Articles | Volume 25, issue 16
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9127-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9127-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Aug 2025
Research article |
| 22 Aug 2025
| 22 Aug 2025
Global patterns and trends in ground-level ozone chemical formation regimes from 1996 to 2022
Yu Tian
Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
Siyi Wang
Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Jiaqi Shen, Ronald C. Cohen, Glenn M. Wolfe, and Xiaomeng Jin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8701–8718, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8701-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8701-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows large chemical and radiative effects of smoke aerosols from fires on near-surface ozone production. Aerosol loading and NOx levels are identified as the primary factors influencing these effects. Furthermore, we show that the ratio of surface PM2.5 to NO2 tropospheric column can be used as an indicator for identifying aerosol-dominated regimes, facilitating the assessment of aerosol impacts on ozone formation through satellite observations.
Xiaomeng Jin, Qindan Zhu, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15569–15587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15569-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15569-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe direct estimates of NOx emissions and lifetimes for biomass burning plumes using daily TROPOMI retrievals of NO2. Satellite-derived NOx emission factors are consistent with those from in situ measurements. We observe decreasing NOx lifetime with fire intensity, which is due to the increase in NOx abundance and radical production. Our findings suggest promise for applying space-based observations to track the emissions and chemical evolution of reactive nitrogen from wildfires.
Cited articles
Adame, J. A., Hernández-Ceballos, M. Á., Sorribas, M., Lozano, A., and Morena, B. A. D. L.: Weekend-weekday effect assessment for O3, NOx, CO and PM10 in Andalusia, Spain (2003–2008), Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 14, 1862–1874, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.02.0026, 2014.
Adams, T. J., Geddes, J. A., and Lind, E. S.: New Insights Into the Role of Atmospheric Transport and Mixing on Column and Surface Concentrations of NO2 at a Coastal Urban Site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD038237, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd038237, 2023.
Andela, N., Morton, D. C., Giglio, L., Chen, Y., van der Werf, G. R., Kasibhatla, P. S., DeFries, R. S., Collatz, G. J., Hantson, S., Kloster, S., Bachelet, D., Forrest, M., Lasslop, G., Li, F., Mangeon, S., Melton, J. R., Yue, C., and Randerson, J. T.: A human-driven decline in global burned area, Science, 356, 1356–1362, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4108, 2017.
Atkinsonpalombo, C., Miller, J., and Balling Jr., R.: Quantifying the ozone “weekend effect” at various locations in Phoenix, Arizona, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7644–7658, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.023, 2006.
Boersma, F., Eskes, H., Richter, A., Smedt, I. D., Lorente, A., Beirle, S., Geffen, J. van, Peters, E., Roozendael, M. V., and Wagner, T.: QA4ECV NO2 tropospheric and stratospheric column data from GOME, KNMI [data set], https://doi.org/10.21944/qa4ecv-no2-gome-v1.1, 2017a.
Boersma, F., Eskes, H., Richter, A., Smedt, I. D., Lorente, A., Beirle, S., Geffen, J. van, Peters, E., Roozendael, M. V., and Wagner, T.: QA4ECV NO2 tropospheric and stratospheric column data from OMI, KNMI [data set], https://doi.org/10.21944/qa4ecv-no2-omi-v1.1, 2017b.
Boersma, F., Eskes, H., Richter, A., Smedt, I. D., Lorente, A., Beirle, S., Geffen, J. van, Peters, E., Roozendael, M. V., and Wagner, T.: QA4ECV NO2 tropospheric and stratospheric column data from SCIAMACHY, KNMI [data set], https://doi.org/10.21944/qa4ecv-no2-scia-v1.1, 2017c.
Boersma, K. F., Eskes, H. J., Richter, A., De Smedt, I., Lorente, A., Beirle, S., van Geffen, J. H. G. M., Zara, M., Peters, E., Van Roozendael, M., Wagner, T., Maasakkers, J. D., van der A, R. J., Nightingale, J., De Rudder, A., Irie, H., Pinardi, G., Lambert, J.-C., and Compernolle, S. C.: Improving algorithms and uncertainty estimates for satellite NO2 retrievals: results from the quality assurance for the essential climate variables (QA4ECV) project, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 6651–6678, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6651-2018, 2018.
