Articles | Volume 23, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4031-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4031-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Why is ozone in South Korea and the Seoul metropolitan area so high and increasing?
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Daniel J. Jacob
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Laura Hyesung Yang
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Shixian Zhai
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Viral Shah
Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Goddard Space Flight
Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD 20706, USA
Stuart K. Grange
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
Robert M. Yantosca
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Soontae Kim
Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University,
Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, South Korea
Hong Liao
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and
Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric
Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science &
Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,
Nanjing 210044, China
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Cited
55 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Feasibility of robust estimates of ozone production rates using a synergy of satellite observations, ground-based remote sensing, and models A. Souri et al.
- Potential influence of ammonia reduction on particulate nitrate concentration in South Korea J. Kim et al.
- Using machine learning to unravel chemical and meteorological effects on ground-level ozone: Insights for ozone-climate control strategies Z. Li et al.
- The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry project comments on the revised WHO air quality guidelines C. Paton-Walsh et al.
- Characteristics and Reduction Directions of Fine Particles by Regions in Korea E. Choi et al.
- Characteristics of local recirculation affecting summer ozone in coastal areas of the Korean Peninsula J. Yoo & S. Lee
- Total Effect of Heat on Mortality Considering Heat-Mediated Air Pollution and Interaction Effect under Demographic, Mitigation, and Adaptation Scenarios H. Kim et al.
- Adoption of SIFT-MS for VOC Pollution Monitoring in South Korea V. Langford et al.
- First global twice-daily ozone profiles from Chinese UV–vis satellites via synergistic spectral calibration and retrieval X. Wang et al.
- Ambient volatile organic compounds in the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea: Chemical reactivity, risks and source apportionment D. Eun et al.
- Comparison of global air pollution impacts across horizontal resolutions T. Jansakoo et al.
- Challenges of Air Pollution and Health in East Asia X. Du et al.
- Cubic ZIF-8/TiO2 filter as a dual function catalyst for CO2 capture and multiple VOCs degradation V. Parasuraman et al.
- A comprehensive review of tropospheric background ozone: definitions, estimation methods, and meta-analysis of its spatiotemporal distribution in China C. Chen et al.
- Changes in Domestic Emissions Impact on Provincial PM2.5 and NO2 Concentrations during the 1st to 4th Seasonal PM Management Periods J. Seo et al.
- Spatiotemporal associations between air pollution and emergency room visits for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Korea using a multivariate graph autoencoder modeling approach: an ecological study S. Wang et al.
- The Analysis of Summertime Tropospheric Ozone at Anmyeon Using Ozonesonde Measurements in 2021~2022 J. Koo et al.
- Evaluating emissions and meteorological contributions to air quality trends in northern China based on measurements at a regional background station W. Pu et al.
- Long-term exposure to air pollution and precocious puberty in South Korea J. Oh et al.
- Co-evolving emission controls and climate impacts: A multi-decadal machine learning decomposition of urban O3 and NO2 air quality measurements M. Brancher
- Assessment of wintertime air quality characteristics of southern region of South Korea using three-dimensional chemistry transport modeling and zero-dimensional box modeling Y. Kim et al.
- Surface ozone in the industrial city of Chelyabinsk, Russia T. Krupnova et al.
- Analyzing the Relationship Between Air Pollutant Emissions and Air Quality in Gyeongsangbuk-do (2017-2021) I. Na et al.
- Spatiotemporal characterization of PM2.5, O3, and trace gases associated with East Asian continental outflows via drone sounding C. Chang et al.
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- Modeling of Secondary Air Pollutants in East Asia: Recent Trends and Future Challenges S. Kim et al.
- Ozone pollution: a persistent challenge in large cities like Mexico City, Los Angeles and Beijing E. Velasco et al.
- Changes in surface ozone in South Korea on diurnal to decadal timescales for the period of 2001–2021 S. Kim et al.
- Air quality trends and regimes in South Korea inferred from 2015–2023 surface and satellite observations Y. Oak et al.
- Assessment of WHO Seasonal Ozone Standard Using Long-term Trends of Ambient Ozone in South Korea S. Park et al.
- Impact of improved representation of volatile organic compound emissions and production of NOx reservoirs on modeled urban ozone production K. Travis et al.
- Neighborhood ozone estimation in Busan, South Korea: A comparative study of proximity-based ensemble clustering and machine-learning models A. Imami & J. Yee
- Global analysis of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde column densities from the Pandora global network: Variability and implications for satellite validation J. Park et al.
- Interpolation of missing ozone data using graph machine learning and parameter analysis through eXplainable artificial intelligence comparison S. Jung et al.
- Airborne observation with a low-cost hyperspectral instrument: retrieval of NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) and the satellite sub-grid variability over industrial point sources J. Park et al.
