Articles | Volume 23, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13125-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13125-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
18 Oct 2023
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 18 Oct 2023
| 18 Oct 2023
Global observations of aerosol indirect effects from marine liquid clouds
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0371, Norway
Trude Storelvmo
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0371, Norway
Graduate School of Business, Nord University, Bodø, 8026, Norway
Anna Possner
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Total article views: 6,942 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Cited
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- A review of aerosol-cloud interactions: Mechanisms, climate effects, and observation methods T. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108267
- Diurnal evolution of non-precipitating marine stratocumuli in a large-eddy simulation ensemble Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12661-2024
- Constraining aerosol–cloud adjustments by uniting surface observations with a perturbed parameter ensemble A. Mikkelsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4547-2025
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- Susceptibility of marine warm clouds to aerosols in different monsoon periods over the South China Sea Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9373-2026
- Radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interactions for shallow warm clouds over the Northern Indian Ocean H. Kumar & S. Tiwari https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108368
- Radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions enhanced by large-scale circulation adjustments G. Dagan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01319-8
- Analysis of ship emission effects on clouds over the southeastern Atlantic using geostationary satellite observations N. Benas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6957-2025
- Radiative forcing from the 2020 shipping fuel regulation is large but hard to detect J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01911-9
- Origin, size distribution, and hygroscopic properties of marine aerosols in the southwestern Indian Ocean: results of six campaigns of shipborne observations M. Dournaux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10315-2025
- Non-Stokes deposition velocities observed under Rayleigh–Bénard turbulence K. Swartz-Schult et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2026.2631799
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- Aerosols in the Mixed Layer and Mid-Troposphere from Long-Term Data of the Italian Automated Lidar-Ceilometer Network (ALICENET) and Comparison with the ERA5 and CAMS Models A. Bellini et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030372
- The diurnal susceptibility of subtropical clouds to aerosols M. Kurowski et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15329-2025
- Aerosol effective radiative forcing increases Earth’s energy imbalance in recent decades T. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72926-3
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- More biomass burning aerosol is being advected westward over the southern tropical Atlantic since 2003 T. Tatro & P. Zuidema https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178506
- A review of aerosol-cloud interactions: Mechanisms, climate effects, and observation methods T. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108267
- Diurnal evolution of non-precipitating marine stratocumuli in a large-eddy simulation ensemble Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12661-2024
- Constraining aerosol–cloud adjustments by uniting surface observations with a perturbed parameter ensemble A. Mikkelsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4547-2025
- Aerosol–PAR Interactions: Critical Insights from a Systematic Review (2021–2025) H. de Oliveira et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16091009
- The role of amides in atmospheric iodic acid formation and iodic acid hydrate nucleation J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2026.115928
- A new method for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions in climate models B. Duran et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2123-2025
- Observational constraints suggest a smaller effective radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions C. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7299-2025
- Machine learning reveals strong grid-scale dependence in the satellite Nd–LWP relationship M. Christensen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-59-2026
- Susceptibility of marine warm clouds to aerosols in different monsoon periods over the South China Sea Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9373-2026
- Radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interactions for shallow warm clouds over the Northern Indian Ocean H. Kumar & S. Tiwari https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108368
- Radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions enhanced by large-scale circulation adjustments G. Dagan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01319-8
- Analysis of ship emission effects on clouds over the southeastern Atlantic using geostationary satellite observations N. Benas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6957-2025
- Radiative forcing from the 2020 shipping fuel regulation is large but hard to detect J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01911-9
- Origin, size distribution, and hygroscopic properties of marine aerosols in the southwestern Indian Ocean: results of six campaigns of shipborne observations M. Dournaux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10315-2025
- Non-Stokes deposition velocities observed under Rayleigh–Bénard turbulence K. Swartz-Schult et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2026.2631799
- Regime-based aerosol–cloud interactions from CALIPSO-MODIS and the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2 (E3SMv2) over the Eastern North Atlantic X. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17473-2025
- Aerosols in the Mixed Layer and Mid-Troposphere from Long-Term Data of the Italian Automated Lidar-Ceilometer Network (ALICENET) and Comparison with the ERA5 and CAMS Models A. Bellini et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030372
- The diurnal susceptibility of subtropical clouds to aerosols M. Kurowski et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15329-2025
- Aerosol effective radiative forcing increases Earth’s energy imbalance in recent decades T. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72926-3
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 24 Jul 2026
Editorial statement
One of the largest sources of uncertainty in the overall anthropogenic forcing of climate is still the aerosol impact on liquid clouds. Disentangling the various aerosol-cloud interactions helps to improve estimates of the magnitude of global warming in the future. The current study provides the most rigorous method to date in assessing the aerosol radiative effects from satellite observations across the global ocean. The aerosol responses are decomposed into the Twomey effect (cooling due to an increase in cloud-droplet number concentration), and the adjustments of the cloud liquid water path and cloud fraction (often analysed separately) at a near-global scale. The total effective radiative forcing of liquid clouds since 1850 has been found to be negative, with the cloud adjustments larger than the Twomey effect, which was previously thought to be larger.
One of the largest sources of uncertainty in the overall anthropogenic forcing of climate is...
Short summary
Interactions between aerosol pollution and liquid clouds are one of the largest sources of uncertainty in the effective radiative forcing of climate over the industrial era. We use global satellite observations to decompose the forcing into components from changes in cloud-droplet number concentration, cloud water content, and cloud amount. Our results reduce uncertainty in these forcing components and clarify their relative importance.
Interactions between aerosol pollution and liquid clouds are one of the largest sources of...
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