Articles | Volume 22, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6087-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6087-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Projections of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions and the resulting global warming based on recent trends in observed abundances and current policies
Centre for Environmental Quality, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
John S. Daniel
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
Stephen A. Montzka
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML) Boulder, Colorado, USA
Isaac Vimont
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML) Boulder, Colorado, USA
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Matthew Rigby
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Paul B. Krummel
Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
Jens Muhle
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Simon O'Doherty
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Ronald G. Prinn
Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Ray F. Weiss
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Dickon Young
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Cited
80 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Carbon Disclosure Policy as a Strategic Driver for Carbon Emission Reduction: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Policy Synthesis F. Ayodele et al.
- Recovery of Fluorinated Refrigerants from Decommissioned RAC Equipment in Germany—Implications for National Emission Reporting under the UNFCCC D. Behringer et al.
- On the Influence of Hydroxyl Radical Changes and Ocean Sinks on Estimated HCFC and HFC Emissions and Banks P. Wang et al.
- Fluorinated greenhouse gas mitigation potential and routes in China and globally F. Bai et al.
- Metrics for the emissions of F-gas refrigerants N. Miranda et al.
- Sustainable Management of Banked Fluorocarbons as a Cost-Effective Climate Action Z. Chen et al.
- Atmospheric fate and impacts of HFO-1234yf from mobile air conditioners in East Asia Y. Wang et al.
- Electrochemical Peltier Cooling: Device Design, Measurement Techniques, and Molecular Optimization Y. Wakayama et al.
- Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions G. Bernhard et al.
- Updated radiative efficiencies and emissions metrics of halocarbons L. Liu et al.
- Atmospheric observation and emission estimation of HFC-125 and HFC-32 in China from four representative cities X. Zhang et al.
- Viability of HFO-1234ze(E) (trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) as a low global warming potential silicon dioxide etch gas A. Windsor et al.
- First HFC-134a retrievals from ground-based FTIR solar absorption spectra, comparison with TOMCAT model simulations, in-situ AGAGE observations, and ACE-FTS satellite data for the Jungfraujoch station I. Pardo Cantos et al.
- Revealing the significant acceleration of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions in eastern Asia through long-term atmospheric observations H. Choi et al.
- The Importance of Lifecycle Refrigerant Management in Climate and Ozone Protection P. Purohit et al.
- Development and Application of a Cost–Effective Analytical Method for Hydrofluorocarbons Using Preconcentrator–Gas Chromatograph–Mass Spectrometer Y. Ichikawa et al.
- Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in Southern China: High-Frequency Observations and Emission Estimates J. Li et al.
- Non-carbon dioxide emissions modeling in integrated assessment models: A review H. Yan et al.
- Sub-zero Celsius elastocaloric cooling via low-transition-temperature alloys G. Zhou et al.
- Rethinking time-lagged emissions and abatement potential of fluorocarbons in the post-Kigali Amendment era H. Liu et al.
- Achievements and Future Prospects of Greenhouse Gas Research for Climate Change Monitoring in Korea S. Joo et al.
- A Hazard-Based Approach Enables the Efficient Identification of Chemicals of Concern in Plastics J. Hader et al.
- Recent progress in the utilisation of supercritical CO2 in heat exchangers and its application in HVAC systems: Towards a sustainable future V. Boopalan et al.
- Estimation of hydrofluorocarbon emissions from China and other non-Annex I countries X. Fang et al.
- Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020 L. Western et al.
- Workplace hazards and compliance with OHS regulations among certified refrigeration and air conditioning technicians in Manila, Philippines M. Licerio et al.
- State of Climate Action 2023 S. Boehm et al.
- Exploring Synergistic GHG Emissions Mitigation Potential and Costs of Room Air Conditioners P. Jiang et al.
- Unveiling the mitigation potential of non-CO2 greenhouse gases in global supply chains H. Yan et al.
- Global emissions and abundances of chemically and radiatively important trace gases from the AGAGE network L. Western et al.
- Emissions of HFC-134a in China and Reconciliation of Discrepancies between Observation-Based and Inventory-Based Emission Estimates M. Ma et al.
