Articles | Volume 23, issue 16
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9123-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9123-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Aug 2023
Research article |
| 18 Aug 2023
| 18 Aug 2023
A set of methods to evaluate the below-cloud evaporation effect on local precipitation isotopic composition: a case study for Xi'an, China
Meng Xing
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Weiguo Liu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Jing Hu
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Zheng Wang
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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Cited
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Stable isotopes in atmospheric water vapour: Patterns, mechanisms and perspectives B. Shang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1410-6
- Increased rainfall alters soil moisture dynamics in alpine meadows Z. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134681
- Assessing raindrop evaporation over northern Western Ghats from stable isotope signature of rain and vapour S. Nimya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9061-2026
- Spatial pattern of amount effect of daily precipitation isotopes in China: A consideration of seasonality based on observation and simulation Y. Qian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132793
- Combined and autonomous online measurement of water isotopes in snowflakes and atmospheric water vapor in East Antarctica T. Lauwers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-4743-2026
- Stream water sourcing from high-elevation snowpack inferred from stable isotopes of water: a novel application of d-excess values M. Sprenger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1711-2024
- Revisiting isotopic time series and linkages between precipitation and water vapor: High-resolution insights in a semi-arid setting Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103225
- Using stable isotopes in water vapor to identify the onset date of the East Asian summer monsoon over the Loess Plateau Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135829
- Determining hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to reflect the responses of rainfall process on urban activities: Insight from the extreme rainfall period in megacity Y. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.101994
- Quantifying the below-cloud evaporation of raindrops using near-surface water vapour isotopes: Applications in humid and arid climates in East Asia S. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131561
- Impact of Sub-Cloud Evaporation on Precipitation in Tropical Monsoon Islands H. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188161
- Reconstructed precipitation isotopes in China during the past six decades based on machine learning S. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134003
- Spatial and climate dependency of water isotope fractionation between precipitation and vapor in East Asia based on explainable machine learning K. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105213
- Quantifying the contributions of moisture recycling to precipitation in the monsoon transition zone: Insights from stable isotope data C. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.136075
- Below-cloud evaporation effect on stable isotopes on precipitation on the Gannan Plateau region based on Stewart model F. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-024-05299-6
- 大气水汽稳定同位素: 特征、机制与前景 白. 尚 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/N072023-0271
- Measurements of Combustion-Derived Water Vapor Isotopic Composition from Different Fossil Fuels M. Xing et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c08595
- Seasonal shift in dominant controls on precipitation isotopes in the monsoon–westerlies transition zone of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau X. Shi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-026-08324-8
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Stable isotopes in atmospheric water vapour: Patterns, mechanisms and perspectives B. Shang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1410-6
- Increased rainfall alters soil moisture dynamics in alpine meadows Z. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134681
- Assessing raindrop evaporation over northern Western Ghats from stable isotope signature of rain and vapour S. Nimya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9061-2026
- Spatial pattern of amount effect of daily precipitation isotopes in China: A consideration of seasonality based on observation and simulation Y. Qian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132793
- Combined and autonomous online measurement of water isotopes in snowflakes and atmospheric water vapor in East Antarctica T. Lauwers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-4743-2026
- Stream water sourcing from high-elevation snowpack inferred from stable isotopes of water: a novel application of d-excess values M. Sprenger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1711-2024
- Revisiting isotopic time series and linkages between precipitation and water vapor: High-resolution insights in a semi-arid setting Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103225
- Using stable isotopes in water vapor to identify the onset date of the East Asian summer monsoon over the Loess Plateau Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135829
- Determining hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to reflect the responses of rainfall process on urban activities: Insight from the extreme rainfall period in megacity Y. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.101994
- Quantifying the below-cloud evaporation of raindrops using near-surface water vapour isotopes: Applications in humid and arid climates in East Asia S. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131561
- Impact of Sub-Cloud Evaporation on Precipitation in Tropical Monsoon Islands H. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188161
- Reconstructed precipitation isotopes in China during the past six decades based on machine learning S. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134003
- Spatial and climate dependency of water isotope fractionation between precipitation and vapor in East Asia based on explainable machine learning K. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105213
- Quantifying the contributions of moisture recycling to precipitation in the monsoon transition zone: Insights from stable isotope data C. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.136075
- Below-cloud evaporation effect on stable isotopes on precipitation on the Gannan Plateau region based on Stewart model F. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-024-05299-6
- 大气水汽稳定同位素: 特征、机制与前景 白. 尚 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/N072023-0271
- Measurements of Combustion-Derived Water Vapor Isotopic Composition from Different Fossil Fuels M. Xing et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c08595
- Seasonal shift in dominant controls on precipitation isotopes in the monsoon–westerlies transition zone of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau X. Shi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-026-08324-8
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 08 Oct 2026
Short summary
The below-cloud evaporation effect (BCE) on precipitation largely impacts the final isotopic composition. However, determining the BCE effect remains poorly constrained. Our work used a ΔdΔδ diagram to differentiate the below-cloud processes. Moreover, by comparing two different computing methods, we considered that both methods are suitable for evaluation the BCE, except for snowfall events. Overall, our work compiled a set of effective methods to evaluate the BCE effect.
The below-cloud evaporation effect (BCE) on precipitation largely impacts the final isotopic...
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