Cermak, J., Wild, M., Knutti, R., Mishchenko, M. I., and Heidinger, A. K.: Consistency of global satellite-derived aerosol and cloud data sets with recent brightening observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L21704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl044632, 2010.
Chan Miller, C., Jacob, D. J., González Abad, G., and Chance, K.: Hotspot of glyoxal over the Pearl River delta seen from the OMI satellite instrument: implications for emissions of aromatic hydrocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4631–4639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4631-2016, 2016.
Chiu, Y. M., Wilson, A., Hsu, H. L., Jamal, H., Mathews, N., Kloog, I., Schwartz, J., Bellinger, D. C., Xhani, N., Wright, R. O., Coull, B. A., and Wright, R. J.: Prenatal ambient air pollutant mixture exposure and neurodevelopment in urban children in the Northeastern United States, Environ. Res., 233, 116394–116409, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116394, 2023.
Choi, Y., Kim, H., Tong, D., and Lee, P.: Summertime weekly cycles of observed and modeled NOx and O3 concentrations as a function of satellite-derived ozone production sensitivity and land use types over the Continental United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6291–6307, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6291-2012, 2012.
Cleveland, W. S., Graedel, T. E., Kleiner, B., and Warner, J. L.: Sunday and workday variations in photochemical air pollutants in New Jersey and New York, Science, 186, 1037–1038, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4168.1037, 1974.
Copernicus Sentinel-5P: Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Tropospheric NO2 1-Orbit L2 7 km x 3.5 km, processed by ESA, Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, available from Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5270/S5P-s4ljg54, 2018.
Copernicus Sentinel-5P: Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Tropospheric Formaldehyde HCHO 1-Orbit L2 7 km x 3.5 km, processed by ESA, Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, available from Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5270/S5P-tjlxfd2, 2019.
Copernicus Sentinel-5P: Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Tropospheric Formaldehyde HCHO 1-Orbit L2 5.5 km x 3.5 km, processed by ESA, Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, available from Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5270/S5P-vg1i7t0, 2020.
Copernicus Sentinel-5P: Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Tropospheric NO2 1-Orbit L2 5.5 km x 3.5 km, processed by ESA, Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, available from Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5270/S5P-9bnp8q8, 2021.
Curier, R. L., Kranenburg, R., Segers, A. J. S., Timmermans, R. M. A., and Schaap, M.: Synergistic use of OMI NO2 tropospheric columns and LOTOS–EUROS to evaluate the NOx emission trends across Europe, Remote Sens. Environ., 149, 58–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.032, 2014.
Dang, R., Jacob, D. J., Shah, V., Eastham, S. D., Fritz, T. M., Mickley, L. J., Liu, T., Wang, Y., and Wang, J.: Background nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over the United States and its implications for satellite observations and trends: effects of nitrate photolysis, aircraft, and open fires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6271–6284, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6271-2023, 2023.
De Smedt, I., Müller, J.-F., Stavrakou, T., van der A, R., Eskes, H., and Van Roozendael, M.: Twelve years of global observations of formaldehyde in the troposphere using GOME and SCIAMACHY sensors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4947–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4947-2008, 2008.
De Smedt, I., Stavrakou, T., Müller, J. F., van der A, R. J., and Van Roozendael, M.: Trend detection in satellite observations of formaldehyde tropospheric columns, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl044245, 2010.
De Smedt, I., Stavrakou, T., Hendrick, F., Danckaert, T., Vlemmix, T., Pinardi, G., Theys, N., Lerot, C., Gielen, C., Vigouroux, C., Hermans, C., Fayt, C., Veefkind, P., Müller, J.-F., and Van Roozendael, M.: Diurnal, seasonal and long-term variations of global formaldehyde columns inferred from combined OMI and GOME-2 observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12519–12545, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12519-2015, 2015.
