of enantiomer proportions suggested greater emission of microbially degraded residues from water and soil in warm vs. cold seasons. Enantiomer profiles may change in the future with rising contributions from secondary sources, monitoring them could increase the forensic capability in air monitoring programs.
F. Wania, Y. D. Lei, C. Wang, J. P. D. Abbatt, and K.-U. Goss
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13189–13204, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13189-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13189-2014, 2014
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A description of the formation of secondary organic aerosol requires the prediction of the partitioning equilibrium of organic compounds with multiple functional groups between gas and organic particle phase. While this is typically done by predicting both the saturation vapour pressure and the activity coefficient in the organic particle phase, we demonstrate here that it is feasible to predict the partitioning equilibrium directly. This direct approach has greater precision.
Y. Liu, L. Huang, S.-M. Li, T. Harner, and J. Liggio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12195–12207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12195-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12195-2014, 2014
K. E. Giesbrecht, L. A. Miller, M. Davelaar, S. Zimmermann, E. Carmack, W. K. Johnson, R. W. Macdonald, F. McLaughlin, A. Mucci, W. J. Williams, C. S. Wong, and M. Yamamoto-Kawai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 91–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-91-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-91-2014, 2014
J. N. Sutton, S. C. Johannessen, and R. W. Macdonald
Biogeosciences, 10, 7179–7194, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7179-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7179-2013, 2013
R. Kallenborn, K. Breivik, S. Eckhardt, C. R. Lunder, S. Manø, M. Schlabach, and A. Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6983–6992, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6983-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6983-2013, 2013
A. S. Cole, A. Steffen, K. A. Pfaffhuber, T. Berg, M. Pilote, L. Poissant, R. Tordon, and H. Hung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1535–1545, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1535-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1535-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Hydrosphere Interactions | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Local evaporation controlled by regional atmospheric circulation in the Altiplano of the Atacama Desert
Drought-induced biomass burning as a source of black carbon to the central Himalaya since 1781 CE as reconstructed from the Dasuopu ice core
Tritium as a hydrological tracer in Mediterranean precipitation events
Identification of soil-cooling rains in southern France from soil temperature and soil moisture observations
Towards an advanced observation system for the marine Arctic in the framework of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX)
Cryosphere: a kingdom of anomalies and diversity
Using eddy covariance to measure the dependence of air–sea CO2 exchange rate on friction velocity
Dominance of climate warming effects on recent drying trends over wet monsoon regions
Characterisation of boundary layer turbulent processes by the Raman lidar BASIL in the frame of HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment
Advances in understanding and parameterization of small-scale physical processes in the marine Arctic climate system: a review
Climatic controls on water vapor deuterium excess in the marine boundary layer of the North Atlantic based on 500 days of in situ, continuous measurements
Multi-season eddy covariance observations of energy, water and carbon fluxes over a suburban area in Swindon, UK
Snow optical properties at Dome C (Concordia), Antarctica; implications for snow emissions and snow chemistry of reactive nitrogen
Uncertainties in wind speed dependent CO2 transfer velocities due to airflow distortion at anemometer sites on ships
Felipe Lobos-Roco, Oscar Hartogensis, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Alberto de la Fuente, Ricardo Muñoz, José Rutllant, and Francisco Suárez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9125–9150, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9125-2021, 2021
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We investigate the influence of regional atmospheric circulation on the evaporation of a saline lake in the Altiplano region of the Atacama Desert through a field experiment and regional modeling. Our results show that evaporation is controlled by two regimes: (1) in the morning by local conditions with low evaporation rates and low wind speed and (2) in the afternoon with high evaporation rates and high wind speed. Afternoon winds are connected to the regional Pacific Ocean–Andes flow.
Joel D. Barker, Susan Kaspari, Paolo Gabrielli, Anna Wegner, Emilie Beaudon, M. Roxana Sierra-Hernández, and Lonnie Thompson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5615–5633, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5615-2021, 2021
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Black carbon (BC), an aerosol that contributes to glacier melt, is important for central Himalayan hydrology because glaciers are a water source to rivers that affect 25 % of the global population in Southeast Asia. Using the Dasuopu ice core (1781–1992 CE), we find that drought-associated biomass burning is an important source of BC to the central Himalaya over a period of months to years and that hemispheric changes in atmospheric circulation influence BC deposition over longer periods.
Tobias R. Juhlke, Jürgen Sültenfuß, Katja Trachte, Frédéric Huneau, Emilie Garel, Sébastien Santoni, Johannes A. C. Barth, and Robert van Geldern
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3555–3568, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3555-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3555-2020, 2020
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Tritium can serve as a useful tracer in the hydrological cycle; however, aspects of the distribution and exchange of tritium in the atmosphere are not completely understood. In particular, the movement of tritium from its natural origin in the upper atmosphere to its deposition onto the land surface by precipitation has to be quantified further. Therefore, this study collected precipitation event samples and used atmospheric models in order to improve knowledge regarding tritium dynamics.
