Articles | Volume 26, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-269-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-269-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Jan 2026
Research article |
| 07 Jan 2026
| 07 Jan 2026
Uncertainty in aerosol effective radiative forcing from anthropogenic and natural aerosol parameters in ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
Duncan Watson-Parris
Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Leighton A. Regayre
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Hailing Jia
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
David Neubauer
ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
Carl Svenhag
Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
Nick Schutgens
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Athanasios Tsikerdekis
KNMI, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Athanasios Nenes
Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Patras, Greece
School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts (LAPI), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
Muhammed Irfan
Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Patras, Greece
School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts (LAPI), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Bastiaan van Diedenhoven
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
Ardit Arifi
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
Guangliang Fu
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
Otto P. Hasekamp
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Latest update: 12 Feb 2026
Short summary
Aerosols (small airborne particles) impact Earth's climate, but their extent is unknown. By running climate model simulations and using machine learning to emulate millions of additional variants with different settings, we found that natural emissions like sea spray and sulfur are key sources of uncertainty in climate predictions. Our work shows that understanding these natural processes better can help improve climate models and make future climate projections more accurate.
Aerosols (small airborne particles) impact Earth's climate, but their extent is unknown. By...
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