De Smedt, I., Yu, H., Richter, A., Beirle, S., Eskes, H., Boersma, K. F., Van Roozendael, M., Van Geffen, J., Wagner, T., Lorente, A., and Peters, E.: QA4ECV HCHO tropospheric column data from OMI, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy [data set], https://doi.org/10.18758/71021031, 2017.
De Smedt, I., Theys, N., Yu, H., Danckaert, T., Lerot, C., Compernolle, S., Van Roozendael, M., Richter, A., Hilboll, A., Peters, E., Pedergnana, M., Loyola, D., Beirle, S., Wagner, T., Eskes, H., van Geffen, J., Boersma, K. F., and Veefkind, P.: Algorithm theoretical baseline for formaldehyde retrievals from S5P TROPOMI and from the QA4ECV project, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2395–2426, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2395-2018, 2018.
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, UK: Emissions of air pollutants in the UK – Nitrogen oxides (NOx), R/OL, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/emissions-of-air-pollutants (last access: May 2025), 2024.
Duncan, B. N., Yoshida, Y., Olson, J. R., Sillman, S., Martin, R. V., Lamsal, L., Hu, Y., Pickering, K. E., Retscher, C., Allen, D. J., and Crawford, J. H.: Application of OMI observations to a space-based indicator of NOx and VOC controls on surface ozone formation, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2213–2223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.010, 2010.
Duncan, B. N., Lamsal, L. N., Thompson, A. M., Yoshida, Y., Lu, Z., Streets, D. G., Hurwitz, M. M., and Pickering, K. E.: A space-based, high-resolution view of notable changes in urban NOx pollution around the world (2005–2014), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 976–996, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024121, 2016.
European Environment Agency: Air Quality in Europe – 2015 Report, EEA Report No. 5/2015, Copenhagen, Denmark, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2015 (last access: May 2025), 2015.
Fan, J., Wang, T., Wang, Q., Ma, D., Li, Y., Zhou, M., and Wang, T.: Assessment of HCHO in Beijing during 2009 to 2020 using satellite observation and numerical model: Spatial characteristic and impact factor, Sci. Total Environ., 894, 165060–165072, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165060, 2023.
Felzer, B. S., Cronin, T., Reilly, J. M., Melillo, J. M., and Wang, X.: Impacts of ozone on trees and crops, C. R. Geosci., 339, 784–798, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.08.008, 2007.
Fu, T. M., Jacob, D. J., Palmer, P. I., Chance, K., Wang, Y. X., Barletta, B., Blake, D. R., Stanton, J. C., and Pilling, M. J.: Space-based formaldehyde measurements as constraints on volatile organic compound emissions in east and south Asia and implications for ozone, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, 6312–6327, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007853, 2007.
Ganguly, T., Selvaraj, K. L., and Guttikunda, S. K.: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) for Indian cities: Review and outlook of clean air action plans, Atmos. Environ. X, 8, 100096, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2020.100096, 2020.
Georgoulias, A. K., van der A, R. J., Stammes, P., Boersma, K. F., and Eskes, H. J.: Trends and trend reversal detection in 2 decades of tropospheric NO2 satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6269–6294, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6269-2019, 2019.
Han, K., Kim, H., and Song, C.: An Estimation of Top-Down NOx Emissions from OMI Sensor Over East Asia, Remote Sensing, 12, 2004–2029, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122004, 2020.
Hilboll, A., Richter, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Long-term changes of tropospheric NO2 over megacities derived from multiple satellite instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4145–4169, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4145-2013, 2013.
Jacob, D. J., Horowitz, L. W., Munger, J. W., Heikes, B. G., Dickerson, R. R., Artz, R. S., and Keene, W. C.: Seasonal transition from NOx- to hydrocarbon-limited conditions for ozone production over the eastern United States in September, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9315–9324, https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd03125, 1995.
Jaffe, D. A., Ninneman, M., and Chan, H. C.: NOx and O3 trends at U. S. non-attainment areas for 1995–2020: influence of COVID-19 reductions and wildland fires on policy-relevant concentrations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036385, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036385, 2022.
