Articles | Volume 25, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-157-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-157-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Jan 2025
Research article |
| 08 Jan 2025
| 08 Jan 2025
Correction of ERA5 temperature and relative humidity biases by bivariate quantile mapping for contrail formation analysis
Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Paris, France
now at: Leipzig Institute for Meteorology (LIM), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
Nicolas Bellouin
Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Paris, France
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Olivier Boucher
Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Paris, France
Susanne Rohs
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Troposphere (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Troposphere (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Cited
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Reduced contrail radiative effect for fleets with low soot and water vapour emissions M. Rubin-Zuzic et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100353
- Modeling and verifying ice supersaturated regions in the ARPEGE model for persistent contrail forecast S. Arriolabengoa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18051-2025
- A theoretical index for understanding distinct land relative humidity trends in observations, reanalyses, and models W. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2512645123
- Multivariate bias correction of ERA5 using in-situ observations for planning and engineering D. Rasmussen https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae63ee
- A novel framework for gap-filling meteorological time series data D. El-Agha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110454
- Technical note: Hybrid machine learning model for bias correction of UTLS relative humidity against IAGOS observations in ERA5 reanalysis M. Antonopoulos et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4771-2026
- Combining LIDAR, all-sky camera, and ECMWF-ERA5 reanalysis to investigate contrail formation and evolution over Clermont-Ferrand, France on June 2, 2023 S. Diarra et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108500
- An updated microphysical model for particle activation in contrails: the role of volatile plume particles J. Ponsonby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18617-2025
- Variability of ice supersaturated regions at flight altitudes: evaluation of ERA5 reanalysis using IAGOS in situ measurements K. Hildebrandt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6449-2026
- High-resolution urban climate spatiotemporal mapping from ERA5 reanalysis: integrating multi-source data with machine learning for the city of Shenzhen H. Tang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113882
- Regional and vertical scaling of water vapor with temperature over Japan during extreme precipitation in a changing climate S. Nayak & T. Takemi https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22287-6
- Most long-lived contrails form within cirrus clouds with uncertain climate impact A. Petzold et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65532-2
- Increasing probability of extreme rainfall preconditioned by humid heatwaves in global coastal megacities P. Ganguli & B. Merz https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01023-x
- The ice supersaturation biases limiting contrail modelling are structured around extratropical depressions O. Driver et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16411-2025
- Global and regional drivers for exceptional climate extremes in 2023-2024: beyond the new normal S. Minobe et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-00996-z
- Risk-based assessment of climate change–induced hazards in arid, data-scarce coastal zones M. Nikoo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108024
- Performance analysis of IMDAA and ERA5 reanalysis in reproducing monsoon precipitation extremes over Eastern India J. Akhter et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05595-9
- Impact of host climate model on contrail cirrus effective radiative forcing estimates W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-473-2025
- Concept of risk-aware contrail avoidance strategies A. Borella et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/jecats-1-3-2026
- Spatial and temporal monitoring of drought in Northern Algeria using the SPEI index derived from ERA5 reanalysis data B. Habibi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06328-2
- Machine learning for improvement of upper-tropospheric relative humidity in ERA5 weather model data Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2845-2025
- Integrated Quantile Mapping and Spatial Clustering for Robust Bias Correction of Satellite Precipitation in Data-Sparse Regions G. Al-Rawas et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188321
- Reanalysis data induced misestimations in photovoltaic power generation potential and associated drivers Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae151f
- An adaptive segmentation approach for contrail detection in meteosat second generation satellite imagery V. Santos Gabriel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3271-2026
- Investigating the limiting aircraft-design-dependent and environmental factors of persistent contrail formation L. Megill & V. Grewe https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4131-2025
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Reduced contrail radiative effect for fleets with low soot and water vapour emissions M. Rubin-Zuzic et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100353
- Modeling and verifying ice supersaturated regions in the ARPEGE model for persistent contrail forecast S. Arriolabengoa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18051-2025
- A theoretical index for understanding distinct land relative humidity trends in observations, reanalyses, and models W. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2512645123
- Multivariate bias correction of ERA5 using in-situ observations for planning and engineering D. Rasmussen https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae63ee
- A novel framework for gap-filling meteorological time series data D. El-Agha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110454
- Technical note: Hybrid machine learning model for bias correction of UTLS relative humidity against IAGOS observations in ERA5 reanalysis M. Antonopoulos et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4771-2026
- Combining LIDAR, all-sky camera, and ECMWF-ERA5 reanalysis to investigate contrail formation and evolution over Clermont-Ferrand, France on June 2, 2023 S. Diarra et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108500
- An updated microphysical model for particle activation in contrails: the role of volatile plume particles J. Ponsonby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18617-2025
- Variability of ice supersaturated regions at flight altitudes: evaluation of ERA5 reanalysis using IAGOS in situ measurements K. Hildebrandt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6449-2026
- High-resolution urban climate spatiotemporal mapping from ERA5 reanalysis: integrating multi-source data with machine learning for the city of Shenzhen H. Tang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113882
- Regional and vertical scaling of water vapor with temperature over Japan during extreme precipitation in a changing climate S. Nayak & T. Takemi https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22287-6
- Most long-lived contrails form within cirrus clouds with uncertain climate impact A. Petzold et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65532-2
- Increasing probability of extreme rainfall preconditioned by humid heatwaves in global coastal megacities P. Ganguli & B. Merz https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01023-x
- The ice supersaturation biases limiting contrail modelling are structured around extratropical depressions O. Driver et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16411-2025
- Global and regional drivers for exceptional climate extremes in 2023-2024: beyond the new normal S. Minobe et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-00996-z
- Risk-based assessment of climate change–induced hazards in arid, data-scarce coastal zones M. Nikoo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.108024
- Performance analysis of IMDAA and ERA5 reanalysis in reproducing monsoon precipitation extremes over Eastern India J. Akhter et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05595-9
- Impact of host climate model on contrail cirrus effective radiative forcing estimates W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-473-2025
- Concept of risk-aware contrail avoidance strategies A. Borella et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/jecats-1-3-2026
- Spatial and temporal monitoring of drought in Northern Algeria using the SPEI index derived from ERA5 reanalysis data B. Habibi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06328-2
- Machine learning for improvement of upper-tropospheric relative humidity in ERA5 weather model data Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2845-2025
- Integrated Quantile Mapping and Spatial Clustering for Robust Bias Correction of Satellite Precipitation in Data-Sparse Regions G. Al-Rawas et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188321
- Reanalysis data induced misestimations in photovoltaic power generation potential and associated drivers Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae151f
- An adaptive segmentation approach for contrail detection in meteosat second generation satellite imagery V. Santos Gabriel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3271-2026
- Investigating the limiting aircraft-design-dependent and environmental factors of persistent contrail formation L. Megill & V. Grewe https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4131-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 17 Jul 2026
Short summary
ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis and airborne in situ observations from IAGOS are compared in terms of the representation of the contrail formation potential and the presence of supersaturation. Differences are traced back to biases in ERA5 relative humidity fields. Those biases are addressed by applying a quantile mapping technique that significantly improved contrail estimation based on post-processed ERA5 data.
ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis and airborne in situ observations from IAGOS are compared in terms...
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