Sibo Zhang, Catherine Meurey, and Jean-Christophe Calvet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5005–5020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5005-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5005-2019, 2019
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In situ rain temperature measurements are rare. Soil moisture and soil temperature observations in southern France are used to assess the cooling effects on soils of rainfall events. The rainwater temperature is estimated using observed changes of topsoil volumetric soil moisture and soil temperature in response to the rainfall event. The obtained rain temperature estimates are generally lower than the ambient air temperatures, wet-bulb temperatures, and topsoil temperatures.
Timo Vihma, Petteri Uotila, Stein Sandven, Dmitry Pozdnyakov, Alexander Makshtas, Alexander Pelyasov, Roberta Pirazzini, Finn Danielsen, Sergey Chalov, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Vladimir Ivanov, Ivan Frolov, Anna Albin, Bin Cheng, Sergey Dobrolyubov, Viktor Arkhipkin, Stanislav Myslenkov, Tuukka Petäjä, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1941–1970, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1941-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1941-2019, 2019
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The Arctic marine climate system, ecosystems, and socio-economic systems are changing rapidly. This calls for the establishment of a marine Arctic component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (MA-PEEX), for which we present a plan. The program will promote international collaboration; sustainable marine meteorological, sea ice, and oceanographic observations; advanced data management; and multidisciplinary research on the marine Arctic and its interaction with the Eurasian continent.
Vladimir Melnikov, Viktor Gennadinik, Markku Kulmala, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Tuukka Petäjä, and Sergej Zilitinkevich
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6535–6542, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6535-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6535-2018, 2018
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The cryosphere of the Earth overlaps with the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere over vast areas with temperatures below zero C and pronounced H2O phase changes. The cryosphere plays the role of a global thermostat; however, the processes related to the cryosphere attract insufficient attention from research communities. We call attention to crucial importance of cryogenic anomalies, which make the Earth atmosphere and the entire Earth system unique.
Sebastian Landwehr, Scott D. Miller, Murray J. Smith, Thomas G. Bell, Eric S. Saltzman, and Brian Ward
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4297–4315, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4297-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4297-2018, 2018
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The ocean takes up about 25 % of emitted anthropogenic emitted carbon dioxide and thus plays a significant role in the regulation of climate. In order to accurately calculate this uptake, a quantity known as the air–sea gas transfer velocity needs to be determined. This is typically parameterised with mean wind speed, the most commonly used velocity scale for calculating air–sea transfer coefficients. In this article, we propose an alternative velocity scale known as the friction velocity.
Chang-Eui Park, Su-Jong Jeong, Chang-Hoi Ho, Hoonyoung Park, Shilong Piao, Jinwon Kim, and Song Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10467–10476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10467-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10467-2017, 2017
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In dry monsoon regions, a decrease in precipitation induces drying trends. In contrast, the increase in potential evapotranspiration due to increased atmospheric water-holding capacity, a secondary impact of warming, works to increase aridity over the humid monsoon regions despite the increase in precipitation. Our results explain the recent drying in the humid monsoon regions. This also supports the drying trends over the warm and water-sufficient regions in future climate.
Paolo Di Girolamo, Marco Cacciani, Donato Summa, Andrea Scoccione, Benedetto De Rosa, Andreas Behrendt, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 745–767, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-745-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-745-2017, 2017
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This paper reports what we believe are the first measurements throughout the atmospheric convective boundary layer of higher-order moments (up to the fourth) of the turbulent fluctuations of water vapour mixing ratio and temperature performed by a single lidar system, i.e. the Raman lidar system BASIL. These measurements, in combination with measurements from other lidar systems, are fundamental to verify and possibly improve turbulence parametrisation in weather and climate models.
T. Vihma, R. Pirazzini, I. Fer, I. A. Renfrew, J. Sedlar, M. Tjernström, C. Lüpkes, T. Nygård, D. Notz, J. Weiss, D. Marsan, B. Cheng, G. Birnbaum, S. Gerland, D. Chechin, and J. C. Gascard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9403–9450, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9403-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9403-2014, 2014
H. C. Steen-Larsen, A. E. Sveinbjörnsdottir, A. J. Peters, V. Masson-Delmotte, M. P. Guishard, G. Hsiao, J. Jouzel, D. Noone, J. K. Warren, and J. W. C. White
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7741–7756, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7741-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7741-2014, 2014
H. C. Ward, J. G. Evans, and C. S. B. Grimmond
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4645–4666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4645-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4645-2013, 2013
J. L. France, M. D. King, M. M. Frey, J. Erbland, G. Picard, S. Preunkert, A. MacArthur, and J. Savarino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9787–9801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9787-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9787-2011, 2011
F. Griessbaum, B. I. Moat, Y. Narita, M. J. Yelland, O. Klemm, and M. Uematsu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5123–5133, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5123-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5123-2010, 2010
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