Jamali, S., Klingmyr, D., and Tagesson, T.: Global-Scale Patterns and Trends in Tropospheric NO2 Concentrations, 2005–2018, Remote Sens.-Basel, 12, 3526–3534, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213526, 2020.
Jin, X. and Holloway, T.: Spatial and temporal variability of ozone sensitivity over China observed from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 7229–7246, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023250, 2015.
Jin, X., Fiore, A. M., Murray, L. T., Valin, L. C., Lamsal, L. N., Duncan, B., Boersma, K. F., De Smedt, I., Abad, G. G., Chance, K., and Tonnesen, G. S.: Evaluating a space-based indicator of surface ozone-NOx-VOC sensitivity over midlatitude source regions and application to decadal trends, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 10439–10488, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026720, 2017.
Jin, X., Fiore, A., Boersma, K. F., Smedt, I., and Valin, L.: Inferring changes in summertime surface ozone-NOx-VOC chemistry over U. S. urban areas from two decades of satellite and ground-based observations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 6518–6529, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07785, 2020.
Jin, X., Fiore, A. M., and Cohen, R. C.: Space-Based Observations of Ozone Precursors within California Wildfire Plumes and the Impacts on Ozone-NOx-VOC Chemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 14648–14660, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c04411, 2023.
Krotkov, N. A., McLinden, C. A., Li, C., Lamsal, L. N., Celarier, E. A., Marchenko, S. V., Swartz, W. H., Bucsela, E. J., Joiner, J., Duncan, B. N., Boersma, K. F., Veefkind, J. P., Levelt, P. F., Fioletov, V. E., Dickerson, R. R., He, H., Lu, Z., and Streets, D. G.: Aura OMI observations of regional SO2 and NO2 pollution changes from 2005 to 2015, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4605–4629, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4605-2016, 2016.
Kuttippurath, J., Abbhishek, K., Gopikrishnan, G. S., and Pathak, M.: Investigation of long–term trends and major sources of atmospheric HCHO over India, Environmental Challenges, 7, 100477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2022.100477, 2022.
Lamsal, L. N., Duncan, B. N., Yoshida, Y., Krotkov, N. A., Pickering, K. E., Streets, D. G., and Lu, Z.: U.S. NO2 trends (2005–2013): EPA Air Quality System (AQS) data versus improved observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Atmos. Environ., 110, 130–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.055, 2015.
Li, K., Jacob, D. J., Liao, H., Shen, L., Zhang, Q., and Bates, K. H.: Anthropogenic drivers of 2013–2017 trends in summer surface ozone in China, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 422–427, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812168116, 2019.
Liu, F., Beirle, S., Zhang, Q., Dörner, S., He, K., and Wagner, T.: NOx lifetimes and emissions of cities and power plants in polluted background estimated by satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5283–5298, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5283-2016, 2016.
Liu, R., Zhong, M., Zhao, X., Lu, S., Tian, J., Li, Y., Hou, M., Liang, X., Huang, H., Fan, L., and Ye, D.: Characteristics of industrial volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission in China from 2011 to 2019, Environm. Sci., 42, 5169–5179, 2021.
Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Gu, D., Zhao, C., Huey, L. G., Stickel, R., Liao, J., Shao, M., Zhu, T., Zeng, L., Amoroso, A., Costabile, F., Chang, C.-C., and Liu, S.-C.: Summertime photochemistry during CAREBeijing-2007: ROx budgets and O3 formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7737–7752, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7737-2012, 2012.
Lu, C. H. and Chang, J. S.: On the indicator-based approach to assess ozone sensitivities and emissions features, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 3453–3462, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd03128, 1998.
Malley, C. S., Henze, D. K., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Vallack, H. W., Davila, Y., Anenberg, S. C., Turner, M. C., and Ashmore, M. R.: Updated global estimates of respiratory mortality in adults ≥30 years of age attributable to long-term ozone exposure, Environ. Health Persp., 125, 087021, https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1390, 2017.
Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., and Bezirtzoglou, E.: Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: A review, Front. Public Health, 8, 14, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014, 2020.
