Articles | Volume 21, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8089-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8089-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 May 2021
Research article |
| 26 May 2021
| 26 May 2021
Uncertainties in eddy covariance air–sea CO2 flux measurements and implications for gas transfer velocity parameterisations
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, UK
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, UK
Dorothee C. E. Bakker
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Vassilis Kitidis
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, UK
Thomas G. Bell
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, UK
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Cited
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Near‐Surface Stratification Due to Ice Melt Biases Arctic Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Estimates Y. Dong et al. 10.1029/2021GL095266
- High interannual surface pCO2 variability in the southern Canadian Arctic Archipelago's Kitikmeot Sea R. Sims et al. 10.5194/os-19-837-2023
- Natural variability in air–sea gas transfer efficiency of CO2 M. Yang et al. 10.1038/s41598-021-92947-w
- Comparisons of different sample air-drying systems for carbon dioxide flux measurements based on eddy covariance in cold environments T. NOSHIRO et al. 10.2480/agrmet.D-23-00014
- Air-Sea Trace Gas Fluxes: Direct and Indirect Measurements C. Fairall et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.826606
- Ocean-atmosphere turbulent CO2 fluxes at Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait C. RODRIGUES et al. 10.1590/0001-3765202320220652
- Deciphering the variability in air-sea gas transfer due to sea state and wind history M. Yang et al. 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae389
- The ASK-16 motorized glider: an airborne eddy covariance platform to measure turbulence, energy, and matter fluxes I. Wiekenkamp et al. 10.5194/amt-18-749-2025
- Feedback Mechanisms Between Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors on Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Over Tropical Coastal Waters M. Sigid et al. 10.1007/s41748-024-00448-3
- Finale: impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding A. Meijers et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0070
- Multiple-Win Effects and Beneficial Implications from Analyzing Long-Term Variations of Carbon Exchange in a Subtropical Coniferous Plantation in China J. Bai et al. 10.3390/atmos15101218
- Advances in understanding of air–sea exchange and cycling of greenhouse gases in the upper ocean H. Bange et al. 10.1525/elementa.2023.00044
- Polar oceans and sea ice in a changing climate M. Willis et al. 10.1525/elementa.2023.00056
- Identifying the biological control of the annual and multi-year variations in South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux D. Ford et al. 10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022
- On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange L. Gutiérrez-Loza et al. 10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022
- Empirical Models of Respiration and Net Ecosystem Productivity and Their Applications in a Subtropical Coniferous Plantation in China J. Bai et al. 10.3390/atmos14101557
- The relationship between carbon dioxide flux and environmental parameters at a tropical coastal sea on different timescales Y. Yusup et al. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115106
- An Empirical Model of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and Relations between GPP and Its Driving Factors, Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in a Subtropical Conifer Plantation in China J. Bai et al. 10.3390/atmos14061046
- Update on the Temperature Corrections of Global Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Estimates Y. Dong et al. 10.1029/2022GB007360
- Direct observational evidence of strong CO 2 uptake in the Southern Ocean Y. Dong et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adn5781
- Enhanced ocean CO2 uptake due to near-surface temperature gradients D. Ford et al. 10.1038/s41561-024-01570-7
- Evaluation of the LI-710 evapotranspiration sensor in comparison to full eddy covariance for monitoring energy fluxes in perennial and annual crops S. Peddinti & I. Kisekka 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109501
- CO2 fluxes under different oceanic and atmospheric conditions in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean C. Rodrigues et al. 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2023.103949
- Ocean carbon from space: Current status and priorities for the next decade R. Brewin et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104386
- Dimensionless Parameterizations of Air-Sea CO2 Gas Transfer Velocity on Surface Waves S. Li et al. 10.16993/tellusb.1897
- Global Synthesis of Air-Sea CO2 Transfer Velocity Estimates From Ship-Based Eddy Covariance Measurements M. Yang et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.826421
