Articles | Volume 25, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15263-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15263-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Nov 2025
Research article |
| 10 Nov 2025
| 10 Nov 2025
Impacts of source regions and atmospheric transport on physical properties of black carbon and tracer ratios over the Yellow Sea: evidence from multi-seasonal airborne observations
Department of Environmental IT Convergence Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
Hee-Jung Yoo
Global Atmospheric Watch and Research Division, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Jeju, 63568, Republic of Korea
Sangmin Oh
Global Atmospheric Watch and Research Division, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Jeju, 63568, Republic of Korea
Yongjoo Choi
Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, Republic of Korea
Sunran Lee
Global Atmospheric Watch and Research Division, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Jeju, 63568, Republic of Korea
Sumin Kim
Global Atmospheric Watch and Research Division, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Jeju, 63568, Republic of Korea
Department of Environmental IT Convergence Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
Related authors
No articles found.
Aino Ovaska, Daniel Holmberg, Elio Rauth, Mansour Alghamdi, Paulo Artaxo, Eija Asmi, John Backman, Benjamin Bergmans, Matthew Boyer, Liezl Bredenkamp, Maurizio Busetto, Delano Campos De Oliveira, Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera, Darius Ceburnis, Tak Chan, Tommy Chan, Sebastien Conil, Daniele Contini, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Valentin Duflot, Kostas Eleftheriadis, Johan Esveld, Ekaterina Ezhova, Markus Fiebig, Shahzad Gani, Olga Garmash, Francisco Gómez-Moreno, Roy M. Harrison, Andras Hoffer, Rakesh Hooda, Antti Hyvärinen, Tareq Hussein, Jorma Joutsensaari, Nikos Kalivitis, Heinz Kaminski, Jutta Kesti, Radovan Krejci, Adam Kristensson, Chongai Kuang, Markku Kulmala, Lauri Laakso, Ari Leskinen, Heikki Lihavainen, Andreas Massling, Maik Merkel, Steffen Noe, Jakub Ondracek, Noemí Perez, Jean-Eudes Petit, Tuukka Petäjä, Michael Pikridas, Christopher Pöhlker, Mira Pöhlker, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Ximeng Qi, Cristina Reche, Sergio Rodríguez, Petr Roztocil, Jean Sciare, Karine Sellegri, Dongjie Shang, Ashish Singh, Mikko Sipilä, Henrik Skov, Mar Sorribas, Tamanna Subba, Junying Sun, Peter Tunved, Ville Vakkari, Pieter G. Van Zyl, Aki Virkkula, Jens Voigtländer, Kay Weinhold, Alfred Wiedensohler, Hee-Jung Yoo, Putian Zhou, Kai Puolamäki, Tuomo Nieminen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Victoria A. Sinclair, and Pauli Paasonen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-415, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-415, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
All clouds form around aerosol particles, and their abundance influences cloud properties. In turn, clouds affect climate by changing how energy moves through the atmosphere, making them important for climate change. To better understand these interactions, we need accurate information on how many aerosol particles are in the atmosphere. Therefore, we have developed a new 21-year global dataset of particle concentrations relevant for cloud formation.
Saehee Lim, Siyoung Choi, Jaeho Cho, Yunbin Heo, Jeongho Kim, Seokwon Kang, Taehyoung Lee, Minyoung Sung, Taehoon Lee, and Jinsoo Park
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3374, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3374, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols travel through the atmosphere and affect both climate and air quality. To better understand this process, we carried out aircraft measurements over the Yellow Sea during a pollution period. We found that atmospheric aging was driven by changing meteorology and aerosol chemical composition, with different aerosol sizes responding at different aging stages. Our findings highlight an integrated mitigation framework which could help limit the buildup of harmful airborne particles.
Doyoon Kwon, Bonhoon Koo, Jooyeop Lee, Jeongwon Kim, Jaehyung Ahn, Jinkyu Hong, Eri Saikawa, Alexander Avramov, Changsub Shim, Je-Woo Hong, Daegeun Shin, Shanlan Li, Sumin Kim, and Sangwon Joo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4938, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4938, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a high-resolution system to estimate how much carbon dioxide and methane people emit across the Korean Peninsula. It combines a weather model with continuous ground measurements to make more accurate maps of emissions. Tested for 2020, it reduced errors by about one third to one half and agreed well with aircraft profiles for carbon dioxide. The results pinpoint where current inventories likely miss sources, supporting national monitoring and stronger climate policy.