Martin, R. V., Fiore, A. M., and Van Donkelaar, A.: Space-based diagnosis of surface ozone sensitivity to anthropogenic emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06120, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019416, 2004.
Martins, E. M., Nunes, A. C. L., and Corrêa, S. M.: Understanding ozone concentrations during weekdays and weekends in the urban area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, J. Brazil. Chem. Soc., 26, 1967–1975, https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20150175, 2015.
Mills, G., Harmens, H., Wagg, S., Sharps, K., Hayes, F., Fowler, D., Sutton, M., and Davies, B.: Ozone impacts on vegetation in a nitrogen enriched and changing climate, Environ. Pollut., 208, 898–908, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.038, 2016.
Monks, P. S., Archibald, A. T., Colette, A., Cooper, O., Coyle, M., Derwent, R., Fowler, D., Granier, C., Law, K. S., Mills, G. E., Stevenson, D. S., Tarasova, O., Thouret, V., von Schneidemesser, E., Sommariva, R., Wild, O., and Williams, M. L.: Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8889–8973, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8889-2015, 2015.
Nuvolone, D., Petri, D., and Voller, F.: The effects of ozone on human health, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 25, 8074–8088, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9239-3, 2018.
Palmer, P. I., Jacob, D. J., Fiore, A. M., Martin, R. V., Chance, K., and Kurosu, T. P.: Mapping isoprene emissions over North America using formaldehyde column observations from space, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4180–4196, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002153, 2003.
Palmer, P. I., Abbot, D. S., Fu, T. M., Jacob, D. J., Chance, K., Kurosu, T. P., Guenther, A., Wiedinmyer, C., Stanton, J. C., Pilling, M. J., Pressley, S. N., Lamb, B., and Sumner, A. L.: Quantifying the seasonal and interannual variability of North American isoprene emissions using satellite observations of the formaldehyde column, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D12315, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006689, 2006.
Palmer, P. I., Barkley, M. P., Kurosu, T. P., Lewis, A. C., Saxton, J. E., Chance, K., and Gatti, L. V.: Interpreting satellite column observations of formaldehyde over tropical South America, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 365, 1741–1751, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2042, 2007.
Paoletti, E., De Marco, A., Beddows, D. C., Harrison, R. M., and Manning, W. J.: Ozone levels in European and USA cities are increasing more than at rural sites, while peak values are decreasing, Environ. Pollut., 192, 295–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.040, 2014.
Paraschiv, S., Constantin, D. E., Paraschiv, S. L., and Voiculescu, M.: OMI and Ground-Based In-Situ Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide Observations over Several Important European Cities during 2005–2014, Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He., 14, 1415, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111415, 2017.
Pfister, G. G., Walters, S., Lamarque, J. F., Fast, J., Barth, M. C., Wong, J., Done, J., Holland, G., and Bruyère, C. L.: Projections of future summertime ozone over the U.S., J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 5559–5582, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020932, 2014.
Pierce, T., Hogrefe, C., Trivikrama Rao, S., Porter, P. S., and Ku, J.-Y.: Dynamic evaluation of a regional air quality model: Assessing the emissions-induced weekly ozone cycle, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3583–3596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.046, 2010.
Russell, A. R., Valin, L. C., and Cohen, R. C.: Trends in OMI NO2 observations over the United States: effects of emission control technology and the economic recession, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 12197–12209, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-12197-2012, 2012.
Sadanaga, Y., Sengen, M., Takenaka, N., and Bandow, H.: Analyses of the ozone weekend effect in Tokyo, Japan: Regime of oxidant (O3+NO2) production, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 12, 161–168, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2011.07.0102, 2012.
