Climate intervention using marine cloud brightening (MCB) compared with stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) in the UKESM1 climate model

Haywood, Jim M.; Jones, Andy; Jones, Anthony C.; Halloran, Paul; Rasch, Philip J.

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15305-2023

Articles | Volume 23, issue 24

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Articles | Volume 23, issue 24

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15305-2023

Articles | Volume 23, issue 24

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Research article

| Highlight paper

14 Dec 2023

Research article | Highlight paper |

| 14 Dec 2023

Climate intervention using marine cloud brightening (MCB) compared with stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) in the UKESM1 climate model

Jim M. Haywood, Andy Jones, Anthony C. Jones, Paul Halloran, and Philip J. Rasch

Jim M. Haywood

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

j.m.haywood@exeter.ac.uk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-6634

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK

Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK

Andy Jones

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1814-7601

Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK

Anthony C. Jones

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3894-2867

Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK

Paul Halloran

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9227-0678

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK

Philip J. Rasch

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5125-2174

Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

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Total article views: 3,369 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
2,546	754	69	3,369	61	66

HTML: 2,546
PDF: 754
XML: 69
Total: 3,369
BibTeX: 61
EndNote: 66

Views and downloads (calculated since 17 Jul 2023)

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 17 Jul 2023)

Total article views: 2,569 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
2,005	516	48	2,569	49	51

HTML: 2,005
PDF: 516
XML: 48
Total: 2,569
BibTeX: 49
EndNote: 51

Views and downloads (calculated since 14 Dec 2023)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Dec 2023	335	52	9	396
Jan 2024	156	25	0	181
Feb 2024	87	36	2	125
Mar 2024	156	45	4	205
Apr 2024	172	26	7	205
May 2024	103	42	4	149
Jun 2024	126	27	3	156
Jul 2024	105	31	7	143
Aug 2024	85	39	3	127
Sep 2024	77	25	1	103
Oct 2024	105	23	0	128
Nov 2024	121	33	4	158
Dec 2024	159	42	1	202
Jan 2025	121	42	2	165
Feb 2025	88	24	1	113
Mar 2025	9	4	0	13

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 14 Dec 2023)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Dec 2023	335	52	9	396
Jan 2024	156	25	0	181
Feb 2024	87	36	2	125
Mar 2024	156	45	4	205
Apr 2024	172	26	7	205
May 2024	103	42	4	149
Jun 2024	126	27	3	156
Jul 2024	105	31	7	143
Aug 2024	85	39	3	127
Sep 2024	77	25	1	103
Oct 2024	105	23	0	128
Nov 2024	121	33	4	158
Dec 2024	159	42	1	202
Jan 2025	121	42	2	165
Feb 2025	88	24	1	113
Mar 2025	9	4	0	13

Total article views: 800 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
541	238	21	800	12	15

HTML: 541
PDF: 238
XML: 21
Total: 800
BibTeX: 12
EndNote: 15

Views and downloads (calculated since 17 Jul 2023)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Dec 2023	335	52	9	396
Jan 2024	156	25	0	181
Feb 2024	87	36	2	125
Mar 2024	156	45	4	205
Apr 2024	172	26	7	205
May 2024	103	42	4	149
Jun 2024	126	27	3	156
Jul 2024	105	31	7	143
Aug 2024	85	39	3	127
Sep 2024	77	25	1	103
Oct 2024	105	23	0	128
Nov 2024	121	33	4	158
Dec 2024	159	42	1	202
Jan 2025	121	42	2	165
Feb 2025	88	24	1	113
Mar 2025	9	4	0	13

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 17 Jul 2023)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Dec 2023	335	52	9	396
Jan 2024	156	25	0	181
Feb 2024	87	36	2	125
Mar 2024	156	45	4	205
Apr 2024	172	26	7	205
May 2024	103	42	4	149
Jun 2024	126	27	3	156
Jul 2024	105	31	7	143
Aug 2024	85	39	3	127
Sep 2024	77	25	1	103
Oct 2024	105	23	0	128
Nov 2024	121	33	4	158
Dec 2024	159	42	1	202
Jan 2025	121	42	2	165
Feb 2025	88	24	1	113
Mar 2025	9	4	0	13

Viewed (geographical distribution)

Show all Final revised paper only Preprint only

Total article views: 3,369 (including HTML, PDF, and XML) Thereof 3,352 with geography defined and 17 with unknown origin.

Total article views: 2,569 (including HTML, PDF, and XML) Thereof 2,566 with geography defined and 3 with unknown origin.

Total article views: 800 (including HTML, PDF, and XML) Thereof 786 with geography defined and 14 with unknown origin.

Country	#	Views	%
United States of America	1	1448	42
United Kingdom	2	337	10
China	3	261	7
Germany	4	175	5
Ireland	5	126	3

Country	#	Views	%
United States of America	1	1085	42
China	2	237	9
United Kingdom	3	213	8
Germany	4	133	5
Ireland	5	115	4

Country	#	Views	%
United States of America	1	363	45
United Kingdom	2	124	15
Germany	3	42	5
China	4	24	3
France	5	22	2


Total:	0
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1
1448

1448


Total:	0
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1
1085

1085


Total:	0
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363

Cited

Show all Final revised paper only Preprint only

9 citations as recorded by crossref.

Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening G. Feingold et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adi8594
Projected future changes in extreme precipitation over China under stratospheric aerosol intervention in the UKESM1 climate model O. Wang et al. 10.5194/acp-24-12355-2024
G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024
Potential effects of climate change and solar radiation modification on renewable energy resources A. Kumler et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114934
A protocol for model intercomparison of impacts of marine cloud brightening climate intervention P. Rasch et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024
World Climate Research Programme lighthouse activity: an assessment of major research gaps in solar radiation modification research J. Haywood et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1507479
Addressing the urgent need for direct climate cooling: Rationale and options R. Baiman et al. 10.1093/oxfclm/kgae014
Solar Geoengineering: Trials, Innovation, Investments and the Need for Governance Y. Ramos & F. Santos 10.2139/ssrn.5068179
Effects of intermittent aerosol forcing on the stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition P. Prabhakaran et al. 10.5194/acp-24-1919-2024

8 citations as recorded by crossref.

Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening G. Feingold et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adi8594
Projected future changes in extreme precipitation over China under stratospheric aerosol intervention in the UKESM1 climate model O. Wang et al. 10.5194/acp-24-12355-2024
G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024
Potential effects of climate change and solar radiation modification on renewable energy resources A. Kumler et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114934
A protocol for model intercomparison of impacts of marine cloud brightening climate intervention P. Rasch et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024
World Climate Research Programme lighthouse activity: an assessment of major research gaps in solar radiation modification research J. Haywood et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1507479
Addressing the urgent need for direct climate cooling: Rationale and options R. Baiman et al. 10.1093/oxfclm/kgae014
Solar Geoengineering: Trials, Innovation, Investments and the Need for Governance Y. Ramos & F. Santos 10.2139/ssrn.5068179

1 citations as recorded by crossref.

Effects of intermittent aerosol forcing on the stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition P. Prabhakaran et al. 10.5194/acp-24-1919-2024

Latest update: 06 Mar 2025

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Executive editor

This paper presents a timely and topical research. It directly compares the marine cloud brightening (MCB) with the stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) effects by utilizing the fully coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations. The study also reveals some new side effects by the MCB geoengineering, such as the locking of the climate into a permanent La Nina state and an increase in sea-level over the south Pacific Ocean. Those effects should be taken into account when developing geoengineering plans.

This paper presents a timely and topical research. It directly compares the marine cloud...

Short summary

The difficulties in ameliorating global warming and the associated climate change via conventional mitigation are well documented, with all climate model scenarios exceeding 1.5 °C above the preindustrial level in the near future. There is therefore a growing interest in geoengineering to reflect a greater proportion of sunlight back to space and offset some of the global warming. We use a state-of-the-art Earth-system model to investigate two of the most prominent geoengineering strategies.

The difficulties in ameliorating global warming and the associated climate change via...

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