Yuhang Zhang, Huan Yu, Isabelle De Smedt, Jintai Lin, Nicolas Theys, Michel Van Roozendael, Gaia Pinardi, Steven Compernolle, Ruijing Ni, Fangxuan Ren, Sijie Wang, Lulu Chen, Jos Van Geffen, Mengyao Liu, Alexander M. Cede, Martin Tiefengraber, Alexis Merlaud, Martina M. Friedrich, Andreas Richter, Ankie Piters, Vinod Kumar, Vinayak Sinha, Thomas Wagner, Yongjoo Choi, Hisahiro Takashima, Yugo Kanaya, Hitoshi Irie, Robert Spurr, Wenfu Sun, and Lorenzo Fabris
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1561–1589, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1561-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1561-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an advanced algorithm for global retrieval of TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) HCHO and NO2 vertical column densities with much improved consistency. Sensitivity tests demonstrate the complexity and nonlinear interactions of auxiliary parameters in the air mass factor calculation. An improved agreement is found with measurements from a global ground-based instrument network. The scientific retrieval provides a useful source of information for studies combining HCHO and NO2.
Yuhang Zhang, Jintai Lin, Jhoon Kim, Hanlim Lee, Junsung Park, Hyunkee Hong, Michel Van Roozendael, Francois Hendrick, Ting Wang, Pucai Wang, Qin He, Kai Qin, Yongjoo Choi, Yugo Kanaya, Jin Xu, Pinhua Xie, Xin Tian, Sanbao Zhang, Shanshan Wang, Siyang Cheng, Xinghong Cheng, Jianzhong Ma, Thomas Wagner, Robert Spurr, Lulu Chen, Hao Kong, and Mengyao Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4643–4665, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our tropospheric NO2 vertical column density product with high spatiotemporal resolution is based on the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) and named POMINO–GEMS. Strong hotspot signals and NO2 diurnal variations are clearly seen. Validations with multiple satellite products and ground-based, mobile car and surface measurements exhibit the overall great performance of the POMINO–GEMS product, indicating its capability for application in environmental studies.
Haeyoung Lee, Wonick Seo, Shanlan Li, Soojeong Lee, Samuel Takele Kenea, and Sangwon Joo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7141–7159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduced three Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) monitoring stations with monitoring systems and measurement uncertainty. We also analyzed the regional characteristics of CH4 at each KMA station. CH4 levels measured at KMA stations are compared to those measured at other Asian stations. From the long-term records of CH4 and δ13CH4 at AMY, we confirmed that the source of CH4xs changed from the past (2006 to 2010) to recent (2016 to 2020) years in East Asia.
Ka Lok Chan, Pieter Valks, Klaus-Peter Heue, Ronny Lutz, Pascal Hedelt, Diego Loyola, Gaia Pinardi, Michel Van Roozendael, François Hendrick, Thomas Wagner, Vinod Kumar, Alkis Bais, Ankie Piters, Hitoshi Irie, Hisahiro Takashima, Yugo Kanaya, Yongjoo Choi, Kihong Park, Jihyo Chong, Alexander Cede, Udo Frieß, Andreas Richter, Jianzhong Ma, Nuria Benavent, Robert Holla, Oleg Postylyakov, Claudia Rivera Cárdenas, and Mark Wenig
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1831–1870, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1831-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1831-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the theoretical basis as well as verification and validation of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) daily and monthly level-3 products.
Cited articles
Berberich, J., Jacoby, S. A., Michailoudi, G., Schwarz, J. P., Viciani, S., D'Amato, F., Bianchini, G., Barucci, M., Campos, T., Ullman, K., Podolske, J. R., Gurganus, C., Smith, W. P., Ueyama, R., Honomichl, S. B., Pan, L. L., Woods, S., Wienzierl, B., Dollner, M., and Perring, A. E.: Black Carbon Reflects Extremely Efficient Aerosol Wet Removal in Monsoonal Convective Transport, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 130, e2024JD042692, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042692, 2025.
Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J.-H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004.
Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 5380–5552, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
Brooks, J., Liu, D., Allan, J. D., Williams, P. I., Haywood, J., Highwood, E. J., Kompalli, S. K., Babu, S. S., Satheesh, S. K., Turner, A. G., and Coe, H.: Black carbon physical and optical properties across northern India during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13079–13096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13079-2019, 2019.