Schroeder, J. R., Crawford, J. H., Fried, A., Walega, J., Weinheimer, A., Wisthaler, A., Müller, M., Mikoviny, T., Chen, G., Shook, M., Blake, D. R., and Tonnesen, G. S.: New insights into the column
Schultz, M. G., Schröder, S., Lyapina, O., Cooper, O. R., Galbally, I., Petropavlovskikh, I., von Schneidemesser, E., Tanimoto, H., Elshorbany, Y., Naja, M., Seguel, R. J., Dauert, U., Eckhardt, P., Feigenspan, S., Fiebig, M., Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Hong, Y.-D., Kjeld, P. C., Koide, H., Lear, G., Tarasick, D., Ueno, M., Wallasch, M., Baumgardner, D., Chuang, M.-T., Gillett, R., Lee, M., Molloy, S., Moolla, R., Wang, T., Sharps, K., Adame, J. A., Ancellet, G., Apadula, F., Artaxo, P., Barlasina, M. E., Bogucka, M., Bonasoni, P., Chang, L., Colomb, A., Cuevas-Agulló, E., Cupeiro, M., Degorska, A., Ding, A., Fröhlich, M., Frolova, M., Gadhavi, H., Gheusi, F., Gilge, S., Gonzalez, M. Y., Gros, V., Hamad, S. H., Helmig, D., Henriques, D., Hermansen, O., Holla, R., Hueber, J., Im, U., Jaffe, D. A., Komala, N., Kubistin, D., Lam, K.-S., Laurila, T., Lee, H., Levy, I., Mazzoleni, C., Mazzoleni, L. R., McClure-Begley, A., Mohamad, M., Murovec, M., Navarro-Comas, M., Nicodim, F., Parrish, D., Read, K. A., Reid, N., Ries, L., Saxena, P., Schwab, J. J., Scorgie, Y., Senik, I., Simmonds, P., Sinha, V., Skorokhod, A. I., Spain, G., Spangl, W., Spoor, R., Springston, S. R., Steer, K., Steinbacher, M., Suharguniyawan, E., Torre, P., Trickl, T., Weili, L., Weller, R., Xiaobin, X., Xue, L., Zhiqiang, M., Chang, M. E., and Lewis, A.: Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Database and metrics data of global surface ozone observations, Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 5, 58, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.244, 2017a.
Schultz, M. G., Schröder, S., Lyapina, O., et al.: Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report, links to Global surface ozone datasets, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.876108, 2017b.
Seguel, R. J., Morales, S. R., and Leiva, G. M.: Ozone weekend effect in Santiago, Chile, Environ. Pollut., 162, 72–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.019, 2012.
Shen, L., Jacob, D. J., Zhu, L., Zhang, Q., Zheng, B., Sulprizio, M. P., Li, K., De Smedt, I., González Abad, G., Cao, H., Fu, T. M., and Liao, H.: The 2005–2016 Trends of Formaldehyde Columns Over China Observed by Satellites: Increasing Anthropogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds and Decreasing Agricultural Fire Emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 4468–4475, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl082172, 2019.
Sicard, P., Paoletti, E., Agathokleous, E., Araminiene, V., Proietti, C., Coulibaly, F., and De Marco, A.: Ozone weekend effect in cities: Deep insights for urban air pollution control, Environ. Res., 191, 110193–110205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110193, 2020.
Sillman, S.: The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments, Atmos. Environ., 33, 1821–1845, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00345-8, 1999.
Sillman, S.: The use of NOy, H2O2, and HNO3 as indicators for ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon sensitivity in urban locations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 14175–14188, https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd02953, 2012.
Simon, H., Wells, B., Baker, K. R., and Hubbell, B.: Assessing temporal and spatial patterns of observed and predicted ozone in multiple urban areas, Environ. Health Persp., 124, 1443–1452, https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP190, 2016.
Simon, H., Hogrefe, C., Whitehill, A., Foley, K. M., Liljegren, J., Possiel, N., Wells, B., Henderson, B. H., Valin, L. C., Tonnesen, G., Appel, K. W., and Koplitz, S.: Revisiting day-of-week ozone patterns in an era of evolving US air quality, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1855–1871, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1855-2024, 2024.
Solberg, S., Bergström, R., Langner, J., Laurila, T., and Lindskog, A.: Changes in Nordic surface ozone episodes due to European emission reductions in the 1990s, Atmos. Environ., 39, 179–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.049, 2005.
