Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3433-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3433-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement report: Ice-nucleating particles active ≥ −15 °C in free tropospheric air over western Europe
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056
Basel, Switzerland
Annika Einbock
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056
Basel, Switzerland
Claudia Mignani
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056
Basel, Switzerland
Christoph Hüglin
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Ice-nucleating particles from multiple aerosol sources in the urban environment of Beijing under mixed-phase cloud conditions C. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7539-2022
- Upward transport and segregation of ice-nucleating particles in deep convective clouds J. Schaefer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12505-2026
- Challenges in measuring sticky biogenic ice-nucleating macromolecules J. Robinson et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-373-2026
- Ice-nucleating particles near two major dust source regions C. Beall et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022
- Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes A. Einbock et al. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220878
- Vertical distribution of ice nucleating particles over the boreal forest of Hyytiälä, Finland Z. Brasseur et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11305-2024
- Similar freezing spectra of particles in plant canopies and in the air at a high-altitude site A. Einbock & F. Conen https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5219-2024
- Release of ice-nucleating particles from leaves during rainfall F. Conen & A. Einbock https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01980-6
- Distinct secondary ice production processes observed in radar Doppler spectra: insights from a case study A. Billault-Roux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10207-2023
- Measurement report: Atmospheric ice nuclei in the Changbai Mountains (2623 m a.s.l.) in northeastern Asia Y. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3241-2024
- Daytime–Nighttime Contrast of Ice-Nucleating Particles at the Summit of Mt. Fuji During Summer K. Murata et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44408-026-00151-0
- Examples of large efficient ice nucleating particles in clouds above Switzerland F. Conen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.109060
- On coarse patterns in the atmospheric concentration of ice nucleating particles F. Conen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106645
- Bioaerosols are the dominant source of warm-temperature immersion-mode INPs and drive uncertainties in INP predictability G. Cornwell et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg3715
- Next-generation ice-nucleating particle sampling on board aircraft: characterization of the High-volume flow aERosol particle filter sAmpler (HERA) S. Grawe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4551-2023
- Regionally sourced bioaerosols drive high-temperature ice nucleating particles in the Arctic G. Pereira Freitas et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41696-7
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Ice-nucleating particles from multiple aerosol sources in the urban environment of Beijing under mixed-phase cloud conditions C. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7539-2022
- Upward transport and segregation of ice-nucleating particles in deep convective clouds J. Schaefer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12505-2026
- Challenges in measuring sticky biogenic ice-nucleating macromolecules J. Robinson et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-373-2026
- Ice-nucleating particles near two major dust source regions C. Beall et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022
- Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes A. Einbock et al. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220878
- Vertical distribution of ice nucleating particles over the boreal forest of Hyytiälä, Finland Z. Brasseur et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11305-2024
- Similar freezing spectra of particles in plant canopies and in the air at a high-altitude site A. Einbock & F. Conen https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5219-2024
- Release of ice-nucleating particles from leaves during rainfall F. Conen & A. Einbock https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01980-6
- Distinct secondary ice production processes observed in radar Doppler spectra: insights from a case study A. Billault-Roux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10207-2023
- Measurement report: Atmospheric ice nuclei in the Changbai Mountains (2623 m a.s.l.) in northeastern Asia Y. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3241-2024
- Daytime–Nighttime Contrast of Ice-Nucleating Particles at the Summit of Mt. Fuji During Summer K. Murata et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44408-026-00151-0
- Examples of large efficient ice nucleating particles in clouds above Switzerland F. Conen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.109060
- On coarse patterns in the atmospheric concentration of ice nucleating particles F. Conen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106645
- Bioaerosols are the dominant source of warm-temperature immersion-mode INPs and drive uncertainties in INP predictability G. Cornwell et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg3715
- Next-generation ice-nucleating particle sampling on board aircraft: characterization of the High-volume flow aERosol particle filter sAmpler (HERA) S. Grawe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4551-2023
- Regionally sourced bioaerosols drive high-temperature ice nucleating particles in the Arctic G. Pereira Freitas et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41696-7
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 21 Sep 2026
Short summary
Above western Europe, ice typically starts to form in clouds a few kilometres above the ground if suitable aerosol particles are present. In air masses typical for that altitude, we found that such particles most likely originate from bacteria and fungi living on plants. Occasional Saharan dust intrusions seem to contribute little to the number concentration of particles able to freeze cloud droplets between 0°C and −15°C.
Above western Europe, ice typically starts to form in clouds a few kilometres above the ground...
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