- Assessment of Provincial Air Quality based on Air Quality Index during 2016~2022 J. Park et al.
- Impact of Recent Meteorological Changes on Surface Ozone Increases in Seoul Metropolitan Area H. Lee et al.
- Coarse particulate matter air quality in East Asia: implications for fine particulate nitrate S. Zhai et al.
- Delayed effects of air pollution on public bike-sharing system use in Seoul, South Korea: A time series analysis E. Yoo et al.
- Study of surface ozone concentrations in the air of an industrial Russian city T. Krupnova et al.
- Springtime impacts of stratospheric intrusion on near-surface ozone over the Yangtze River Delta J. Fan et al.
- Pollutant-specific effects of urban air policy: Causal evidence from South Korea's Clean Air Act J. Im et al.
- Understanding of enhanced nitrate in fine particles at agricultural sites in summer with high ammonia level J. Kim et al.
- When and why PM2.5 is high in Seoul, South Korea: Interpreting long-term (2015–2021) ground observations using machine learning and a chemical transport model H. Lee et al.
- Large and increasing stratospheric contribution to tropospheric ozone over East Asia N. Colombi et al.
- Anthropogenic drivers of the accelerated decline in surface NO2 over China during 2015–2022 M. Tang et al.
- Changes in environments over 20 years and the assessment of individual long-term exposure to air pollution for epidemiology M. Jeong et al.
- Reconstructing initial VOC concentrations to reveal their role in ozone formation S. Hong et al.
- Surface and tropospheric ozone over East Asia and Southeast Asia from observations: distributions, trends, and variability K. Li et al.
- Applications of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Tropospheric Ozone Research S. Hickman et al.
- Unique impacts of strong and westward-extended western Pacific subtropical high on ozone pollution over eastern China M. Li et al.
- Using observed urban NOx sinks to constrain VOC reactivity and the ozone and radical budget in the Seoul Metropolitan Area B. Nault et al.
- From Home and Abroad─Atmospheric Age-Resolved Modeling Reveals the Origin and Evolution of Photochemical Ozone in South Korea M. Choi & Q. Ying
- Effects of mobile emission reduction on ozone under future carbon neutrality scenarios in Korea Y. Yang et al.
- Transpacific Transport of Asian Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) Observed from Satellite: Implications for Ozone S. Zhai et al.
55 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Feasibility of robust estimates of ozone production rates using a synergy of satellite observations, ground-based remote sensing, and models A. Souri et al.
- Potential influence of ammonia reduction on particulate nitrate concentration in South Korea J. Kim et al.
- Using machine learning to unravel chemical and meteorological effects on ground-level ozone: Insights for ozone-climate control strategies Z. Li et al.
- The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry project comments on the revised WHO air quality guidelines C. Paton-Walsh et al.
- Characteristics and Reduction Directions of Fine Particles by Regions in Korea E. Choi et al.
- Characteristics of local recirculation affecting summer ozone in coastal areas of the Korean Peninsula J. Yoo & S. Lee
- Total Effect of Heat on Mortality Considering Heat-Mediated Air Pollution and Interaction Effect under Demographic, Mitigation, and Adaptation Scenarios H. Kim et al.
- Adoption of SIFT-MS for VOC Pollution Monitoring in South Korea V. Langford et al.
- First global twice-daily ozone profiles from Chinese UV–vis satellites via synergistic spectral calibration and retrieval X. Wang et al.
- Ambient volatile organic compounds in the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea: Chemical reactivity, risks and source apportionment D. Eun et al.
- Comparison of global air pollution impacts across horizontal resolutions T. Jansakoo et al.
- Challenges of Air Pollution and Health in East Asia X. Du et al.
- Cubic ZIF-8/TiO2 filter as a dual function catalyst for CO2 capture and multiple VOCs degradation V. Parasuraman et al.
- A comprehensive review of tropospheric background ozone: definitions, estimation methods, and meta-analysis of its spatiotemporal distribution in China C. Chen et al.
- Changes in Domestic Emissions Impact on Provincial PM2.5 and NO2 Concentrations during the 1st to 4th Seasonal PM Management Periods J. Seo et al.
- Spatiotemporal associations between air pollution and emergency room visits for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Korea using a multivariate graph autoencoder modeling approach: an ecological study S. Wang et al.
- The Analysis of Summertime Tropospheric Ozone at Anmyeon Using Ozonesonde Measurements in 2021~2022 J. Koo et al.
- Evaluating emissions and meteorological contributions to air quality trends in northern China based on measurements at a regional background station W. Pu et al.
- Long-term exposure to air pollution and precocious puberty in South Korea J. Oh et al.
- Co-evolving emission controls and climate impacts: A multi-decadal machine learning decomposition of urban O3 and NO2 air quality measurements M. Brancher
- Assessment of wintertime air quality characteristics of southern region of South Korea using three-dimensional chemistry transport modeling and zero-dimensional box modeling Y. Kim et al.
- Surface ozone in the industrial city of Chelyabinsk, Russia T. Krupnova et al.
- Analyzing the Relationship Between Air Pollutant Emissions and Air Quality in Gyeongsangbuk-do (2017-2021) I. Na et al.
- Spatiotemporal characterization of PM2.5, O3, and trace gases associated with East Asian continental outflows via drone sounding C. Chang et al.
- Particulate matter (PM) and ozone air quality in Urumqi of Northwest China: Seasonality, trends, and sources X. Liu et al.
- Modeling of Secondary Air Pollutants in East Asia: Recent Trends and Future Challenges S. Kim et al.
- Ozone pollution: a persistent challenge in large cities like Mexico City, Los Angeles and Beijing E. Velasco et al.
- Changes in surface ozone in South Korea on diurnal to decadal timescales for the period of 2001–2021 S. Kim et al.
- Air quality trends and regimes in South Korea inferred from 2015–2023 surface and satellite observations Y. Oak et al.
- Assessment of WHO Seasonal Ozone Standard Using Long-term Trends of Ambient Ozone in South Korea S. Park et al.
- Impact of improved representation of volatile organic compound emissions and production of NOx reservoirs on modeled urban ozone production K. Travis et al.
- Neighborhood ozone estimation in Busan, South Korea: A comparative study of proximity-based ensemble clustering and machine-learning models A. Imami & J. Yee
- Global analysis of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde column densities from the Pandora global network: Variability and implications for satellite validation J. Park et al.
- Interpolation of missing ozone data using graph machine learning and parameter analysis through eXplainable artificial intelligence comparison S. Jung et al.
- Airborne observation with a low-cost hyperspectral instrument: retrieval of NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) and the satellite sub-grid variability over industrial point sources J. Park et al.
- Assessment of Provincial Air Quality based on Air Quality Index during 2016~2022 J. Park et al.
- Impact of Recent Meteorological Changes on Surface Ozone Increases in Seoul Metropolitan Area H. Lee et al.
- Coarse particulate matter air quality in East Asia: implications for fine particulate nitrate S. Zhai et al.
- Delayed effects of air pollution on public bike-sharing system use in Seoul, South Korea: A time series analysis E. Yoo et al.
- Study of surface ozone concentrations in the air of an industrial Russian city T. Krupnova et al.
- Springtime impacts of stratospheric intrusion on near-surface ozone over the Yangtze River Delta J. Fan et al.
- Pollutant-specific effects of urban air policy: Causal evidence from South Korea's Clean Air Act J. Im et al.
- Understanding of enhanced nitrate in fine particles at agricultural sites in summer with high ammonia level J. Kim et al.
- When and why PM2.5 is high in Seoul, South Korea: Interpreting long-term (2015–2021) ground observations using machine learning and a chemical transport model H. Lee et al.
- Large and increasing stratospheric contribution to tropospheric ozone over East Asia N. Colombi et al.
- Anthropogenic drivers of the accelerated decline in surface NO2 over China during 2015–2022 M. Tang et al.
- Changes in environments over 20 years and the assessment of individual long-term exposure to air pollution for epidemiology M. Jeong et al.
- Reconstructing initial VOC concentrations to reveal their role in ozone formation S. Hong et al.
- Surface and tropospheric ozone over East Asia and Southeast Asia from observations: distributions, trends, and variability K. Li et al.
- Applications of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Tropospheric Ozone Research S. Hickman et al.
- Unique impacts of strong and westward-extended western Pacific subtropical high on ozone pollution over eastern China M. Li et al.
- Using observed urban NOx sinks to constrain VOC reactivity and the ozone and radical budget in the Seoul Metropolitan Area B. Nault et al.
- From Home and Abroad─Atmospheric Age-Resolved Modeling Reveals the Origin and Evolution of Photochemical Ozone in South Korea M. Choi & Q. Ying
- Effects of mobile emission reduction on ozone under future carbon neutrality scenarios in Korea Y. Yang et al.
- Transpacific Transport of Asian Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) Observed from Satellite: Implications for Ozone S. Zhai et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 24 May 2026
Short summary
Surface ozone, detrimental to human and ecosystem health, is very high and increasing in South Korea. Using a global model of the atmosphere, we found that emissions from South Korea and China contribute equally to the high ozone observed. We found that in the absence of all anthropogenic emissions over East Asia, ozone is still very high, implying that the air quality standard in South Korea is not practically achievable unless this background external to East Asia can be decreased.
Surface ozone, detrimental to human and ecosystem health, is very high and increasing in South...
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