Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
ACP
Articles | Volume 26, issue 4
Articles | Volume 26, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2667-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2667-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 26, issue 4
Research article
 | 
19 Feb 2026
Research article |  | 19 Feb 2026

Implementation of primary and secondary ice production in EC-Earth3-AerChem: global impacts and insights

Montserrat Costa-Surós, María Gonçalves Ageitos, Marios Chatziparaschos, Paraskevi Georgakaki, Manu Anna Thomas, Gilbert Montané Pinto, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, Maria Kanakidou, Athanasios Nenes, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando

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Short summary
Mixed-phase clouds play a key role in Earth’s climate but remain poorly represented in climate models. We improved their representation in the EC-Earth model by introducing an aerosol-sensitive scheme for ice formation and a machine-learning approach for secondary ice production. These advances produce more realistic cloud properties and radiative effects, highlighting that both processes are essential for reliable climate projections.
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