Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
ACP
Articles | Volume 26, issue 12
Articles | Volume 26, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9221-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9221-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 26, issue 12
Research article
 | 
01 Jul 2026
Research article |  | 01 Jul 2026

The impact of aerosol mixing state on immersion freezing: insights from classical nucleation theory and particle-resolved simulations

Wenhan Tang, Sylwester Arabas, Jeffrey H. Curtis, Daniel A. Knopf, Matthew West, and Nicole Riemer

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Short summary
We studied how aerosol particles help form ice in clouds. Using new theory and detailed computer simulations, we found that the way different materials are mixed within these particles has a strong impact on how much ice forms. When ice-forming material is spread across all particles, more droplets freeze than when it is only in a few. This result means that to better predict clouds and climate, models need to account for how particle materials are mixed.
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