Articles | Volume 24, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6635-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6635-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Jun 2024
Research article |
| 06 Jun 2024
| 06 Jun 2024
Role of atmospheric aerosols in severe winter fog over the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India: a case study
Chandrakala Bharali
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
Mary Barth
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, US
Rajesh Kumar
NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, US
Sachin D. Ghude
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
Vinayak Sinha
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
Baerbel Sinha
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Cited
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Atmospheric Impacts of Oil Well Blowouts: A Synergistic Assessment Using Satellite Remote Sensing and WRF-Chem Modeling J. Biswas et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-025-02341-6
- Impacts of mitigating regional and trans-regional anthropogenic emissions on aerosols and meteorology over the non-attainment cities of western India S. Dhaka et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.122185
- Haze–cloud correlations mediated by supersaturation fluctuations H. Fahandezh Sadi et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.70203
- Widespread fog invigoration due to aerosols over Northern India N. Arun et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adx1662
- Spatiotemporal analysis of climatic and anthropogenic drivers of winter smog in the Indo-Gangetic Plain with a focus on Lahore M. Ghani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-026-37816-7
- A comprehensive review of fog simulations over China using WRF–Chem A. Mohammed et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-026-01172-5
- Vertical Turbulence Asymmetry in a Winter Fog Event over New Delhi: Evidence from WiFEX and WRF–LES P. Choudhury et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-026-00974-9
- Influence of aerosol optical depth on cloud droplet radius over South India, as observed by MODIS V. Valappil & D. Madhu https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-026-01176-1
- Western disturbances and climate variability: a review of recent developments K. Hunt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-43-2025
- Winter haze amplification by aerosol hygroscopic growth over eastern Indo- Gangetic Plain T. Kallihosur et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01792-y
- Identification of aerosol and meteorological parameters threshold for visibility conditions over Delhi city P. Goyal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102373
- Influence of meteorological variability on aerosol size distribution during the winter fog campaign over Delhi: a case study A. Srivastava et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106531
- Assessment of winter fog conditions at CCSI Airport, Lucknow, India (2018–2025) . Preeti & S. Kant https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-026-02901-5
- Black carbon characterization and its association with meteorological phenomena using network data V. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14216-x
- Aerosol-induced surface cooling elevates relative humidity on the Indo-Gangetic Plain J. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02513-9
- Land use change-driven amplification of AOD over the Indo-Gangetic Plain R. Singh & A. Satyanarayana https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.102055
- Observed fog characteristics over Amritsar, northwest India (2017–2025) and associated meteorological conditions . Preeti et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2026.101927
- Anthropogenic emissions drive elevated HCl and particulate chloride in polluted urban air R. Maity et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44407-026-00083-4
- Atmospheric boundary layer characteristics during severe air pollution and fog events over Delhi: Insights from ground-based Lidar, satellites, and models D. Kamat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121684
- Strategies, Policies, and Recommendations for Reducing Air Pollution in the Indian Himalayan Region R. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062684
- Observed (1901–2020) and projected (2025–2095) changes in dry spells and rainfall extremes under irrigation-induced heterogeneity in Punjab, India A. Krishna et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06264-1
- Air Pollution and Health Burden in India Quantified Using the AEIM-India Emission Inventory M. Lund et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00171
- Investigating Fog-Induced Variations in Aerosol Radiative Forcing Over Ranchi, India D. Bhattacharjee et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-026-03960-x
- Interplay Between Meteorology and Seasonality in Urban Air Pollution Across Selected Cities in East, South, and Southeast Asia: A Comparative Review S. Roy et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17080747
- Impact of meteorological drivers on air quality index: A case study from Delhi D. Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127324
- Dark aqueous processing of organics in aerosols and size-resolved fog droplets: Variations in levels, characteristics and evolution M. Anand et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181350
- Long-term changes in winter fog over Delhi, India: A 20-year climatology based on airport observations and urban expansion A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06451-0
- Development of SOA modules in the WRF-Chem model and evaluation of the key formation pathways of SOA and associated health risk over mainland China L. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109662
- Assessing the relationship between atmospheric aerosols and maximum surface air temperature over the Indian region T. Sarin & V. Vinoj https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40641-0
- Modelling and forecasting of CERES-retrieved ultraviolet radiation and AOD using a seasonal-ARIMA model in urban regions of Indo-Gangetic Plain A. Mall & S. Singh https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121570
- Frequency-Domain clustering of Non-Attainment cities of India using CEEMDAN decomposition of aerosols and Coupled meteorological drivers D. Dutta https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105171
- Fog-Induced Attenuation of Solar Radiation over Amritsar, Northwest India . Preeti et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-026-01184-1
- Prolonged fog episodes over the Indo-Gangetic Plains without western disturbances: Influence of upper-level moisture transport G. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.109111