Cho, C., Schwarz, J. P., Perring, A. E., Lamb, K. D., Kondo, Y., Park, J.-U., Park, D.-H., Shim, K., Park, J.-S., Park, R. J., Lee, M., Song, C.-K., and Kim, S.-W.: Light-absorption enhancement of black carbon in the Asian outflow inferred from airborne SP2 and in-situ measurements during KORUS-AQ, Sci. Total Environ., 773, 145531, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145531, 2021.
Choi, Y., Kanaya, Y., Takigawa, M., Zhu, C., Park, S.-M., Matsuki, A., Sadanaga, Y., Kim, S.-W., Pan, X., and Pisso, I.: Investigation of the wet removal rate of black carbon in East Asia: validation of a below- and in-cloud wet removal scheme in FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model v10.4, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13655–13670, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13655-2020, 2020a.
Choi, Y., Kanaya, Y., Park, S.-M., Matsuki, A., Sadanaga, Y., Kim, S.-W., Uno, I., Pan, X., Lee, M., Kim, H., and Jung, D. H.: Regional variability in black carbon and carbon monoxide ratio from long-term observations over East Asia: assessment of representativeness for black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission inventories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 83–98, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-83-2020, 2020b.
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Pagani, F., Schiavina, M., Melchiorri, M., Pisoni, E., Graziosi, F., Muntean, M., Maes, J., Dijkstra, L., Van Damme, M., Clarisse, L., and Coheur, P.: Insights into the spatial distribution of global, national, and subnational greenhouse gas emissions in the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v8.0), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2811–2830, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2811-2024, 2024.
Deng, H., Ji, Z., Kang, S., Zhang, Q., Cong, Z., and Dong, W.: Sustained dominance of South Asia's black carbon pollution impacting the Tibetan plateau in the 21st century, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 7, 313, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00856-2, 2024.
Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D.: Description of the HYSPLIT_4 modeling system, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-224, 24, https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/31133, 1997.
Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D.: An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modeling system for trajectories, dispersion, and deposition, Aust. Meteor. Mag., 47, 295–308, 1998.
Eckhardt, S., Pisso, I., Evangeliou, N., Zwaaftink, C. G., Plach, A., McConnell, J. R., Sigl, M., Ruppel, M., Zdanowicz, C., Lim, S., Chellman, N., Opel, T., Meyer, H., Steffensen, J. P., Schwikowski, M., and Stohl, A.: Revised historical Northern Hemisphere black carbon emissions based on inverse modeling of ice core records, Nat. Commun., 14, 271, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35660-0, 2023.
Fuller, K. A., Malm, W. C., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Effects of mixing on extinction by carbonaceous particles, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 104, 15941–15954, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100069, 1999.
Gandham, H., Dasari, H. P., Karumuri, A., Ravuri, P. M. K., and Hoteit, I.: Three-dimensional structure and transport pathways of dust aerosols over West Asia, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 5, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-022-00266-2, 2022.
Gao, R. S., Schwarz, J. P., Kelly, K. K., Fahey, D. W., Watts, L. A., Thompson, T. L., Spackman, J. R., Slowik, J. G., Cross, E. S., Han, J. H., Davidovits, P., Onasch, T. B., and Worsnop, D. R.: A Novel Method for Estimating Light-Scattering Properties of Soot Aerosols Using a Modified Single-Particle Soot Photometer, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 125–135, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820601118398, 2007.
Geng, F., Hua, J., Mu, Z., Peng, L., Xu, X., Chen, R., and Kan, H.: Differentiating the associations of black carbon and fine particle with daily mortality in a Chinese city, Environ. Res., 120, 27–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.007, 2013.
Ginot, P., Dumont, M., Lim, S., Patris, N., Taupin, J.-D., Wagnon, P., Gilbert, A., Arnaud, Y., Marinoni, A., Bonasoni, P., and Laj, P.: A 10 year record of black carbon and dust from a Mera Peak ice core (Nepal): variability and potential impact on melting of Himalayan glaciers, The Cryosphere, 8, 1479–1496, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1479-2014, 2014.
Girach, I. A., Nair, V. S., Babu, S. S., and Nair, P. R.: Black carbon and carbon monoxide over Bay of Bengal during W_ICARB: Source characteristics, Atmos. Environ., 94, 508–517, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.054, 2014.
Gong, X., Zhang, C., Chen, H., Nizkorodov, S. A., Chen, J., and Yang, X.: Size distribution and mixing state of black carbon particles during a heavy air pollution episode in Shanghai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5399–5411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5399-2016, 2016.
