Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
ACP
Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3433-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3433-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
Measurement report
 | 
15 Mar 2022
Measurement report |  | 15 Mar 2022

Measurement report: Ice-nucleating particles active  ≥ −15 °C in free tropospheric air over western Europe

Franz Conen, Annika Einbock, Claudia Mignani, and Christoph Hüglin

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Latest update: 22 Jul 2025
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Short summary
Above western Europe, ice typically starts to form in clouds a few kilometres above the ground if suitable aerosol particles are present. In air masses typical for that altitude, we found that such particles most likely originate from bacteria and fungi living on plants. Occasional Saharan dust intrusions seem to contribute little to the number concentration of particles able to freeze cloud droplets between 0°C and −15°C.
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