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Near‐Surface Stratification Due to Ice Melt Biases Arctic Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Estimates Y. Dong et al. 10.1029/2021GL095266
- High interannual surface pCO2 variability in the southern Canadian Arctic Archipelago's Kitikmeot Sea R. Sims et al. 10.5194/os-19-837-2023
- Natural variability in air–sea gas transfer efficiency of CO2 M. Yang et al. 10.1038/s41598-021-92947-w
- Comparisons of different sample air-drying systems for carbon dioxide flux measurements based on eddy covariance in cold environments T. NOSHIRO et al. 10.2480/agrmet.D-23-00014
- Air-Sea Trace Gas Fluxes: Direct and Indirect Measurements C. Fairall et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.826606
- Ocean-atmosphere turbulent CO2 fluxes at Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait C. RODRIGUES et al. 10.1590/0001-3765202320220652
- Deciphering the variability in air-sea gas transfer due to sea state and wind history M. Yang et al. 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae389
- The ASK-16 motorized glider: an airborne eddy covariance platform to measure turbulence, energy, and matter fluxes I. Wiekenkamp et al. 10.5194/amt-18-749-2025
- Feedback Mechanisms Between Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors on Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Over Tropical Coastal Waters M. Sigid et al. 10.1007/s41748-024-00448-3
- Finale: impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding A. Meijers et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0070
- Multiple-Win Effects and Beneficial Implications from Analyzing Long-Term Variations of Carbon Exchange in a Subtropical Coniferous Plantation in China J. Bai et al. 10.3390/atmos15101218
- Advances in understanding of air–sea exchange and cycling of greenhouse gases in the upper ocean H. Bange et al. 10.1525/elementa.2023.00044
- Polar oceans and sea ice in a changing climate M. Willis et al. 10.1525/elementa.2023.00056
- Identifying the biological control of the annual and multi-year variations in South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux D. Ford et al. 10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022
- On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange L. Gutiérrez-Loza et al. 10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022
- Empirical Models of Respiration and Net Ecosystem Productivity and Their Applications in a Subtropical Coniferous Plantation in China J. Bai et al. 10.3390/atmos14101557
- The relationship between carbon dioxide flux and environmental parameters at a tropical coastal sea on different timescales Y. Yusup et al. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115106
- An Empirical Model of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and Relations between GPP and Its Driving Factors, Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in a Subtropical Conifer Plantation in China J. Bai et al. 10.3390/atmos14061046
- Update on the Temperature Corrections of Global Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Estimates Y. Dong et al. 10.1029/2022GB007360
- Direct observational evidence of strong CO 2 uptake in the Southern Ocean Y. Dong et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adn5781
- Enhanced ocean CO2 uptake due to near-surface temperature gradients D. Ford et al. 10.1038/s41561-024-01570-7
- Evaluation of the LI-710 evapotranspiration sensor in comparison to full eddy covariance for monitoring energy fluxes in perennial and annual crops S. Peddinti & I. Kisekka 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109501
- CO2 fluxes under different oceanic and atmospheric conditions in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean C. Rodrigues et al. 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2023.103949
- Ocean carbon from space: Current status and priorities for the next decade R. Brewin et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104386
- Dimensionless Parameterizations of Air-Sea CO2 Gas Transfer Velocity on Surface Waves S. Li et al. 10.16993/tellusb.1897
- Global Synthesis of Air-Sea CO2 Transfer Velocity Estimates From Ship-Based Eddy Covariance Measurements M. Yang et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.826421
Latest update: 09 Jul 2025
Short summary
Eddy covariance (EC) is the most direct method for measuring air–sea CO2 flux from ships. However, uncertainty in EC air–sea CO2 fluxes has not been well quantified. Here we show that with the state-of-the-art gas analysers, instrumental noise no longer contributes significantly to the CO2 flux uncertainty. Applying an appropriate averaging timescale (1–3 h) and suitable air–sea CO2 fugacity threshold (at least 20 µatm) to EC flux data enables an optimal analysis of the gas transfer velocity.
Eddy covariance (EC) is the most direct method for measuring air–sea CO2 flux from ships....
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