Gu, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, N., and Wang, R.: Diurnal variability of the planetary boundary layer height estimated from radiosonde data, Earth Planet. Phys., 4, 479–492, https://doi.org/10.26464/epp2020042, 2020.
Gysel, M., Laborde, M., Olfert, J. S., Subramanian, R., and Gröhn, A. J.: Effective density of Aquadag and fullerene soot black carbon reference materials used for SP2 calibration, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2851–2858, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2851-2011, 2011.
Halliday, H. S., Thompson, A. M., Wisthaler, A., Blake, D. R., Hornbrook, R. S., Mikoviny, T., Müller, M., Eichler, P., Apel, E. C., and Hills, A. J.: Atmospheric benzene observations from oil and gas production in the Denver-Julesburg Basin in July and August 2014, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 11055–11074, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025327, 2016.
Halliday, H. S., DiGangi, J. P., Choi, Y., Diskin, G. S., Pusede, S. E., Rana, M., Nowak, J. B., Knote, C., Ren, X., He, H., Dickerson, R. R., and Li, Z.: Using Short-Term
Heffter, J. L.: Air Resources Laboratories atmospheric transport and dispersion model (ARL-ATAD), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD (United States), United States, ED; 31 pp., https://doi.org/10.2172/5015173, 1980.
Hu, K., Zhao, D., Liu, D., Ding, S., Tian, P., Yu, C., Zhou, W., Huang, M., and Ding, D.: Estimating radiative impacts of black carbon associated with mixing state in the lower atmosphere over the northern North China Plain, Chemosphere, 252, 126455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126455, 2020.
Hu, K., Liu, D., Tian, P., Wu, Y., Li, S., Zhao, D., Li, R., Sheng, J., Huang, M., Ding, D., Liu, Q., Jiang, X., Li, Q., and Tao, J.: Identifying the fraction of core–shell black carbon particles in a complex mixture to constrain the absorption enhancement by coatings, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 9, 272–279, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00060, 2022.
Hvidtfeldt, U. A., Sørensen, M., Geels, C., Ketzel, M., Khan, J., Tjønneland, A., Overvad, K., Brandt, J., and Raaschou-Nielsen, O.: Long-term residential exposure to PM2.5, PM10, black carbon, NO2, and ozone and mortality in a Danish cohort, Environ. Int., 123, 265–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.010, 2019.
Jacobson, M. Z.: Effects of biomass burning on climate, accounting for heat and moisture fluxes, black and brown carbon, and cloud absorption effects, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 8980–9002, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021861, 2014.
Kanaya, Y., Taketani, F., Komazaki, Y., Liu, X., Kondo, Y., Sahu, L. K., Irie, H., and Takashima, H.: Comparison of black carbon mass concentrations observed by Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) and Continuous Soot-Monitoring System (COSMOS) on Fukue Island and in Tokyo, Japan, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 47, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2012.716551, 2013.
Kanaya, Y., Pan, X., Miyakawa, T., Komazaki, Y., Taketani, F., Uno, I., and Kondo, Y.: Long-term observations of black carbon mass concentrations at Fukue Island, western Japan, during 2009–2015: constraining wet removal rates and emission strengths from East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10689–10705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10689-2016, 2016.
Kanaya, Y., Yamaji, K., Miyakawa, T., Taketani, F., Zhu, C., Choi, Y., Komazaki, Y., Ikeda, K., Kondo, Y., and Klimont, Z.: Rapid reduction in black carbon emissions from China: evidence from 2009–2019 observations on Fukue Island, Japan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6339–6356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6339-2020, 2020.
Kang, Y., Lim, S., Lee, M., and Yoo, H. J.: Vertical Distributions of Refractory Black Carbon over the Yellow Sea during the Spring 2020, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 37, 710–728, https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2021.37.5.710, 2021.
Katich, J. M., Samset, B. H., Bui, T. P., Dollner, M., Froyd, K. D., Campuzano-Jost, P., Nault, B. A., Schroder, J. C., Weinzierl, B., and Schwarz, J. P.: Strong contrast in remote black carbon aerosol loadings between the Atlantic and Pacific Basins, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 123, 13386–13395, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029206, 2018.
Kirrane, E. F., Luben, T. J., Benson, A., Owens, E. O., Sacks, J. D., Dutton, S. J., Madden, M., and Nichols, J. L.: A systematic review of cardiovascular responses associated with ambient black carbon and fine particulate matter, Environ. Int., 127, 305–316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.027, 2019.
Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Heyes, C., Purohit, P., Cofala, J., Rafaj, P., Borken-Kleefeld, J., and Schöpp, W.: Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8681–8723, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017, 2017.