- Environmental Policies and Countermeasures for the Phase-Out of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) over the Last 30 Years: A Case Study in Taiwan W. Tsai
- Bayesian modeling of HFC production pipeline suggests growth in unreported CFC by-product and feedstock production S. Bourguet & M. Lickley
- Selective Deuteration of Neopentyl Glycol and Its Effect on the Plastic Crystal Transformation C. Somodi et al.
- Hydrofluorocarbon Greenhouse Gas Mineralization via Oxidative Low-Temperature Plasma J. Wang et al.
- Regarding the Montreal Protocol communication after the Kigali Amendment J. Conde & P. Meira-Cartea
- Comparative Evaluation of HFC‐134a Decompositions Over Metal‐Impregnated γ‐Al2O3 Catalysts (M/γ‐Al2O3) (M = Mg, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu) M. Yoo et al.
- A comparative on the thermal decomposition and fire‐extinguishing performance of C5F8 and C5F7Cl Z. Chang et al.
- Defluorination of HFCs by a magnesium reagent D. Sheldon et al.
- Continuing industrial emissions are delaying the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer S. Reimann et al.
- Emissions of HFC-23 do not reflect commitments made under the Kigali Amendment B. Adam et al.
- Climate benefits from China’s adherence to the Kigali Amendment Z. Wu et al.
- Exploring long-term scenarios for hydrofluorocarbon reduction policy options in South Korea M. Roh et al.
- Inhalers and the Environment: Pollution, Plastics and Policy M. Chakma & O. Usmani
- Manipulating Hydrocarbon Chain-Melting Transitions in Dialkylammonium Halide Barocaloric Materials through Desymmetrization F. Chen et al.
- Coordinating to promote refrigerant transition and energy efficiency improvement of room air conditioners in China: Mitigation potential and costs P. Jiang et al.
- Trifluoroiodomethane as a Precursor to High Global Warming Potential Climate Pollutants: Could the Transformation of Climatically Benign CF3I into Potent Greenhouse Gases Significantly Increase Refrigerant-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions? K. Taddonio et al.
- Navigating Portugal’s F-gas emissions mitigation pathways D. Santos et al.
- Review of Gas-Chromatographic Measurement Methodologies for Atmospheric Halogenated Greenhouse Gases N. Han & J. Lim
- Role of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in limiting global warming Y. Ou et al.
- Trifluoroacetate (TFA) in precipitation and surface waters in Switzerland: trends, source attribution, and budget S. Henne et al.
- Phenylene‐containing polyethylenimine‐like polymers absorb and release CO2 to blow biomass‐based polyurethanes W. Zhang et al.
- A fly in the ozone and climate ointment R. Salawitch
- A Survey on Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases in Taiwan: Emission Trends, Regulatory Strategies, and Abatement Technologies W. Tsai & C. Tsai
- Process design for the recovery of waste refrigerants using deep eutectic solvents V. Codera et al.
- Combined Effects of Refrigerant Substitutions of Residential Air Conditioners and Improvement in Lifecycle Refrigerant Management on Reduction of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions T. Homma et al.
- Allylic and Vinylic Carbon-Fluorine Bond Activation via Transition Metal-Mediated and -Catalyzed Fluorine Elimination T. Fujita
- A new electoral bottom-up model of institutional governance C. Garrido et al.
- Fluoroform (CHF3) Production from CF3CHO Photolysis and Implications for the Decomposition of Hydrofluoroolefins and Hydrochlorofluoroolefins in the Atmosphere J. Thomson et al.
- R152a-R13I1 mixture as an alternative to R1234yf for a mobile air conditioning: an estimation of flammability properties, thermodynamic and environmental performance C. Mayakrishnan et al.
- Does the World Free Ride on US Pledges to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Evidence from the Paris Climate Agreement T. Houser et al.
- Thermophysical Characterization of Sustainable Pathways for Hydrofluorocarbons Separation Utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvents L. Alencar et al.
- Optimal design of hybrid ocean thermal energy and solar pond system C. Fan & C. Zhang
- Upcycling Hydrofluorocarbons to Valuable Bis(perfluoroalkyl)carbinols via Nucleophilic Fluoroalkylation H. Iwasaki et al.
- Concentration changes of atmospheric F-gases and analysis of their potential sources at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica, 2021 R. Nan et al.
- Net-zero on the horizon: comparing global warming potential impacts across different time horizons M. Roberts et al.
- Impact of leakage during HFC-125 production on the increase in HCFC-123 and HCFC-124 emissions L. Western et al.
- Projections of National-Gridded Emissions of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) in China Y. Wang et al.
- Estimation of the atmospheric hydroxyl radical oxidative capacity using multiple hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R. Thompson et al.
- Cooling China without warming the planet: climate and co-benefits of HFC phase-down P. Jiang et al.
- Essential Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Our Society of the Future R. Dams & B. Ameduri
- Study on the chemical co-precipitation synthesized CoFe2O4 nanoparticle for magnetocaloric performance in the vicinity of superparamagnetic blocking temperature P. Roy et al.
- Atmospheric Observation and Emission of HFC-134a in China and Its Four Cities L. Yi et al.
- Pathway and Cost-Benefit Analysis to Achieve China’s Zero Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions F. Bai et al.
- Achieving kilowatt-scale elastocaloric cooling by a multi-cell architecture G. Zhou et al.
- Sustained Increases in Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions from China and Implications for Global Emissions X. Hu et al.
- Cryogenic magnetocaloric performance in single-crystalline Er1−xTmxAl2(x=0,0.1,and0.3) J. Bae et al.
- Impact of transport model resolution and a priori assumptions on inverse modeling of Swiss F-gas emissions I. Katharopoulos et al.
- Life cycle assessment of fluorinated gas recovery from waste refrigerants through vacuum swing adsorption R. Gonzalez-Olmos & F. Llovell
- Thermodynamic Analysis of the Absorption of Common Refrigerants in Fluorinated Deep Eutectic Solvents M. Demirbek et al.
80 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Carbon Disclosure Policy as a Strategic Driver for Carbon Emission Reduction: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Policy Synthesis F. Ayodele et al.
- Recovery of Fluorinated Refrigerants from Decommissioned RAC Equipment in Germany—Implications for National Emission Reporting under the UNFCCC D. Behringer et al.
- On the Influence of Hydroxyl Radical Changes and Ocean Sinks on Estimated HCFC and HFC Emissions and Banks P. Wang et al.
- Fluorinated greenhouse gas mitigation potential and routes in China and globally F. Bai et al.
- Metrics for the emissions of F-gas refrigerants N. Miranda et al.
- Sustainable Management of Banked Fluorocarbons as a Cost-Effective Climate Action Z. Chen et al.
- Atmospheric fate and impacts of HFO-1234yf from mobile air conditioners in East Asia Y. Wang et al.
- Electrochemical Peltier Cooling: Device Design, Measurement Techniques, and Molecular Optimization Y. Wakayama et al.
- Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions G. Bernhard et al.
- Updated radiative efficiencies and emissions metrics of halocarbons L. Liu et al.
- Atmospheric observation and emission estimation of HFC-125 and HFC-32 in China from four representative cities X. Zhang et al.
- Viability of HFO-1234ze(E) (trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) as a low global warming potential silicon dioxide etch gas A. Windsor et al.
- First HFC-134a retrievals from ground-based FTIR solar absorption spectra, comparison with TOMCAT model simulations, in-situ AGAGE observations, and ACE-FTS satellite data for the Jungfraujoch station I. Pardo Cantos et al.
- Revealing the significant acceleration of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions in eastern Asia through long-term atmospheric observations H. Choi et al.
- The Importance of Lifecycle Refrigerant Management in Climate and Ozone Protection P. Purohit et al.
- Development and Application of a Cost–Effective Analytical Method for Hydrofluorocarbons Using Preconcentrator–Gas Chromatograph–Mass Spectrometer Y. Ichikawa et al.
- Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in Southern China: High-Frequency Observations and Emission Estimates J. Li et al.
- Non-carbon dioxide emissions modeling in integrated assessment models: A review H. Yan et al.
- Sub-zero Celsius elastocaloric cooling via low-transition-temperature alloys G. Zhou et al.
- Rethinking time-lagged emissions and abatement potential of fluorocarbons in the post-Kigali Amendment era H. Liu et al.
- Achievements and Future Prospects of Greenhouse Gas Research for Climate Change Monitoring in Korea S. Joo et al.
- A Hazard-Based Approach Enables the Efficient Identification of Chemicals of Concern in Plastics J. Hader et al.
- Recent progress in the utilisation of supercritical CO2 in heat exchangers and its application in HVAC systems: Towards a sustainable future V. Boopalan et al.
- Estimation of hydrofluorocarbon emissions from China and other non-Annex I countries X. Fang et al.
- Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020 L. Western et al.
- Workplace hazards and compliance with OHS regulations among certified refrigeration and air conditioning technicians in Manila, Philippines M. Licerio et al.
- State of Climate Action 2023 S. Boehm et al.
- Exploring Synergistic GHG Emissions Mitigation Potential and Costs of Room Air Conditioners P. Jiang et al.
- Unveiling the mitigation potential of non-CO2 greenhouse gases in global supply chains H. Yan et al.
- Global emissions and abundances of chemically and radiatively important trace gases from the AGAGE network L. Western et al.
- Emissions of HFC-134a in China and Reconciliation of Discrepancies between Observation-Based and Inventory-Based Emission Estimates M. Ma et al.
- Environmental Policies and Countermeasures for the Phase-Out of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) over the Last 30 Years: A Case Study in Taiwan W. Tsai
- Bayesian modeling of HFC production pipeline suggests growth in unreported CFC by-product and feedstock production S. Bourguet & M. Lickley
- Selective Deuteration of Neopentyl Glycol and Its Effect on the Plastic Crystal Transformation C. Somodi et al.
- Hydrofluorocarbon Greenhouse Gas Mineralization via Oxidative Low-Temperature Plasma J. Wang et al.
- Regarding the Montreal Protocol communication after the Kigali Amendment J. Conde & P. Meira-Cartea
- Comparative Evaluation of HFC‐134a Decompositions Over Metal‐Impregnated γ‐Al2O3 Catalysts (M/γ‐Al2O3) (M = Mg, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu) M. Yoo et al.
- A comparative on the thermal decomposition and fire‐extinguishing performance of C5F8 and C5F7Cl Z. Chang et al.
- Defluorination of HFCs by a magnesium reagent D. Sheldon et al.
- Continuing industrial emissions are delaying the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer S. Reimann et al.
- Emissions of HFC-23 do not reflect commitments made under the Kigali Amendment B. Adam et al.
- Climate benefits from China’s adherence to the Kigali Amendment Z. Wu et al.
- Exploring long-term scenarios for hydrofluorocarbon reduction policy options in South Korea M. Roh et al.
- Inhalers and the Environment: Pollution, Plastics and Policy M. Chakma & O. Usmani
- Manipulating Hydrocarbon Chain-Melting Transitions in Dialkylammonium Halide Barocaloric Materials through Desymmetrization F. Chen et al.
- Coordinating to promote refrigerant transition and energy efficiency improvement of room air conditioners in China: Mitigation potential and costs P. Jiang et al.
- Trifluoroiodomethane as a Precursor to High Global Warming Potential Climate Pollutants: Could the Transformation of Climatically Benign CF3I into Potent Greenhouse Gases Significantly Increase Refrigerant-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions? K. Taddonio et al.
- Navigating Portugal’s F-gas emissions mitigation pathways D. Santos et al.
- Review of Gas-Chromatographic Measurement Methodologies for Atmospheric Halogenated Greenhouse Gases N. Han & J. Lim
- Role of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in limiting global warming Y. Ou et al.
- Trifluoroacetate (TFA) in precipitation and surface waters in Switzerland: trends, source attribution, and budget S. Henne et al.
- Phenylene‐containing polyethylenimine‐like polymers absorb and release CO2 to blow biomass‐based polyurethanes W. Zhang et al.
- A fly in the ozone and climate ointment R. Salawitch
- A Survey on Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases in Taiwan: Emission Trends, Regulatory Strategies, and Abatement Technologies W. Tsai & C. Tsai
- Process design for the recovery of waste refrigerants using deep eutectic solvents V. Codera et al.
- Combined Effects of Refrigerant Substitutions of Residential Air Conditioners and Improvement in Lifecycle Refrigerant Management on Reduction of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions T. Homma et al.
- Allylic and Vinylic Carbon-Fluorine Bond Activation via Transition Metal-Mediated and -Catalyzed Fluorine Elimination T. Fujita
- A new electoral bottom-up model of institutional governance C. Garrido et al.
- Fluoroform (CHF3) Production from CF3CHO Photolysis and Implications for the Decomposition of Hydrofluoroolefins and Hydrochlorofluoroolefins in the Atmosphere J. Thomson et al.
- R152a-R13I1 mixture as an alternative to R1234yf for a mobile air conditioning: an estimation of flammability properties, thermodynamic and environmental performance C. Mayakrishnan et al.
- Does the World Free Ride on US Pledges to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Evidence from the Paris Climate Agreement T. Houser et al.
- Thermophysical Characterization of Sustainable Pathways for Hydrofluorocarbons Separation Utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvents L. Alencar et al.
- Optimal design of hybrid ocean thermal energy and solar pond system C. Fan & C. Zhang
- Upcycling Hydrofluorocarbons to Valuable Bis(perfluoroalkyl)carbinols via Nucleophilic Fluoroalkylation H. Iwasaki et al.
- Concentration changes of atmospheric F-gases and analysis of their potential sources at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica, 2021 R. Nan et al.
- Net-zero on the horizon: comparing global warming potential impacts across different time horizons M. Roberts et al.
- Impact of leakage during HFC-125 production on the increase in HCFC-123 and HCFC-124 emissions L. Western et al.
- Projections of National-Gridded Emissions of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) in China Y. Wang et al.
- Estimation of the atmospheric hydroxyl radical oxidative capacity using multiple hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R. Thompson et al.
- Cooling China without warming the planet: climate and co-benefits of HFC phase-down P. Jiang et al.
- Essential Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Our Society of the Future R. Dams & B. Ameduri
- Study on the chemical co-precipitation synthesized CoFe2O4 nanoparticle for magnetocaloric performance in the vicinity of superparamagnetic blocking temperature P. Roy et al.
- Atmospheric Observation and Emission of HFC-134a in China and Its Four Cities L. Yi et al.
- Pathway and Cost-Benefit Analysis to Achieve China’s Zero Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions F. Bai et al.
- Achieving kilowatt-scale elastocaloric cooling by a multi-cell architecture G. Zhou et al.
- Sustained Increases in Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions from China and Implications for Global Emissions X. Hu et al.
- Cryogenic magnetocaloric performance in single-crystalline Er1−xTmxAl2(x=0,0.1,and0.3) J. Bae et al.
- Impact of transport model resolution and a priori assumptions on inverse modeling of Swiss F-gas emissions I. Katharopoulos et al.
- Life cycle assessment of fluorinated gas recovery from waste refrigerants through vacuum swing adsorption R. Gonzalez-Olmos & F. Llovell
- Thermodynamic Analysis of the Absorption of Common Refrigerants in Fluorinated Deep Eutectic Solvents M. Demirbek et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 16 May 2026
Short summary
The emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have increased significantly in the past as a result of the phasing out of ozone-depleting substances. Observations indicate that HFCs are used much less in certain refrigeration applications than previously projected. Current policies are projected to reduce emissions and the surface temperature contribution of HFCs from 0.28–0.44 °C to 0.14–0.31 °C in 2100. The Kigali Amendment is projected to reduce the contributions further to 0.04 °C in 2100.
The emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have increased significantly in the past as a result...
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