Articles | Volume 23, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8879-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8879-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Aug 2023
Research article |
| 09 Aug 2023
| 09 Aug 2023
Comparison of methods to estimate aerosol effective radiative forcings in climate models
Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-103, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
Christopher J. Smith
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
Energy, Climate, and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
Karl E. Taylor
Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-103, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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Cited
24 citations as recorded by crossref.
- What drives historical and future changes in photovoltaic power production from the perspective of global warming? R. Constantin Scheele & S. Fiedler https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad10d6
- Are Northern Hemisphere boreal forest fires more sensitive to future aerosol mitigation than to greenhouse gas–driven warming? R. Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adl4007
- Developing renewable energy in the face of extreme climate: Implications of tertiarization C. Lee & Z. Wu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135468
- A new method for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions in climate models B. Duran et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2123-2025
- Magnitude uncertainty dominates intermodel spread in zonal-mean precipitation response to anthropogenic aerosol increase Y. Geng et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adv5013
- Assessment of Aerosol Optical Properties and Dual Nature of Aerosol-Induced Radiative Forcing for Shortwave and Longwave over Northwest India P. Pippal et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-025-00362-9
- Strong intermodel differences and biases in CMIP6 simulations of PM2.5, aerosol optical depth, and precipitation over Africa C. Toolan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10523-2025
- Recent cloud trends and extremes reaffirm established bounds on cloud feedback and aerosol-cloud interactions M. Zelinka et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03461-8
- fair-calibrate v1.4.1: calibration, constraining, and validation of the FaIR simple climate model for reliable future climate projections C. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8569-2024
- Recent reductions in aerosol emissions have increased Earth’s energy imbalance Ø. Hodnebrog et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01324-8
- AR6 updates to RF by GHGs and aerosols lowers the probability of accomplishing the Paris Agreement compared to AR5 formulations E. Farago et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1739-2025
- European sulphate aerosols were a key driver of the early twentieth-century intensification of the Asian summer monsoon W. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2027-2026
- Modern methods to explore the dynamics between aerosols and convective precipitation: A critical review S. Metangley et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2024.101465
- Recent Advances in the Observation and Modeling of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions, Cloud Feedbacks, and Earth’s Energy Imbalance: A Review T. Michibata et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-025-00382-6
- Prescribing the aerosol effective radiative forcing in the Simple Cloud-Resolving E3SM Atmosphere Model v1 N. Mahfouz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15105-2025
- Recent amplification of the Siberian High decadal variability significantly influenced by anthropogenic aerosols in CanESM5 L. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adb987
- The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP2.0) for CMIP7 R. Kramer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4447-2026
- Larger Cloud Liquid Water Enhances Both Aerosol Indirect Forcing and Cloud Radiative Feedback in Two Earth System Models X. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105529
- AERA-MIP: emission pathways, remaining budgets, and carbon cycle dynamics compatible with 1.5 and 2 °C global warming stabilization Y. Silvy et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1591-2024
- Surface temperature effects of recent reductions in shipping SO2 emissions are within internal variability D. Watson-Parris et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4443-2025
- Decomposing the global and regional aerosol effective radiative forcing associated with strong versus weak air quality policies by Mid-21st century R. Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae5418
- Decomposing the effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols based on CMIP6 Earth system models A. Kalisoras et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024
- Potential effects of climate change and solar radiation modification on renewable energy resources A. Kumler et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114934
- G6-1.5K-MCB: Marine Cloud Brightening scenario design for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) in CESM2.1, E3SMv2.0, and UKESM1.1 H. Hirasawa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3257-2026
24 citations as recorded by crossref.
- What drives historical and future changes in photovoltaic power production from the perspective of global warming? R. Constantin Scheele & S. Fiedler https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad10d6
- Are Northern Hemisphere boreal forest fires more sensitive to future aerosol mitigation than to greenhouse gas–driven warming? R. Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adl4007
- Developing renewable energy in the face of extreme climate: Implications of tertiarization C. Lee & Z. Wu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135468
- A new method for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions in climate models B. Duran et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2123-2025
- Magnitude uncertainty dominates intermodel spread in zonal-mean precipitation response to anthropogenic aerosol increase Y. Geng et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adv5013
- Assessment of Aerosol Optical Properties and Dual Nature of Aerosol-Induced Radiative Forcing for Shortwave and Longwave over Northwest India P. Pippal et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-025-00362-9
- Strong intermodel differences and biases in CMIP6 simulations of PM2.5, aerosol optical depth, and precipitation over Africa C. Toolan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10523-2025
- Recent cloud trends and extremes reaffirm established bounds on cloud feedback and aerosol-cloud interactions M. Zelinka et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03461-8
- fair-calibrate v1.4.1: calibration, constraining, and validation of the FaIR simple climate model for reliable future climate projections C. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8569-2024
- Recent reductions in aerosol emissions have increased Earth’s energy imbalance Ø. Hodnebrog et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01324-8
- AR6 updates to RF by GHGs and aerosols lowers the probability of accomplishing the Paris Agreement compared to AR5 formulations E. Farago et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1739-2025
- European sulphate aerosols were a key driver of the early twentieth-century intensification of the Asian summer monsoon W. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2027-2026
- Modern methods to explore the dynamics between aerosols and convective precipitation: A critical review S. Metangley et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2024.101465
- Recent Advances in the Observation and Modeling of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions, Cloud Feedbacks, and Earth’s Energy Imbalance: A Review T. Michibata et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-025-00382-6
- Prescribing the aerosol effective radiative forcing in the Simple Cloud-Resolving E3SM Atmosphere Model v1 N. Mahfouz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15105-2025
- Recent amplification of the Siberian High decadal variability significantly influenced by anthropogenic aerosols in CanESM5 L. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adb987
- The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP2.0) for CMIP7 R. Kramer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4447-2026
- Larger Cloud Liquid Water Enhances Both Aerosol Indirect Forcing and Cloud Radiative Feedback in Two Earth System Models X. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105529
- AERA-MIP: emission pathways, remaining budgets, and carbon cycle dynamics compatible with 1.5 and 2 °C global warming stabilization Y. Silvy et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1591-2024
- Surface temperature effects of recent reductions in shipping SO2 emissions are within internal variability D. Watson-Parris et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4443-2025
- Decomposing the global and regional aerosol effective radiative forcing associated with strong versus weak air quality policies by Mid-21st century R. Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae5418
- Decomposing the effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols based on CMIP6 Earth system models A. Kalisoras et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024
- Potential effects of climate change and solar radiation modification on renewable energy resources A. Kumler et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114934
- G6-1.5K-MCB: Marine Cloud Brightening scenario design for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) in CESM2.1, E3SMv2.0, and UKESM1.1 H. Hirasawa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3257-2026
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 21 Jun 2026
Short summary
The primary uncertainty in how strongly Earth's climate has been perturbed by human activities comes from the unknown radiative impact of aerosol changes. Accurately quantifying these forcings – and their sub-components – in climate models is crucial for understanding the past and future simulated climate. In this study we describe biases in previously published estimates of aerosol radiative forcing in climate models and provide corrected estimates along with code for users to compute them.
The primary uncertainty in how strongly Earth's climate has been perturbed by human activities...
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