Ko, J., Krasowsky, T., and Ban-Weiss, G.: Measurements to determine the mixing state of black carbon emitted from the 2017–2018 California wildfires and urban Los Angeles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15635–15664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15635-2020, 2020.
Kompalli, S. K., Suresh Babu, S. N., Satheesh, S. K., Krishna Moorthy, K., Das, T., Boopathy, R., Liu, D., Darbyshire, E., Allan, J. D., Brooks, J., Flynn, M. J., and Coe, H.: Seasonal contrast in size distributions and mixing state of black carbon and its association with PM1.0 chemical composition from the eastern coast of India, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3965–3985, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3965-2020, 2020.
Kompalli, S. K., Babu, S. N. S., Moorthy, K. K., Satheesh, S. K., Gogoi, M. M., Nair, V. S., Jayachandran, V. N., Liu, D., Flynn, M. J., and Coe, H.: Mixing state of refractory black carbon aerosol in the South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean during winter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9173–9199, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9173-2021, 2021.
Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Oshima, N., Ohata, S., Koike, M., Shibano, Y., Takegawa, N., and Kita, K.: Effects of wet deposition on the abundance and size distribution of black carbon in East Asia, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 4691–4712, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024479, 2016.
Krasowsky, T. S., McMeeking, G. R., Wang, D., Sioutas, C., and Ban-Weiss, G. A.: Measurements of the impact of atmospheric aging on physical and optical properties of ambient black carbon particles in Los Angeles, Atmos. Environ., 142, 496–504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.010, 2016.
Kurokawa, J. and Ohara, T.: Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12761–12793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12761-2020, 2020.
Kuwata, M., Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Komazaki, Y., Kim, J. H., Yum, S. S., Tanimoto, H., and Matsueda, H.: Cloud condensation nuclei activity at Jeju Island, Korea in spring 2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2933–2948, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2933-2008, 2008.
Kuwata, M., Kondo, Y., and Takegawa, N.: Critical condensed mass for activation of black carbon as cloud condensation nuclei in Tokyo, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012086, 2009.
Laborde, M., Mertes, P., Zieger, P., Dommen, J., Baltensperger, U., and Gysel, M.: Sensitivity of the Single Particle Soot Photometer to different black carbon types, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1031–1043, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1031-2012, 2012.
Laborde, M., Crippa, M., Tritscher, T., Jurányi, Z., Decarlo, P. F., Temime-Roussel, B., Marchand, N., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Baltensperger, U., Prévôt, A. S. H., Weingartner, E., and Gysel, M.: Black carbon physical properties and mixing state in the European megacity Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5831–5856, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5831-2013, 2013.
Lack, D. A., Cappa, C. D., Cross, E. S., Massoli, P., Ahern, A. T., Davidovits, P., and Onasch, T. B.: Absorption Enhancement of Coated Absorbing Aerosols: Validation of the Photo-Acoustic Technique for Measuring the Enhancement, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 43, 1006–1012, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820903117932, 2009.
Lamb, K. D., Perring, A. E., Samset, B., Peterson, D., Davis, S., Anderson, B. E., Beyersdorf, A., Blake, D. R., Campuzano-Jost, P., Corr, C. A., Diskin, G. S., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Nault, B. A., Oh, J., Park, M., Pusede, S. E., Simpson, I. J., Thornhill, K. L., Wisthaler, A., and Schwarz, J. P.: Estimating Source Region Influences on Black Carbon Abundance, Microphysics, and Radiative Effect Observed Over South Korea, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 123, 13527–13548, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029257, 2018.
Lim, S., Faïn, X., Ginot, P., Mikhalenko, V., Kutuzov, S., Paris, J.-D., Kozachek, A., and Laj, P.: Black carbon variability since preindustrial times in the eastern part of Europe reconstructed from Mt. Elbrus, Caucasus, ice cores, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3489–3505, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3489-2017, 2017.
Lim, S., Lee, M., Laj, P., Kim, S.-W., Ahn, K.-H., Gil, J., Shang, X., Zanatta, M., and Kang, K.-S.: Regional characteristics of fine aerosol mass increase elucidated from long-term observations and KORUS-AQ campaign at a Northeast Asian background site, Elem. Sci. Anthropocene, 10, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00020, 2022.
Lim, S., Lee, M., and Yoo, H. J.: Size distributions, mixing state, and morphology of refractory black carbon in an urban atmosphere of northeast Asia during summer, Sci. Total Environ., 856, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158436, 2023.
Liu, D., Flynn, M., Gysel, M., Targino, A., Crawford, I., Bower, K., Choularton, T., Jurányi, Z., Steinbacher, M., Hüglin, C., Curtius, J., Kampus, M., Petzold, A., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Coe, H.: Single particle characterization of black carbon aerosols at a tropospheric alpine site in Switzerland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7389-7407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7389-2010, 2010.
Liu, D., Allan, J. D., Young, D. E., Coe, H., Beddows, D., Fleming, Z. L., Flynn, M. J., Gallagher, M. W., Harrison, R. M., Lee, J., Prevot, A. S. H., Taylor, J. W., Yin, J., Williams, P. I., and Zotter, P.: Size distribution, mixing state and source apportionment of black carbon aerosol in London during wintertime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10061–10084, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10061-2014, 2014.
Liu, D., Zhao, D., Xie, Z., Yu, C., Chen, Y., Tian, P., Ding, S., Hu, K., Lowe, D., Liu, Q., Zhou, W., Wang, F., Sheng, J., Kong, S., Hu, D., Wang, Z., Huang, M., and Ding, D.: Enhanced heating rate of black carbon above the planetary boundary layer over megacities in summertime, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 124003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab4872, 2019a.
Liu, D., Joshi, R., Wang, J., Yu, C., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Flynn, M. J., Xie, C., Lee, J., Squires, F., Kotthaus, S., Grimmond, S., Ge, X., Sun, Y., and Fu, P.: Contrasting physical properties of black carbon in urban Beijing between winter and summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6749–6769, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6749-2019, 2019b.
Liu, H., Pan, X., Liu, D., Liu, X., Chen, X., Tian, Y., Sun, Y., Fu, P., and Wang, Z.: Mixing characteristics of refractory black carbon aerosols at an urban site in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5771–5785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5771-2020, 2020.
Liu, S., Aiken, A. C., Gorkowski, K., Dubey, M. K., Cappa, C. D., Williams, L. R., Herndon, S. C., Massoli, P., Fortner, E. C., Chhabra, P. S., Brooks, W. A., Onasch, T. B., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., China, S., Sharma, N., Mazzoleni, C., Xu, L., Ng, N. L., Liu, D., Allan, J. D., Lee, J. D., Fleming, Z. L., Mohr, C., Zotter, P., Szidat, S., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Enhanced light absorption by mixed source black and brown carbon particles in UK winter, Nat. Commun., 6, 8435, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9435, 2015.
Lu, Y., Zhu, B., Huang, Y., Shi, S., Wang, H., An, J., and Yu, X.: Vertical distributions of black carbon aerosols over rural areas of the Yangtze River Delta in winter, Sci. Total Environ., 661, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.170, 2019.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B. (Eds.): Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 3–32, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.001, 2021.
Matsui, H., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Takegawa, N., Sahu, L. K., Zhao, Y., Fuelberg, H. E., Sessions, W. R., Diskin, G., Blake, D. R., Wisthaler, A., and Koike, M.: Seasonal variation of the transport of black carbon aerosol from the Asian continent to the Arctic during the ARCTAS aircraft campaign, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015067, 2011.
McMeeking, G. R., Hamburger, T., Liu, D., Flynn, M., Morgan, W. T., Northway, M., Highwood, E. J., Krejci, R., Allan, J. D., Minikin, A., and Coe, H.: Black carbon measurements in the boundary layer over western and northern Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9393–9414, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9393-2010, 2010.
Metcalf, A. R., Craven, J. S., Ensberg, J. J., Brioude, J., Angevine, W., Sorooshian, A., Duong, H. T., Jonsson, H. H., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Black carbon aerosol over the Los Angeles Basin during CalNex, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017255, 2012.
Moteki, N. and Kondo, Y.: Effects of Mixing State on Black Carbon Measurements by Laser-Induced Incandescence, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 398–417, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820701199728, 2007.
Moteki, N. and Kondo, Y.: Dependence of Laser-Induced Incandescence on Physical Properties of Black Carbon Aerosols: Measurements and Theoretical Interpretation, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 44, 663–675, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.484450, 2010.
Moteki, N., Kondo, Y., and Nakamura, S.-i.: Method to measure refractive indices of small nonspherical particles: Application to black carbon particles, J. Aerosol Sci., 41, 513–521, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.02.013, 2010.
Moteki, N., Kondo, Y., Oshima, N., Takegawa, N., Koike, M., Kita, K., Matsui, H., and Kajino, M.: Size dependence of wet removal of black carbon aerosols during transport from the boundary layer to the free troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052034, 2012.
Ohata, S., Mori, T., Kondo, Y., Sharma, S., Hyvärinen, A., Andrews, E., Tunved, P., Asmi, E., Backman, J., Servomaa, H., Veber, D., Eleftheriadis, K., Vratolis, S., Krejci, R., Zieger, P., Koike, M., Kanaya, Y., Yoshida, A., Moteki, N., Zhao, Y., Tobo, Y., Matsushita, J., and Oshima, N.: Estimates of mass absorption cross sections of black carbon for filter-based absorption photometers in the Arctic, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6723–6748, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6723-2021, 2021.
Oshima, N., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Takegawa, N., Koike, M., Kita, K., Matsui, H., Kajino, M., Nakamura, H., Jung, J. S., and Kim, Y. J.: Wet removal of black carbon in Asian outflow: Aerosol Radiative Forcing in East Asia (A-FORCE) aircraft campaign, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016552, 2012.
Peischl, J., Ryerson, T. B., Holloway, J. S., Parrish, D. D., Trainer, M., Frost, G. J., Aikin, K. C., Brown, S. S., Dubé, W. P., Stark, H., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: A top-down analysis of emissions from selected Texas power plants during TexAQS 2000 and 2006, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013527, 2010.
Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting “black carbon” measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
Qu, Y., Han, Y., Wu, Y., Gao, P., and Wang, T.: Study of PBLH and its correlation with particulate matter from one-year observation over Nanjing, Southeast China, Remote Sens., 9, 668, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070668, 2017.
Riemer, N., West, M., Zaveri, R., and Easter, R.: Estimating black carbon aging time-scales with a particle-resolved aerosol model, J. Aerosol Sci., 41, 143–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.009, 2010.
Schwarz, J. P., Gao, R. S., Spackman, J. R., Watts, L. A., Thomson, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Ryerson, T. B., Peischl, J., Holloway, J. S., Trainer, M., Frost, G. J., Baynard, T., Lack, D. A., de Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., and Del Negro, L. A.: Measurement of the mixing state, mass, and optical size of individual black carbon particles in urban and biomass burning emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033968, 2008.
Schwarz, J. P., Spackman, J. R., Gao, R. S., Perring, A. E., Cross, E., Onasch, T. B., Ahern, A., Wrobel, W., Davidovits, P., Olfert, J., Dubey, M. K., Mazzoleni, C., and Fahey, D. W.: The Detection Efficiency of the Single Particle Soot Photometer, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 44, 612–628, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.481298, 2010.
Steffen, W., Rockström, J., Richardson, K., Lenton, T. M., Folke, C., Liverman, D., Summerhayes, C. P., Barnosky, A. D., Cornell, S. E., Crucifix, M., Donges, J. F., Fetzer, I., Lade, S. J., Scheffer, M., Winkelmann, R., and Schellnhuber, H. J.: Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 115, 8252–8259, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810141115, 2018.
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D., and Ngan, F.: NOAA's HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 2059–2077, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1, 2015.
Stephens, M., Turner, N., and Sandberg, J.: Particle identification by laser-induced incandescence in a solid-state laser cavity, Appl. Opt., 42, 3726–3736, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.42.003726, 2003.
Suntharalingam, P., Jacob, D. J., Palmer, P. I., Logan, J. A., Yantosca, R. M., Xiao, Y., Evans, M. J., Streets, D. G., Vay, S. L., and Sachse, G. W.: Improved quantification of Chinese carbon fluxes using
Taylor, J. W., Allan, J. D., Liu, D., Flynn, M., Weber, R., Zhang, X., Lefer, B. L., Grossberg, N., Flynn, J., and Coe, H.: Assessment of the sensitivity of core/shell parameters derived using the single-particle soot photometer to density and refractive index, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1701–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1701-2015, 2015.
Tian, P., Liu, D., Zhao, D., Yu, C., Liu, Q., Huang, M., Deng, Z., Ran, L., Wu, Y., Ding, S., Hu, K., Zhao, G., Zhao, C., and Ding, D.: In situ vertical characteristics of optical properties and heating rates of aerosol over Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2603–2622, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2603-2020, 2020.
Utavong, T., Thongyen, T., Bualert, S., Choomanee, P., Kongkeaw, S., Rattanapotanan, T., Phupijit, J., Maneejantra, S., and Changplaiy, N.: Influence of Relative Humidity and Aging on Morphology and Chemical Composition on Biomass Burning Particle, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 24, 230234, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.230234, 2024.
Wang, Q., Huang, R. J., Cao, J., Han, Y., Wang, G., Li, G., Wang, Y., Dai, W., Zhang, R., and Zhou, Y.: Mixing State of Black Carbon Aerosol in a Heavily Polluted Urban Area of China: Implications for Light Absorption Enhancement, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 48, 689–697, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2014.917758, 2014.
Wang, Y., Munger, J. W., Xu, S., McElroy, M. B., Hao, J., Nielsen, C. P., and Ma, H.: CO2 and its correlation with CO at a rural site near Beijing: implications for combustion efficiency in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8881–8897, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8881-2010, 2010.
Weingartner, E., Burtscher, H., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopic properties of carbon and diesel soot particles, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2311–2327, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00023-X, 1997.
Wu, Y., Xia, Y., Zhou, C., Tian, P., Tao, J., Huang, R.-J., Liu, D., Wang, X., Xia, X., Han, Z., and Zhang, R.: Effect of source variation on the size and mixing state of black carbon aerosol in urban Beijing from 2013 to 2019: Implication on light absorption, Environ. Pollut., 270, 116089, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116089, 2021.
Yan, Q., Xiao, T., Zhang, W., Kong, S., Zhang, Y., Gao, Q., Shu, Y., Li, H., and Wang, H.: Long term emission and simulation on air quality from residential coal burning in China, Environ. Res. Commun., 7, 021006, https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/adb241, 2025.
Yang, Y., Xu, X., Zhang, Y., Zheng, S., Wang, L., Liu, D., Gustave, W., Jiang, L., Hua, Y., Du, S., and Tang, L.: Seasonal size distribution and mixing state of black carbon aerosols in a polluted urban environment of the Yangtze River Delta region, China, Sci. Total Environ., 654, 300–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.087, 2019.
Yoo, H., Lim, S., Cho, I. S., Im, H., Lee, E., Choi, S., Kim, H.-S., Jeong, S., and Choi, Y.: Inhibitory effects of Aquadag, a black carbon surrogate, on microbial growth via surface-mediated stress: evidence from adenosine triphosphate assay, Toxics, 13, 719, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090719, 2025.
Yu, N., Yoo, H.-J., Oh, S., Choi, Y., Lee, S., Kim, S., and Lim, S.: Dataset and codes for airborne observation of refractory black carbon over the Yellow Sea, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15951968, 2025.
Zhang, Y., Sperber, K. R., and Boyle, J. S.: Climatology and Interannual Variation of the East Asian Winter Monsoon: Results from the 1979–95 NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, Mon. Weather Rev., 125, 2605–2619, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<2605:CAIVOT>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Zhao, D., Huang, M., Tian, P., He, H., Lowe, D., Zhou, W., Sheng, J., Wang, F., Bi, K., Kong, S., Yang, Y., Liu, Q., Liu, D., and Ding, D.: Vertical characteristics of black carbon physical properties over Beijing region in warm and cold seasons, Atmos. Environ., 213, 296–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.06.007, 2019.
Zhao, J., Chen, H., Qi, X., Chi, X., Jia, M., Jiang, F., Zhong, S., Zheng, B., and Ding, A.: Observed decade-long improvement of combustion efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta region in China, Environ. Res. Lett., 19, 074001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad521e, 2024.
Zhao, P., Dong, F., Yang, Y., He, D., Zhao, X., Zhang, W., Yao, Q., and Liu, H.: Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China, Atmos. Environ., 71, 389–398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.010, 2013.
Zhou, X., Gao, J., Wang, T., Wu, W., and Wang, W.: Measurement of black carbon aerosols near two Chinese megacities and the implications for improving emission inventories, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3918–3924, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.062, 2009.
Zuberi, B., Johnson, K. S., Aleks, G. K., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., and Laskin, A.: Hydrophilic properties of aged soot, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021496, 2005.
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) is a short-lived climate pollutant that affects climate and cloud formation, but its physical properties are poorly represented in models. We used aircraft to measure BC, CO, and CO2 over the Yellow Sea across seasons. Our results show that BC changes in size and mixing state significantly depending on its origin and weather during transport, highlighting the need for better model representation of this pollutant.
Black carbon (BC) is a short-lived climate pollutant that affects climate and cloud formation,...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint