Articles | Volume 25, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1353-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1353-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Evaluation of biases in mid-to-high-latitude surface snowfall and cloud phase in ERA5 and CMIP6 using satellite observations
Franziska Hellmuth
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
Tim Carlsen
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
Anne Sophie Daloz
Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
Robert Oscar David
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
Haochi Che
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
Trude Storelvmo
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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Cited
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Snowfall retrievals and uncertainties from spaceborne W-band radar in Xinjiang, Northwest China W. Xing et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2026.106779
- Impact attribution of the March 2022 Antarctic heatwave reveals amplification by cloud feedbacks and increased future meltwater S. González-Herrero et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03485-0
- Investigation on the microphysical properties in mixed-phase clouds from W-band spaceborne radar retrievals over the Tibetan Plateau B. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2026.106854
- Polar Winter Processes: An Under-Represented Research Focus within the Coupled Earth System X. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-026-6256-5
- Quantitative assessment of supercooled liquid water sensitivity to different aerosol field inputs over the Sichuan Basin M. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2275-2026
- Reconstructing historical cloud ice water fraction using machine learning and multi-source satellite data from 1983 to 2009 D. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108571
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- A novel framework for gap-filling meteorological time series data D. El-Agha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110454
- CMIP6 projections of wave climate change in the Mediterranean sea by the end of the twenty-first century G. Ibarra-Berastegui et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121704
- Global Attribution of Anthropogenic Climate Change to Terrestrial Long-Term Droughts M. Nouri & M. Khorsandi https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04455-5
- Detection, attribution, and modeling of climate change: Key open issues N. Scafetta https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2025.05.001
- Recent Advances in the Observation and Modeling of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions, Cloud Feedbacks, and Earth’s Energy Imbalance: A Review T. Michibata et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-025-00382-6
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Snowfall retrievals and uncertainties from spaceborne W-band radar in Xinjiang, Northwest China W. Xing et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2026.106779
- Impact attribution of the March 2022 Antarctic heatwave reveals amplification by cloud feedbacks and increased future meltwater S. González-Herrero et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03485-0
- Investigation on the microphysical properties in mixed-phase clouds from W-band spaceborne radar retrievals over the Tibetan Plateau B. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2026.106854
- Polar Winter Processes: An Under-Represented Research Focus within the Coupled Earth System X. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-026-6256-5
- Quantitative assessment of supercooled liquid water sensitivity to different aerosol field inputs over the Sichuan Basin M. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2275-2026
- Reconstructing historical cloud ice water fraction using machine learning and multi-source satellite data from 1983 to 2009 D. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108571
- Assessing resolution sensitivity in coupled climate simulations with AWI-CM3 M. Zapponini et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3395-2026
- Linking weather variability and climatic pressuredipole in the Antarctic region of Amundsen – Bellingshausen – Weddell Seas L. Pysarenko et al. https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.2.2025.748
- A novel framework for gap-filling meteorological time series data D. El-Agha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110454
- CMIP6 projections of wave climate change in the Mediterranean sea by the end of the twenty-first century G. Ibarra-Berastegui et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121704
- Global Attribution of Anthropogenic Climate Change to Terrestrial Long-Term Droughts M. Nouri & M. Khorsandi https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04455-5
- Detection, attribution, and modeling of climate change: Key open issues N. Scafetta https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2025.05.001
- Recent Advances in the Observation and Modeling of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions, Cloud Feedbacks, and Earth’s Energy Imbalance: A Review T. Michibata et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-025-00382-6
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 21 Jul 2026
Short summary
This article compares the occurrence of supercooled liquid-containing clouds (sLCCs) and their link to surface snowfall in CloudSat–CALIPSO, ERA5, and the CMIP6 models. Significant discrepancies were found, with ERA5 and CMIP6 consistently overestimating sLCC and snowfall frequency. This bias is likely due to cloud microphysics parameterization. This conclusion has implications for accurately representing cloud phase and snowfall in future climate projections.
This article compares the occurrence of supercooled liquid-containing clouds (sLCCs) and their...
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