Articles | Volume 23, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15305-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15305-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
14 Dec 2023
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 14 Dec 2023
| 14 Dec 2023
Climate intervention using marine cloud brightening (MCB) compared with stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) in the UKESM1 climate model
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Andy Jones
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Anthony C. Jones
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Paul Halloran
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
Philip J. Rasch
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Total article views: 9,379 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Cited
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Engineering and logistical concerns add practical limitations to stratospheric aerosol injection strategies M. Hack et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-20447-2
- Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening G. Feingold et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi8594
- Marine cloud brightening mitigates the warming induced by the aerosol reductions toward carbon neutrality Y. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03304-6
- Potential effects of climate change and solar radiation modification on renewable energy resources A. Kumler et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114934
- Key Gaps in Models' Physical Representation of Climate Intervention and Its Impacts S. Eastham et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004872
- Sensitivity of Arctic sea ice recovery to stratospheric aerosol injection latitude H. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01298-0
- How marine cloud brightening could also affect stratospheric ozone E. Bednarz et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu4038
- Projected future changes in extreme precipitation over China under stratospheric aerosol intervention in the UKESM1 climate model O. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12355-2024
- Effect of regional marine cloud brightening on land climate L. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae51a8
- Targeted marine cloud brightening weakens subsequent El Niño J. Wan et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adx3012
- G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies D. Visioni et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024
- G6-1.5K-MCB: Marine Cloud Brightening scenario design for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) in CESM2.1, E3SMv2.0, and UKESM1.1 H. Hirasawa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3257-2026
- The lifetimes and potential change in planetary albedo owing to the oxidation of thin surfactant organic films extracted from atmospheric aerosol by hydroxyl (OH) radicals at the air–water interface of particles R. Shepherd et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2569-2025
- The social costs of solar radiation management J. Bronsther & Y. Xu https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-025-00273-y
- Are Climate Geoengineering Technologies Being Patented? An Overview Y. Ramos & F. Santos https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13040077
- A protocol for model intercomparison of impacts of marine cloud brightening climate intervention P. Rasch et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024
- World Climate Research Programme lighthouse activity: an assessment of major research gaps in solar radiation modification research J. Haywood et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1507479
- Addressing the urgent need for direct climate cooling: Rationale and options R. Baiman et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgae014
- Solar Geoengineering: Trials, Innovation, Investments and the Need for Governance Y. Ramos & F. Santos https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5068179
- Climate Change Action and Climate Geoengineering Under Neorealism F. Santos & Y. Ramos https://doi.org/10.3390/su18136850
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Engineering and logistical concerns add practical limitations to stratospheric aerosol injection strategies M. Hack et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-20447-2
- Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening G. Feingold et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi8594
- Marine cloud brightening mitigates the warming induced by the aerosol reductions toward carbon neutrality Y. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03304-6
- Potential effects of climate change and solar radiation modification on renewable energy resources A. Kumler et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114934
- Key Gaps in Models' Physical Representation of Climate Intervention and Its Impacts S. Eastham et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004872
- Sensitivity of Arctic sea ice recovery to stratospheric aerosol injection latitude H. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01298-0
- How marine cloud brightening could also affect stratospheric ozone E. Bednarz et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu4038
- Projected future changes in extreme precipitation over China under stratospheric aerosol intervention in the UKESM1 climate model O. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12355-2024
- Effect of regional marine cloud brightening on land climate L. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae51a8
- Targeted marine cloud brightening weakens subsequent El Niño J. Wan et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adx3012
- G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies D. Visioni et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024
- G6-1.5K-MCB: Marine Cloud Brightening scenario design for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) in CESM2.1, E3SMv2.0, and UKESM1.1 H. Hirasawa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3257-2026
- The lifetimes and potential change in planetary albedo owing to the oxidation of thin surfactant organic films extracted from atmospheric aerosol by hydroxyl (OH) radicals at the air–water interface of particles R. Shepherd et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2569-2025
- The social costs of solar radiation management J. Bronsther & Y. Xu https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-025-00273-y
- Are Climate Geoengineering Technologies Being Patented? An Overview Y. Ramos & F. Santos https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13040077
- A protocol for model intercomparison of impacts of marine cloud brightening climate intervention P. Rasch et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024
- World Climate Research Programme lighthouse activity: an assessment of major research gaps in solar radiation modification research J. Haywood et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1507479
- Addressing the urgent need for direct climate cooling: Rationale and options R. Baiman et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgae014
- Solar Geoengineering: Trials, Innovation, Investments and the Need for Governance Y. Ramos & F. Santos https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5068179
- Climate Change Action and Climate Geoengineering Under Neorealism F. Santos & Y. Ramos https://doi.org/10.3390/su18136850
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 14 Jul 2026
Editorial statement
This paper presents a timely and topical research. It directly compares the marine cloud brightening (MCB) with the stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) effects by utilizing the fully coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations. The study also reveals some new side effects by the MCB geoengineering, such as the locking of the climate into a permanent La Nina state and an increase in sea-level over the south Pacific Ocean. Those effects should be taken into account when developing geoengineering plans.
This paper presents a timely and topical research. It directly compares the marine cloud...
Short summary
The difficulties in ameliorating global warming and the associated climate change via conventional mitigation are well documented, with all climate model scenarios exceeding 1.5 °C above the preindustrial level in the near future. There is therefore a growing interest in geoengineering to reflect a greater proportion of sunlight back to space and offset some of the global warming. We use a state-of-the-art Earth-system model to investigate two of the most prominent geoengineering strategies.
The difficulties in ameliorating global warming and the associated climate change via...
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