Articles | Volume 24, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1193-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1193-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Jan 2024
Research article |
| 29 Jan 2024
| 29 Jan 2024
Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Montréal, Canada, and health risk assessment for potentially toxic elements
Nansi Fakhri
EMMA Research Group, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
Robin Stevens
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Arnold Downey
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Konstantina Oikonomou
Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
Jean Sciare
Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
Charbel Afif
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
EMMA Research Group, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
Patrick L. Hayes
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Cited
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 Chemical Composition in an Urban Megacity: A Case Study from Greater Cairo Area E. Farah et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16101214
- Source profile and carcinogenic risk assessment of pahs found in aerial deposited road particles S. Mondal & S. Gokhale https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14640-z
- Temporal Variability and Evolution of PM2.5 Sources in an Urban Environment: A PIXE–PMF Study in Vilnius, Lithuania V. Alifirenka et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17070645
- Comparative analysis of multiple health risks from different air pollution events F. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2026.02.033
- Comparative Assessment of Additional Human Health Risk due to the Deterioration of Interior Walls K. Patel et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/JAEIED.AEENG-2203
- Characteristic trends and source shifts of n-alkanes in a multi-year study: Insights from gas-particle partitioning in a central Chinese city M. Kong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137445
- Characteristics, Sources, Exposure, and Health Effects of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-025-00344-y
- Characterization of PM2.5 emissions from on-road vehicles in the tunnel of a major Middle Eastern city N. Fakhri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124769
- Integrated analysis of elemental speciation, source apportionment, and pollution risk assessment attributable to PM2.5 exposure in Faridabad, India N. Yadav et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-026-01995-6
- Air quality challenges in Central Asian urban areas: a PM2.5 source apportionment analysis in Dushanbe, Tajikistan S. Papagiannis et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33833-6
- Characterizing Atmospheric Emissions of Particulate Matter from Copper Smelting through Coriolis-μ Air Sampling and Single Particle ICP–MS Analysis A. Goodman et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00307
- PM10 source apportionment in a coastal african megacity (Luanda, Angola): A quantitative basis for air quality management A. da Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2026.103077
- Sensitivity to meteorology of regional contributions to air pollution in eastern Canada: part 1: ozone and NOX R. Stevens et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EA00112A
- Health impacts and risk assessment of PM2.5 and PM10 at Suburban Site in Pathum Thani, Thailand D. Rattanaphra et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102109
- A Review on PM2.5 Sources, Mass Prediction, and Association Analysis: Research Opportunities and Challenges P. Yin https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031101
- Quantifying regional transport contributions to PM2.5-bound trace elements in a southeast coastal island of China: Insights from a machine learning approach N. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126448
- Comprehensive source health risks of PM2.5-bound trace metals in urban and rural areas of the North China Plain Q. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2026.102893
- Source-specific oxidative potential and health risks of PM2.5-bound toxic elements in Xiamen Port: Insights into ship emission contributions S. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2026.103076
- A one-step, scalable thermospray method for synthesis of multi-component particles mimicking atmospheric particulate matter X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D6EA00052E
- Unveiling the organic chemical composition and sources of organic carbon in PM2.5 at an urban site in Greater Cairo (Egypt): A comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary compounds E. Farah et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.120118
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 Chemical Composition in an Urban Megacity: A Case Study from Greater Cairo Area E. Farah et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16101214
- Source profile and carcinogenic risk assessment of pahs found in aerial deposited road particles S. Mondal & S. Gokhale https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14640-z
- Temporal Variability and Evolution of PM2.5 Sources in an Urban Environment: A PIXE–PMF Study in Vilnius, Lithuania V. Alifirenka et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17070645
- Comparative analysis of multiple health risks from different air pollution events F. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2026.02.033
- Comparative Assessment of Additional Human Health Risk due to the Deterioration of Interior Walls K. Patel et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/JAEIED.AEENG-2203
- Characteristic trends and source shifts of n-alkanes in a multi-year study: Insights from gas-particle partitioning in a central Chinese city M. Kong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137445
- Characteristics, Sources, Exposure, and Health Effects of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-025-00344-y
- Characterization of PM2.5 emissions from on-road vehicles in the tunnel of a major Middle Eastern city N. Fakhri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124769
- Integrated analysis of elemental speciation, source apportionment, and pollution risk assessment attributable to PM2.5 exposure in Faridabad, India N. Yadav et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-026-01995-6
- Air quality challenges in Central Asian urban areas: a PM2.5 source apportionment analysis in Dushanbe, Tajikistan S. Papagiannis et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33833-6
- Characterizing Atmospheric Emissions of Particulate Matter from Copper Smelting through Coriolis-μ Air Sampling and Single Particle ICP–MS Analysis A. Goodman et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00307
- PM10 source apportionment in a coastal african megacity (Luanda, Angola): A quantitative basis for air quality management A. da Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2026.103077
- Sensitivity to meteorology of regional contributions to air pollution in eastern Canada: part 1: ozone and NOX R. Stevens et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EA00112A
- Health impacts and risk assessment of PM2.5 and PM10 at Suburban Site in Pathum Thani, Thailand D. Rattanaphra et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102109
- A Review on PM2.5 Sources, Mass Prediction, and Association Analysis: Research Opportunities and Challenges P. Yin https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031101
- Quantifying regional transport contributions to PM2.5-bound trace elements in a southeast coastal island of China: Insights from a machine learning approach N. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126448
- Comprehensive source health risks of PM2.5-bound trace metals in urban and rural areas of the North China Plain Q. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2026.102893
- Source-specific oxidative potential and health risks of PM2.5-bound toxic elements in Xiamen Port: Insights into ship emission contributions S. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2026.103076
- A one-step, scalable thermospray method for synthesis of multi-component particles mimicking atmospheric particulate matter X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D6EA00052E
- Unveiling the organic chemical composition and sources of organic carbon in PM2.5 at an urban site in Greater Cairo (Egypt): A comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary compounds E. Farah et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.120118
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 21 Jul 2026
Short summary
We investigated the chemical composition of atmospheric fine particles, their emission sources, and the potential human health risk associated with trace elements in particles for an urban site in Montréal over a 3-month period (August–November). This study represents the first time that such extensive composition measurements were included in an urban source apportionment study in Canada, and it provides greater resolution of fine-particle sources than has been previously achieved in Canada.
We investigated the chemical composition of atmospheric fine particles, their emission sources,...
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