Souri, A. H., Choi, Y., Jeon, W., Woo, J. H., Zhang, Q., and Kurokawa, J. I.: Remote sensing evidence of decadal changes in major tropospheric ozone precursors over East Asia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 2474–2492, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025663, 2017.
Souri, A. H., Nowlan, C. R., Wolfe, G. M., Lamsal, L. N., Chan Miller, C. E., Abad, G. G., Janz, S. J., Fried, A., Blake, D. R., Weinheimer, A. J., Diskin, G. S., Liu, X., and Chance, K.: Revisiting the effectiveness of
Souri, A. H., Johnson, M. S., Wolfe, G. M., Crawford, J. H., Fried, A., Wisthaler, A., Brune, W. H., Blake, D. R., Weinheimer, A. J., Verhoelst, T., Compernolle, S., Pinardi, G., Vigouroux, C., Langerock, B., Choi, S., Lamsal, L., Zhu, L., Sun, S., Cohen, R. C., Min, K.-E., Cho, C., Philip, S., Liu, X., and Chance, K.: Characterization of errors in satellite-based
Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., Bauwens, M., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., Guenther, A., Wild, M., and Xia, X.: Isoprene emissions over Asia 1979–2012: impact of climate and land-use changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4587–4605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4587-2014, 2014.
Stephens, S., Madronich, S., Wu, F., Olson, J. B., Ramos, R., Retama, A., and Muñoz, R.: Weekly patterns of México City's surface concentrations of CO, NOx, PM10 and O3 during 1986–2007, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5313–5325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5313-2008, 2008.
Sun, W., Shao, M., Granier, C., Liu, Y., Ye, C. S., and Zheng, J. Y.: Long-Term Trends of Anthropogenic SO2, NOx, CO, and NMVOCs Emissions in China, Earths Future, 6, 1112–1133, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ef000822, 2018.
Tang, W., Zhao, C., Geng, F., Peng, L., Zhou, G., Gao, W., Xu, J., and Tie, X.: Study of ozone “weekend effect” in Shanghai, Sci. China Ser. D, 51, 1354–1360, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-008-0088-2, 2008.
Tonnesen, G. S. and Dennis, R. L.: Analysis of radical propagation efficiency to assess ozone sensitivity to hydrocarbons and NOx: 2 Long-lived species as indicators of ozone concentration sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 9227–9241, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900372, 2000.
Toro, C., Foley, K., Simon, H., Henderson, B., Baker, K. R., Eyth, A., Timin, B., Appel, W., Luecken, D., Beardsley, M., Sonntag, D., Possiel, N., and Roberts, S.: Evaluation of 15 years of modeled atmospheric oxidized nitrogen compounds across the contiguous United States, Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 9, 00158, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00158, 2021.
Tsai, Y. I.: Atmospheric visibility trends in an urban area in Taiwan 1961–2003, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5555–5567, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.012, 2005.
Tyukavina, A., Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P., Parker, D., Okpa, C., Stehman, S. V., Kommareddy, I., and Turubanova, S.: Congo Basin forest loss dominated by increasing smallholder clearing, Sci. Adv., 4, eaat2993, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2993, 2018.
van der A, R. J., Mijling, B., Ding, J., Koukouli, M. E., Liu, F., Li, Q., Mao, H., and Theys, N.: Cleaning up the air: effectiveness of air quality policy for SO2 and NOx emissions in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1775–1789, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1775-2017, 2017.
Wang, F., Qiu, X., Cao, J., Peng, L., Zhang, N., Yan, Y., and Li, R.: Policy-driven changes in the health risk of PM2.5 and O3 exposure in China during 2013–2018, Sci. Total Environ., 757, 143775–143784, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143775, 2021.
Wang, Y. H., Hu, B., Ji, D. S., Liu, Z. R., Tang, G. Q., Xin, J. Y., Zhang, H. X., Song, T., Wang, L. L., Gao, W. K., Wang, X. K., and Wang, Y. S.: Ozone weekend effects in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei metropolitan area, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2419–2429, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2419-2014, 2014.
Wells, K. C., Millet, D. B., Payne, V. H., Deventer, M. J., Bates, K. H., de Gouw, J. A., Graus, M., Warneke, C., Wisthaler, A., and Fuentes, J. D.: Satellite isoprene retrievals constrain emissions and atmospheric oxidation, Nature, 585, 225–233, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2664-3, 2020.
World Health Organization: Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution: REVIHAAP project: technical report, World Health Organization, https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/341712 (last access: August 2025), 2021.
Williams, J. E., Boersma, K. F., Le Sager, P., and Verstraeten, W. W.: The high-resolution version of TM5-MP for optimized satellite retrievals: description and validation, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 721–750, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-721-2017, 2017.
Wolfe, G. M., Nicely, J. M., St Clair, J. M., Hanisco, T. F., Liao, J., Oman, L. D., Brune, W. B., Miller, D., Thames, A., Gonzalez Abad, G., Ryerson, T. B., Thompson, C. R., Peischl, J., McCain, K., Sweeney, C., Wennberg, P. O., Kim, M., Crounse, J. D., Hall, S. R., Ullmann, K., Diskin, G., Bui, P., Chang, C., and Dean-Day, J.: Mapping hydroxyl variability throughout the global remote troposphere via synthesis of airborne and satellite formaldehyde observations, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 11171–11180, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821661116, 2019.
Zhang, J. J., Wei, Y., and Fang, Z.: Ozone pollution: A major health hazard worldwide, Front. Immunol., 10, 2518–2528, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02518, 2019.
Zhang, Y., Cooper, O. R., Gaudel, A., Nedelec, P., Ogino, S. Y., Thompson, A. M., and West, J. J.: Tropospheric ozone change from 1980 to 2010 dominated by equatorward redistribution of emissions, Nat. Geosci., 9, 875–879, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2827, 2016a.
Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, G., Smeltzer, C., Crawford, J., Olson, J., Szykman, J., Weinheimer, A. J., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Wisthaler, A., Mikoviny, T., Fried, A., and Diskin, G.: Large vertical gradient of reactive nitrogen oxides in the boundary layer: Modeling analysis of DISCOVER-AQ 2011 observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 1922–1934, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024203, 2016b.
Zhao, B., Wang, S. X., Liu, H., Xu, J. Y., Fu, K., Klimont, Z., Hao, J. M., He, K. B., Cofala, J., and Amann, M.: NOx emissions in China: historical trends and future perspectives, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9869–9897, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9869-2013, 2013.
Zhu, L., Jacob, D. J., Mickley, L. J., Marais, E. A., Cohan, D. S., Yoshida, Y., Duncan, B. N., González Abad, G., and Chance, K. V.: Anthropogenic emissions of highly reactive volatile organic compounds in eastern Texas inferred from oversampling of satellite (OMI) measurements of HCHO columns, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 114004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/114004, 2014.
Zhu, L., Jacob, D. J., Keutsch, F. N., Mickley, L. J., Scheffe, R., Strum, M., Gonzalez Abad, G., Chance, K., Yang, K., Rappengluck, B., Millet, D. B., Baasandorj, M., Jaegle, L., and Shah, V.: Formaldehyde (HCHO) As a Hazardous Air Pollutant: Mapping Surface Air Concentrations from Satellite and Inferring Cancer Risks in the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 5650–5657, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01356, 2017.
Zou, Y., Charlesworth, E., Yin, C. Q., Yan, X. L., Deng, X. J., and Li, F.: The weekday/weekend ozone differences induced by the emissions change during summer and autumn in Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 199, 114–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.019, 2019.
Short summary
We leverage over 2 decades of ground-based ozone observations alongside space-based observations of ozone precursors (NO2 and formaldehyde) to study the long-term evolution in ozone chemical regimes across global source regions. We find a global trend towards NOx-limited regimes supported by increasing satellite-based HCHO/NO2 ratio and a diminishing ozone weekend effect.
We leverage over 2 decades of ground-based ozone observations alongside space-based observations...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint