Articles | Volume 25, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6943-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6943-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement report
| 
08 Jul 2025
Measurement report |
| 08 Jul 2025
| 08 Jul 2025
Measurement report: Crustal materials play an increasing role in elevating particle pH – insights from 12-year records in a typical inland city of China
Hongyu Zhang
College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
Zhangsen Dong
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
Xiao Li
Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
Ruiqin Zhang
Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
Related authors
Xinyuan Zhang, Lingling Wang, Nan Wang, Shuangliang Ma, Shenbo Wang, Ruiqin Zhang, Dong Zhang, Mingkai Wang, and Hongyu Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9885–9898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9885-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9885-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the importance of the redox reaction of NO2 with SO2 based on actual atmospheric observations. The particle pH in future China is expected to rise steadily. Consequently, this reaction could become a significant source of HONO in China. Therefore, it is crucial to coordinate the control of SO2, NOx, and NH3 emissions to avoid a rapid increase in the particle pH.
Qixiang Xu, Zilin Jin, Qi Ying, Ke Wang, Fangcheng Su, Ruiqin Zhang, and Michael J. Kleeman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9431–9449, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9431-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9431-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a novel approach for improving the computational efficiency and scalability of source-oriented chemical mechanisms by simplifying the representation of reactions involving source-tagged species and implementing a source-oriented Euler backward iterative (EBI) solver. These advancements reduce simulation times by up to 74 % while maintaining accuracy, offering significant practical benefits for long-term source apportionment studies.
Shijie Yu, Hongyu Liu, Hui Wang, Fangcheng Su, Beibei Wang, Minghao Yuan, Kunao Song, Zixian Wang, Daoqing Xu, and Ruiqin Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4178, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4178, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates O3 pollution in Zhengzhou. The results show that traffic and industrial emissions are the main sources of O3 and its precursors. The study highlights the significant impact of local emissions and the role of atmospheric free radicals in ozone formation. Reducing emissions of aromatics and alkenes can effectively reduce ozone pollution. These findings stress the importance of controlling traffic and industrial sources to mitigate O3 pollution.
Bowen Zhang, Dong Zhang, Zhe Dong, Xinshuai Song, Ruiqin Zhang, and Xiao Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13587–13601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13587-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13587-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To gain insight into the impact of changes due to epidemic control policies, we undertook continuous online monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site in Zhengzhou over a 2-month period. This study examines the characteristics of VOCs, their sources, and their temporal evolution. It also assesses the impact of the policy change on VOC pollution during the monitoring period, thus providing a basis for further research on VOC pollution and source control.
Xinyuan Zhang, Lingling Wang, Nan Wang, Shuangliang Ma, Shenbo Wang, Ruiqin Zhang, Dong Zhang, Mingkai Wang, and Hongyu Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9885–9898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9885-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9885-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the importance of the redox reaction of NO2 with SO2 based on actual atmospheric observations. The particle pH in future China is expected to rise steadily. Consequently, this reaction could become a significant source of HONO in China. Therefore, it is crucial to coordinate the control of SO2, NOx, and NH3 emissions to avoid a rapid increase in the particle pH.
Dong Zhang, Xiao Li, Minghao Yuan, Yifei Xu, Qixiang Xu, Fangcheng Su, Shenbo Wang, and Ruiqin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8549–8567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8549-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8549-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The increasing concentration of O3 precursors and unfavorable meteorological conditions are key factors in the formation of O3 pollution in Zhengzhou. Vehicular exhausts (28 %), solvent usage (27 %), and industrial production (22 %) are identified as the main sources of NMVOCs. Moreover, O3 formation in Zhengzhou is found to be in an anthropogenic volatile organic compound (AVOC)-limited regime. Thus, to reduce O3 formation, a minimum AVOCs / NOx reduction ratio ≥ 3 : 1 is recommended.
Shijie Yu, Shenbo Wang, Ruixin Xu, Dong Zhang, Meng Zhang, Fangcheng Su, Xuan Lu, Xiao Li, Ruiqin Zhang, and Lingling Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14859–14878, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the hourly data of 57 VOC species were collected during 2018–2020 at an urban site in Zhengzhou, China. The research of concentrations, source apportionment, and atmospheric environmental implications clearly elucidated the differences in major reactants observed in different seasons and years. Therefore, the control strategy should focus on key species and sources among interannual and seasonal variations. The results can provide references to develop control strategies.
Shijie Yu, Fangcheng Su, Shasha Yin, Shenbo Wang, Ruixin Xu, Bing He, Xiangge Fan, Minghao Yuan, and Ruiqin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15239–15257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study measured 106 VOC species using a GC-MS/FID. Meanwhile, the WRF-CMAQ model was used to investigate the nonlinearity of the O3 response to precursor reductions. This study highlights the effectiveness of stringent emission controls in relation to solvent utilization and coal combustion. However, unreasonable emission reduction may aggravate ozone pollution during control periods. It is suggested that emission-reduction ratios of the precursors (VOC : NOx) should be more than 2.
Cited articles
Battaglia, M. A., Douglas, S., and Hennigan, C.: Effect of the urban heat island on aerosol pH, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 13095–13103, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02786, 2017.
Chang, R. Y.-W., Slowik, J. G., Shantz, N. C., Vlasenko, A., Liggio, J., Sjostedt, S. J., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: The hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of ambient organic aerosol at a field site subject to biogenic and anthropogenic influences: relationship to degree of aerosol oxidation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5047–5064, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5047-2010, 2010.
Ding, J., Zhao, P., Su, J., Dong, Q., Du, X., and Zhang, Y.: Aerosol pH and its driving factors in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7939–7954, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7939-2019, 2019.
Dong, J., Li, B., Li, Y., Zhou, R., Gan, C., Zhao, Y., Liu, R., Yang, Y., Wang, T., and Liao, H.: Atmospheric ammonia in China: Long-term spatiotemporal variation, urban–rural gradient, and influencing factors, Sci. Total Environ., 883, 163733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163733, 2023.
Fountoukis, C and Nenes, A.: ISORROPIA II: a computationally efficient thermodynamic equilibrium model for K+ - Ca2+ - Mg2+ -
Guo, H., Sullivan, A. P., Campuzano-Jost, P., Schroder, J. C., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Dibb, J. E., Jimenez, J. L., Thornton, J. A., Brown, S. S., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Fine particle pH and the partitioning of nitric acid during winter in the northeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 10355–10376, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025311, 2016.
Guo, H., Xu, L., Bougiatioti, A., Cerully, K. M., Capps, S. L., Hite Jr., J. R., Carlton, A. G., Lee, S.-H., Bergin, M. H., Ng, N. L., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Fine-particle water and pH in the southeastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5211–5228, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5211-2015, 2015.
Heald, C. L., Collett Jr., J. L., Lee, T., Benedict, K. B., Schwandner, F. M., Li, Y., Clarisse, L., Hurtmans, D. R., Van Damme, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Philip, S., Martin, R. V., and Pye, H. O. T.: Atmospheric ammonia and particulate inorganic nitrogen over the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10295–10312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10295-2012, 2012.
Huang, X., Song, Y., Li, M., Li, J., Huo, Q., Cai, X., Zhu, T., Hu, M., and Zhang, H.: A high-resolution ammonia emission inventory in China, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1030, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004161, 2012.
Jiang, N., Duan, S., Yu, X., Zhang, R., and Wang, K.: Comparative major components and health risks of toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of PM2.5 in winter and summer in Zhengzhou: Based on three-year data, Atmos. Res., 213, 173–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.06.008, 2018.
Karydis, V. A., Tsimpidi, A. P., Pozzer, A., and Lelieveld, J.: How alkaline compounds control atmospheric aerosol particle acidity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14983–15001, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14983-2021, 2021.
Kim, Y., Park, O., Park, S. H., Kim, M. J., Kim, J.-J., Choi, J.-Y., Lee, D., Cho, S., and Shim, S.: PM2.5 pH estimation in Seoul during the KORUS-AQ campaign using different thermodynamic models, Atmos. Environ., 268, 118787, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118787, 2022.
Lei, L., Zhou, W., Chen, C., He, Y., Li, Z., Sun, J., Tang, X., Fu, P., Wang, Z., and Sun, Y.: Long-term characterization of aerosol chemistry in cold season from 2013 to 2020 in Beijing, China, Environ. Pollut., 268, 115952, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115952, 2021.
Li, C., Hu, Y., Chen, J., Ma, Z., Ye, X., Yang, X., Wang, L., Wang, X., and Mellouki, A.: Physiochemical properties of carbonaceous aerosol from agricultural residue burning: Density, volatility, and hygroscopicity, Atmos. Environ., 140, 94–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.052, 2016.
Li, W., Xu, L., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Lin, Y., Yao, X., Gao, H., Zhang, D., Chen, J., Wang, W., Harrison, R. M., Zhang, X., Shao, L., Fu, P., Nenes, A., and Shi, Z.: Air pollution-aerosol interactions produce more bioavailable iron for ocean ecosystems, Sci. Adv., 3, e1601749, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601749, 2017.
Li, Y., Lei, L., Sun, J., Gao, Y., Wang, P., Wang, S., Zhang, Z., Du, A., Li, Z., Wang, Z., Kim, J. Y., Kim, H., Zhang, H., and Sun, Y.: Significant reductions in secondary aerosols after the Three-Year Action Plan in Beijing summer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 15945–15955, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c02417, 2023.
Lin, Y.-C., Zhang, Y.-L., Fan, M.-Y., and Bao, M.: Heterogeneous formation of particulate nitrate under ammonium-rich regimes during the high-PM2.5 events in Nanjing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3999–4011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3999-2020, 2020.
Liu, M., Huang, X., Song, Y., Tang, J., Cao, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, S., Xu, T., Kang, L., Gai, X., Zhang, H., Yang, F., Wang, H., Yu, J., Lau, A., He, L., Huang, X., Duan, L., Ding, A., Xue, L., Gao, J., Liu, B., and Zhu, T.: Ammonia emission control in China would mitigate haze pollution and nitrogen deposition, but worsen acid rain, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 116, 7760–7765, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814880116, 2019.
Liu, M., Song, Y., Zhou, T., Xu, Z., Yan, C., Zheng, M., Wu, Z., Hu, M., Wu, Y., and Zhu, T.: Fine particle pH during severe haze episodes in northern China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5213–5221, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073210, 2017.
Liu, Z., Gao, W., Yu, Y., Hu, B., Xin, J., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Wang, G., Bi, X., Zhang, G., Xu, H., Cong, Z., He, J., Xu, J., and Wang, Y.: Characteristics of PM2.5 mass concentrations and chemical species in urban and background areas of China: emerging results from the CARE-China network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8849–8871, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8849-2018, 2018.
Mao, I., Lin, C., Lin, C., Chen, Y., Sung, F., and Chen, M.: Exposure of acid aerosol for schoolchildren in metropolitan Taipei, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5622–5629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.054, 2009.
Masiol, M., Squizzato, S., Formenton, G., Khan, M. B., Hopke, P. K., Nenes, A., Pandis, S. N., Tositti, L., Benetello, F., Visin, F., and Pavoni, B.: Hybrid multiple-site mass closure and source apportionment of PM2.5 and aerosol acidity at major cities in the Po Valley, Sci. Total Environ., 704, 135287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135287, 2020.
MEP (Ministry of Environment Protection): https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/hjywnews/202406/t20240605_1075031.shtml, (last access: 5 June 2024), 2023.
Nah, T., Lam, Y. H., Yang, J., and Yang, L.: Long-term trends and sensitivities of PM2.5 pH and aerosol liquid water to chemical composition changes and meteorological parameters in Hong Kong, South China: Insights from 10 year records from three urban sites, Atmos. Environ., 302, 119725, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119725, 2023.
Nenes, A., Pandis, S. N., Kanakidou, M., Russell, A. G., Song, S., Vasilakos, P., and Weber, R. J.: Aerosol acidity and liquid water content regulate the dry deposition of inorganic reactive nitrogen, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6023–6033, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6023-2021, 2021.
Pinder, R., Adams, P., and Pandis, S.: Ammonia emission controls as a cost-effective strategy for reducing atmospheric particulate matter in the eastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 380–386, https://doi.org/10.1021/es060379a, 2007.
Pinder, R., Gilliland, A., and Dennis, R.: Environmental impact of atmospheric NH3 emissions under present and future conditions in the eastern United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 28, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033732, 2008.
Pye, H. O. T., Nenes, A., Alexander, B., Ault, A. P., Barth, M. C., Clegg, S. L., Collett Jr., J. L., Fahey, K. M., Hennigan, C. J., Herrmann, H., Kanakidou, M., Kelly, J. T., Ku, I.-T., McNeill, V. F., Riemer, N., Schaefer, T., Shi, G., Tilgner, A., Walker, J. T., Wang, T., Weber, R., Xing, J., Zaveri, R. A., and Zuend, A.: The acidity of atmospheric particles and clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4809–4888, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020, 2020.
Rengarajan, R., Sudheer, A. K., and Sarin, M. M.: Aerosol acidity and secondary organic aerosol formation during wintertime over urban environment in western India, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1940–1945, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.026, 2011.
Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., and Noone, K. J.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change, Phys. Today, 51, 88–90, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.882420, 1998.
Sharma, B., Jia, S., Polana, A. J., Ahmed, M. S., Haque, R. R., Singh, S., Mao, J., and Sarkar, S.: Seasonal variations in aerosol acidity and its driving factors in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain: A quantitative analysis, Chemosphere, 305, 135490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135490, 2022.
Shi, G., Xu, J., Peng, X., Xiao, Z., Chen, K., Tian, Y., Guan, X., Feng, Y., Yu, H., Nenes, A., and Russell, A. G.: pH of aerosols in a polluted atmosphere: source contributions to highly acidic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 4289–4296, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05736, 2017.
Shi, X., Nenes, A., Xiao, Z., Song, S., Yu, H., Shi, G., Zhao, Q., Chen, K., Feng, Y., and Russell, A. G.: High-resolution data sets unravel the effects of sources and meteorological conditions on nitrate and its gas-particle partitioning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 3048–3057, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06524, 2019.
Song, S., Nenes, A., Gao, M., Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Shao, J., Ye, D., Xu, W., Lei, L., Sun, Y., Liu, B., Wang, S., and McElroy, M. B.: Thermodynamic modeling suggests declines in water uptake and acidity of inorganic aerosols in Beijing winter haze events during 2014/2015–2018/2019, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 6, 752–760, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00621, 2019.
Su, H., Cheng, Y., and Pöschl, U.: New Multiphase Chemical Processes Influencing Atmospheric Aerosols, Air Quality, and Climate in the Anthropocene, Acc. Chem. Res., 53, 2034–2043, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00246, 2020.
Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W. H., Eddingsaas, N. C., Chan, M., Loza, C. L., Kwan, A. J., Hersey, S. P., Flagan, R. C., Wennberg, P. O., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107, 6640–6645, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911114107, 2010.
Tao, Y. and Murphy, J. G.: The sensitivity of PM2.5 acidity to meteorological parameters and chemical composition changes: 10-year records from six Canadian monitoring sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9309–9320, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9309-2019, 2019.
Tian, Y., Chen, G., Wang, H., Huang-Fu, Y., Shi, G., Han, B., and Feng, Y.: Source regional contributions to PM2.5 in a megacity in China using an advanced source regional apportionment method, Chemosphere, 147, 256–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.132, 2016.
Tremper, A. H., Font, A., Priestman, M., Hamad, S. H., Chung, T.-C., Pribadi, A., Brown, R. J. C., Goddard, S. L., Grassineau, N., Petterson, K., Kelly, F. J., and Green, D. C.: Field and laboratory evaluation of a high time resolution X-ray fluorescence instrument for determining the elemental composition of ambient aerosols, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 3541–3557, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3541-2018, 2018.