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Atmospheric Impacts of Oil Well Blowouts: A Synergistic Assessment Using Satellite Remote Sensing and WRF-Chem Modeling J. Biswas et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-025-02341-6
- Impacts of mitigating regional and trans-regional anthropogenic emissions on aerosols and meteorology over the non-attainment cities of western India S. Dhaka et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.122185
- Haze–cloud correlations mediated by supersaturation fluctuations H. Fahandezh Sadi et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.70203
- Widespread fog invigoration due to aerosols over Northern India N. Arun et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adx1662
- Spatiotemporal analysis of climatic and anthropogenic drivers of winter smog in the Indo-Gangetic Plain with a focus on Lahore M. Ghani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-026-37816-7
- A comprehensive review of fog simulations over China using WRF–Chem A. Mohammed et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-026-01172-5
- Vertical Turbulence Asymmetry in a Winter Fog Event over New Delhi: Evidence from WiFEX and WRF–LES P. Choudhury et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-026-00974-9
- Influence of aerosol optical depth on cloud droplet radius over South India, as observed by MODIS V. Valappil & D. Madhu https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-026-01176-1
- Western disturbances and climate variability: a review of recent developments K. Hunt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-43-2025
- Winter haze amplification by aerosol hygroscopic growth over eastern Indo- Gangetic Plain T. Kallihosur et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01792-y
- Identification of aerosol and meteorological parameters threshold for visibility conditions over Delhi city P. Goyal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102373
- Influence of meteorological variability on aerosol size distribution during the winter fog campaign over Delhi: a case study A. Srivastava et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106531
- Assessment of winter fog conditions at CCSI Airport, Lucknow, India (2018–2025) . Preeti & S. Kant https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-026-02901-5
- Black carbon characterization and its association with meteorological phenomena using network data V. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14216-x
- Aerosol-induced surface cooling elevates relative humidity on the Indo-Gangetic Plain J. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02513-9
- Land use change-driven amplification of AOD over the Indo-Gangetic Plain R. Singh & A. Satyanarayana https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.102055
- Observed fog characteristics over Amritsar, northwest India (2017–2025) and associated meteorological conditions . Preeti et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2026.101927
- Anthropogenic emissions drive elevated HCl and particulate chloride in polluted urban air R. Maity et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44407-026-00083-4
- Atmospheric boundary layer characteristics during severe air pollution and fog events over Delhi: Insights from ground-based Lidar, satellites, and models D. Kamat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121684
- Strategies, Policies, and Recommendations for Reducing Air Pollution in the Indian Himalayan Region R. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062684
- Observed (1901–2020) and projected (2025–2095) changes in dry spells and rainfall extremes under irrigation-induced heterogeneity in Punjab, India A. Krishna et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06264-1
- Air Pollution and Health Burden in India Quantified Using the AEIM-India Emission Inventory M. Lund et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00171
- Investigating Fog-Induced Variations in Aerosol Radiative Forcing Over Ranchi, India D. Bhattacharjee et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-026-03960-x
- Interplay Between Meteorology and Seasonality in Urban Air Pollution Across Selected Cities in East, South, and Southeast Asia: A Comparative Review S. Roy et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17080747
- Impact of meteorological drivers on air quality index: A case study from Delhi D. Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127324
- Dark aqueous processing of organics in aerosols and size-resolved fog droplets: Variations in levels, characteristics and evolution M. Anand et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181350
- Long-term changes in winter fog over Delhi, India: A 20-year climatology based on airport observations and urban expansion A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06451-0
- Development of SOA modules in the WRF-Chem model and evaluation of the key formation pathways of SOA and associated health risk over mainland China L. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109662
- Assessing the relationship between atmospheric aerosols and maximum surface air temperature over the Indian region T. Sarin & V. Vinoj https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40641-0
- Modelling and forecasting of CERES-retrieved ultraviolet radiation and AOD using a seasonal-ARIMA model in urban regions of Indo-Gangetic Plain A. Mall & S. Singh https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121570
- Frequency-Domain clustering of Non-Attainment cities of India using CEEMDAN decomposition of aerosols and Coupled meteorological drivers D. Dutta https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105171
- Fog-Induced Attenuation of Solar Radiation over Amritsar, Northwest India . Preeti et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-026-01184-1
- Prolonged fog episodes over the Indo-Gangetic Plains without western disturbances: Influence of upper-level moisture transport G. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.109111
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 13 Aug 2026
Short summary
This study examines the role of atmospheric aerosols in winter fog over the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India using WRF-Chem. The increase in RH with aerosol–radiation feedback (ARF) is found to be important for fog formation as it promotes the growth of aerosols in the polluted environment. Aqueous-phase chemistry in the fog increases PM2.5 concentration, further affecting ARF. ARF and aqueous-phase chemistry affect the fog intensity and the timing of fog formation by ~1–2 h.
This study examines the role of atmospheric aerosols in winter fog over the Indo-Gangetic Plains...
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