Articles | Volume 21, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6565-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6565-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 May 2021
Research article |
| 01 May 2021
| 01 May 2021
The impact of volcanic eruptions of different magnitude on stratospheric water vapor in the tropics
Clarissa Alicia Kroll
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Atmosphere in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
International Max Planck Research School on Earth System Modelling (IMPRS-ESM), Hamburg, Germany
Sally Dacie
Atmosphere in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
International Max Planck Research School on Earth System Modelling (IMPRS-ESM), Hamburg, Germany
Alon Azoulay
Atmosphere in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
now at: Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Hauke Schmidt
Atmosphere in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Claudia Timmreck
Atmosphere in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
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Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Why does stratospheric aerosol forcing strongly cool the warm pool? M. Günther et al. 10.5194/acp-24-7203-2024
- The Influence of Internal Climate Variability on Stratospheric Water Vapor Increases After Large‐Magnitude Explosive Tropical Volcanic Eruptions X. Zhou et al. 10.1029/2023GL103076
- Impact of middle stratospheric water vapor increase on polar vortices: a case study of the Tonga volcanic eruption T. Zhang et al. 10.1007/s00704-024-05276-z
- Volcanic effects on climate: recent advances and future avenues L. Marshall et al. 10.1007/s00445-022-01559-3
- Assessing the impact of very large volcanic eruptions on the risk of extreme climate events N. Freychet et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/acee9f
- Surface temperature dependence of stratospheric sulfate aerosol clear-sky forcing and feedback R. Hegde et al. 10.5194/acp-25-3873-2025
- Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response: Toward a Volcano-Climate Index A. Schmidt & B. Black 10.1146/annurev-earth-080921-052816
- Stratospheric water vapour and ozone response to the quasi-biennial oscillation disruptions in 2016 and 2020 M. Diallo et al. 10.5194/acp-22-14303-2022
- Microphysical Interactions Determine the Effectiveness of Solar Radiation Modification via Stratospheric Solid Particle Injection S. Vattioni et al. 10.1029/2024GL110575
- Stratospheric injection of solid particles reduces side effects on circulation and climate compared to SO2 injections F. Stefanetti et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f93
- The Sensitivity of Moisture Flux Partitioning in the Cold‐Point Tropopause to External Forcing C. Kroll et al. 10.1029/2022GL102262
- Indirect stratospheric moisture increase after a Pinatubo-magnitude eruption can be comparable to direct increase after 2022 Hunga C. Kroll & A. Schmidt 10.1038/s43247-024-01651-w
- Tonga volcanic eruption triggered anomalous Arctic warming in early 2022 Y. Bao et al. 10.1016/j.ocemod.2023.102258
- Out of the blue: Volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) S. Carn et al. 10.3389/feart.2022.976962
- The impact of stratospheric aerosol heating on the frozen hydrometeor transport pathways in the tropical tropopause layer C. Kroll et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad33d0
- Sensitivity of regional monsoons to idealised equatorial volcanic eruption of different sulfur emission strengths R. D’Agostino & C. Timmreck 10.1088/1748-9326/ac62af
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Why does stratospheric aerosol forcing strongly cool the warm pool? M. Günther et al. 10.5194/acp-24-7203-2024
- The Influence of Internal Climate Variability on Stratospheric Water Vapor Increases After Large‐Magnitude Explosive Tropical Volcanic Eruptions X. Zhou et al. 10.1029/2023GL103076
- Impact of middle stratospheric water vapor increase on polar vortices: a case study of the Tonga volcanic eruption T. Zhang et al. 10.1007/s00704-024-05276-z
- Volcanic effects on climate: recent advances and future avenues L. Marshall et al. 10.1007/s00445-022-01559-3
- Assessing the impact of very large volcanic eruptions on the risk of extreme climate events N. Freychet et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/acee9f
- Surface temperature dependence of stratospheric sulfate aerosol clear-sky forcing and feedback R. Hegde et al. 10.5194/acp-25-3873-2025
- Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response: Toward a Volcano-Climate Index A. Schmidt & B. Black 10.1146/annurev-earth-080921-052816
- Stratospheric water vapour and ozone response to the quasi-biennial oscillation disruptions in 2016 and 2020 M. Diallo et al. 10.5194/acp-22-14303-2022
- Microphysical Interactions Determine the Effectiveness of Solar Radiation Modification via Stratospheric Solid Particle Injection S. Vattioni et al. 10.1029/2024GL110575
- Stratospheric injection of solid particles reduces side effects on circulation and climate compared to SO2 injections F. Stefanetti et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f93
- The Sensitivity of Moisture Flux Partitioning in the Cold‐Point Tropopause to External Forcing C. Kroll et al. 10.1029/2022GL102262
- Indirect stratospheric moisture increase after a Pinatubo-magnitude eruption can be comparable to direct increase after 2022 Hunga C. Kroll & A. Schmidt 10.1038/s43247-024-01651-w
- Tonga volcanic eruption triggered anomalous Arctic warming in early 2022 Y. Bao et al. 10.1016/j.ocemod.2023.102258
- Out of the blue: Volcanic SO2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) S. Carn et al. 10.3389/feart.2022.976962
- The impact of stratospheric aerosol heating on the frozen hydrometeor transport pathways in the tropical tropopause layer C. Kroll et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad33d0
Latest update: 23 Apr 2025
Short summary
Volcanic forcing is counteracted by stratospheric water vapor (SWV) entering the stratosphere as a consequence of aerosol-induced cold-point warming. We find that depending on the emission strength, aerosol profile height and season of the eruption, up to 4 % of the tropical aerosol forcing can be counterbalanced. A power function relationship between cold-point warming/SWV forcing and AOD in the yearly average is found, allowing us to estimate the SWV forcing for comparable eruptions.
Volcanic forcing is counteracted by stratospheric water vapor (SWV) entering the stratosphere as...
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