Wang, C., Yin, S., Bai, L., Zhang, X., Gu, X., Zhang, H., Lu, Q., and Zhang, R.: High-resolution ammonia emission inventories with comprehensive analysis and evaluation in Henan, China, 2006–2016, Atmos. Environ., 193, 11–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.08.063, 2018a.
Wang, G., Chen, J., Xu, J., Yun, L., Zhang, M., Li, H., Qin, X., Deng, C., Zheng, H., Gui, H., Liu, J., and Huang, K.: Atmospheric processing at the Sea–Land interface over the South China Sea: Secondary aerosol formation, aerosol acidity, and role of sea salts, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036255, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd036255, 2022a.
Wang, J., Gao, J., Che, F., Wang, Y., Lin, P., and Zhang, Y.: Dramatic changes in aerosol composition during the 2016–2020 heating seasons in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and its surrounding areas: The role of primary pollutants and secondary aerosol formation, Sci. Total Environ., 849, 157621, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157621, 2022b.
Wang, L., Du, H., Chen, J., Zhang, M., Huang, X., Tan, H., Kong, L., and Geng, F.: Consecutive transport of anthropogenic air masses and dust storm plume: Two case events at Shanghai, China, Atmos. Res., 127, 22–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.02.011, 2013.
Wang, S., Yin, S., Zhang, R., Yang, L., Zhao, Q., Zhang, L., Yan, Q., Jiang, N., and Tang, X.: Insight into the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol based on high-time-resolution data during haze episodes and snowfall periods in Zhengzhou, China, Sci. Total Environ., 660, 47–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.465, 2019.
Wang, S., Wang, L., Li, Y., Wang, C., Wang, W., Yin, S., and Zhang, R.: Effect of ammonia on fine-particle pH in agricultural regions of China: comparison between urban and rural sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2719–2734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2719-2020, 2020.
Wang, Y. Q., Zhang, X. Y., and Draxler, R. R.: TrajStat: GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data, Environ. Modell. Softw., 24, 938–939, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.01.004, 2009.
Wang, Z., Pan, X., Uno, I., Chen, X., Yamamoto, S., Zheng, H., Li, J., and Wang, Z.: Importance of mineral dust and anthropogenic pollutants mixing during a long–lasting high PM event over East Asia, Environ. Pollut., 234, 368–378, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.068, 2018b.
Weber, R., Guo, H., Russell, A., and Nenes, A.: High aerosol acidity despite declining atmospheric sulfate concentrations over the past 15 years, Nat. Geosci., 9, 282–285, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2665, 2016.
Wei, Y., Wang, S., Jiang, N., Zhang, R., and Hao, Q.: Comparative multi-model study of PM2.5 acidity trend changes in ammonia-rich regions in winter: Based on a new ammonia concentration assessment method, J. Hazard. Mater., 458, 15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131970, 2023.
Wen, L., Xue, L., Wang, X., Xu, C., Chen, T., Yang, L., Wang, T., Zhang, Q., and Wang, W.: Summertime fine particulate nitrate pollution in the North China Plain: increasing trends, formation mechanisms and implications for control policy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11261–11275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11261-2018, 2018.
Wexler, A. S. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Second-generation inorganic aerosol model, Atmos. Environ. A-Gen., 25, 2731–2748, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(91)90203-J, 1991.
Xie, Y., Wang, G., Wang, X., Chen, J., Chen, Y., Tang, G., Wang, L., Ge, S., Xue, G., Wang, Y., and Gao, J.: Nitrate-dominated PM2.5 and elevation of particle pH observed in urban Beijing during the winter of 2017, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5019–5033, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5019-2020, 2020.
Xu, K., Yin, L., Chen, Q., Liao, D., Ji, X., Zhang, K., Wu, Y., Xu, L., Li, M., Fan, X., Zhang, F., Huang, Z., Chen, J., and Hong, Y.: Quantitative analysis of influencing factors to aerosol pH and its responses to PM2.5 and O3 pollution in a coastal city, J. Environ. Sci., 151, 284–297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2024.03.044, 2025.
Yu, F., Yan, Q., Jiang, N., Su, F., Zhang, L., Yin, S., Li, Y., Zhang, R., and Chen, L.: Tracking pollutant characteristics during haze events at background site Zhongmu, Henan Province, China, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 8, 64–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.07.005, 2017.
Zhai, S., Jacob, D. J., Wang, X., Shen, L., Li, K., Zhang, Y., Gui, K., Zhao, T., and Liao, H.: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) trends in China, 2013–2018: separating contributions from anthropogenic emissions and meteorology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11031–11041, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11031-2019, 2019.
Zhang, B., Shen, H., Liu, P., Guo, H., Hu, Y., Chen, Y., Xie, S., Xi, Z., Skipper, T. N., and Russell, A. G.: Significant contrasts in aerosol acidity between China and the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8341–8356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8341-2021, 2021.
Zhang, G., Ding, C., Jiang, X., Pan, G., Wei, X., and Sun, Y.: Chemical compositions and sources contribution of atmospheric particles at a typical steel industrial urban site, Sci. Rep., 10, 7654, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64519-x, 2020.
Zhang, H.: Measurement report: Crustal materials play an increasing role in elevating particle pH: Insights from 12-year records in a typical inland city of China-Data, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14032007, 2024.
Zhang, Z., Dong, Z., Zhang, C., Qian, G., and Lei, C.: The geochemical characteristics of dust material and dust sources identification in northwestern China, J. Geochem. Explor., 175, 148–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.006, 2017.
Zhang, Z., Kuang, Z., Yu, C., Wu, D., Shi, Q., Zhang, S., Wang, Z., and Liu, D.: Trans-boundary dust transport of dust storms in Northern China: A study utilizing ground-based lidar network and CALIPSO satellite, Remote Sens., 16, 1196, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071196, 2024.
Zheng, G., Su, H., and Cheng, Y.: Revisiting the key driving processes of the decadal trend of aerosol acidity in the US, Acs. Environ. Au., 2, 346–353, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00055, 2022.
Zheng, G., Su, H., Wang, S., Andreae, M. O., Pöschl, U., and Cheng, Y.: Multiphase buffer theory explains contrasts in atmospheric aerosol acidity, Science, 369, 1374–1377, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3719, 2020.
Zhou, M., Zheng, G., Wang, H., Qiao, L., Zhu, S., Huang, D., An, J., Lou, S., Tao, S., Wang, Q., Yan, R., Ma, Y., Chen, C., Cheng, Y., Su, H., and Huang, C.: Long-term trends and drivers of aerosol pH in eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13833–13844, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13833-2022, 2022.
Zhou, W., Gao, M., He, Y., Wang, Q., Xie, C., Xu, W., Zhao, J., Du, W., Qiu, Y., Lei, L., Fu, P., Wang, Z., Worsnop, D. R., Zhang, Q., and Sun, Y.: Response of aerosol chemistry to clean air action in Beijing, China: Insights from two-year ACSM measurements and model simulations, Environ Pollut., 255, 113345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113345, 2019.
Zuend, A. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Modeling the gas-particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol: the importance of liquid-liquid phase separation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3857–3882, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3857-2012, 2012.
Zuend, A., Marcolli, C., Peter, T., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Computation of liquid-liquid equilibria and phase stabilities: implications for RH-dependent gas/particle partitioning of organic-inorganic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7795–7820, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7795-2010, 2010.
Short summary
Analyzing 12-year Zhengzhou data revealed post-2019 crustal material rebound caused by soil dust resuspension, elevating particle pH. Similar coarse particle increases are observed across cities of the North China Plain. Long-term particle acidity evolution in this region requires an integrated assessment of interactions among acidic precursors, ammonia, and crustal components.
Analyzing 12-year Zhengzhou data revealed post-2019 crustal material rebound caused by soil dust...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint