Articles | Volume 21, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5821-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5821-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 19 Apr 2021
| 19 Apr 2021
Anthropogenic aerosol forcing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the associated mechanisms in CMIP6 models
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Wei Liu
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Cynthia A. Randles
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
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Cited
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Performance of Two‐Moment Stratiform Microphysics With Prognostic Precipitation in GFDL's CM4.0 H. Guo et al. 10.1029/2022MS003111
- A pause in the weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation since the early 2010s S. Lee et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-54903-w
- The significant roles of anthropogenic aerosols on surface temperature under carbon neutrality X. Ma et al. 10.1016/j.scib.2021.10.022
- Attribution of multi-annual to decadal changes in the climate system: The Large Ensemble Single Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (LESFMIP) D. Smith et al. 10.3389/fclim.2022.955414
- Climate response to the spatial and temporal evolutions of anthropogenic aerosol forcing H. Wang & Y. Wen 10.1007/s00382-021-06059-2
- Aerosol in the subarctic region impacts on Atlantic meridional overturning circulation under global warming D. Chen et al. 10.1007/s00382-024-07405-w
- The Regional Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (RAMIP) L. Wilcox et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-4451-2023
- Uncertainties too large to predict tipping times of major Earth system components from historical data M. Ben-Yami et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adl4841
- Likely accelerated weakening of Atlantic overturning circulation emerges in optimal salinity fingerprint C. Zhu et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-36288-4
- Ventilation of the deep Gulf of Mexico and potential insights to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation R. Amon et al. 10.1126/sciadv.ade1685
- The Impacts of a Weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on ENSO in a Warmer Climate W. Liu et al. 10.1029/2023GL103025
- Key drivers of large scale changes in North Atlantic atmospheric and oceanic circulations and their predictability B. Dong et al. 10.1007/s00382-025-07591-1
- Impacts of Arctic sea ice loss on global ocean circulations and interbasin ocean heat exchanges S. Li & W. Liu 10.1007/s00382-022-06241-0
- Atlantic overturning inferred from air-sea heat fluxes indicates no decline since the 1960s J. Terhaar et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-55297-5
- Contrasting the roles of regional anthropogenic aerosols from the western and eastern hemispheres in driving the 1980–2020 Pacific multi-decadal variations C. Diao et al. 10.5194/acp-25-2167-2025
- Surface temperature effects of recent reductions in shipping SO2 emissions are within internal variability D. Watson-Parris et al. 10.5194/acp-25-4443-2025
- Air quality improvements are projected to weaken the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation through radiative forcing effects T. Hassan et al. 10.1038/s43247-022-00476-9
- Vatnajökull Mass Loss Under Solar Geoengineering Due to the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation C. Yue et al. 10.1029/2021EF002052
- The Role of Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing in the 1850–1985 Strengthening of the AMOC in CMIP6 Historical Simulations J. Robson et al. 10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0124.1
- Envisioning an Integrated Assessment System and Observation Network for the North Atlantic Ocean L. Coleman et al. 10.3390/atmos12080955
- Contributions of Climate Changes in Temperature and Salinity to the Formation of North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation Trends in 1951–2017 V. Bagatinsky & N. Diansky 10.3103/S0027134922030043
- Freshwater Flux Variability Lengthens the Period of the Low‐Frequency AMOC Variability F. Liu et al. 10.1029/2022GL100136
- Impact of industrial versus biomass burning aerosols on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation R. Allen et al. 10.1038/s41612-024-00602-8
- Tropical Atlantic multidecadal variability is dominated by external forcing C. He et al. 10.1038/s41586-023-06489-4
- Interaction between Arctic sea ice and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in a warming climate W. Liu & A. Fedorov 10.1007/s00382-021-05993-5
- The evolution of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since 1980 L. Jackson et al. 10.1038/s43017-022-00263-2
- Modulation of regional carbon uptake by AMOC and alkalinity changes in the subpolar North Atlantic under a warming climate Q. Zhang et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1304193
- Evaluating uncertainty in aerosol forcing of tropical precipitation shifts A. Peace et al. 10.5194/esd-13-1215-2022
- Ocean heat uptake and interbasin redistribution driven by anthropogenic aerosols and greenhouse gases S. Li et al. 10.1038/s41561-023-01219-x
- Anthropogenic aerosol effects on tropospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (1980–2020): separating the role of zonally asymmetric forcings C. Diao et al. 10.5194/acp-21-18499-2021
- Increased Asian aerosols drive a slowdown of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation F. Liu et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-44597-x
- How Does the North Atlantic SST Pattern Respond to Anthropogenic Aerosols in the 1970s and 2000s? S. Fiedler & D. Putrasahan 10.1029/2020GL092142
- Large diversity in AMOC internal variability across NEMO-based climate models A. Zhao et al. 10.1007/s00382-023-07069-y
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Performance of Two‐Moment Stratiform Microphysics With Prognostic Precipitation in GFDL's CM4.0 H. Guo et al. 10.1029/2022MS003111
- A pause in the weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation since the early 2010s S. Lee et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-54903-w
- The significant roles of anthropogenic aerosols on surface temperature under carbon neutrality X. Ma et al. 10.1016/j.scib.2021.10.022
- Attribution of multi-annual to decadal changes in the climate system: The Large Ensemble Single Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (LESFMIP) D. Smith et al. 10.3389/fclim.2022.955414
- Climate response to the spatial and temporal evolutions of anthropogenic aerosol forcing H. Wang & Y. Wen 10.1007/s00382-021-06059-2
- Aerosol in the subarctic region impacts on Atlantic meridional overturning circulation under global warming D. Chen et al. 10.1007/s00382-024-07405-w
- The Regional Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (RAMIP) L. Wilcox et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-4451-2023
- Uncertainties too large to predict tipping times of major Earth system components from historical data M. Ben-Yami et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adl4841
- Likely accelerated weakening of Atlantic overturning circulation emerges in optimal salinity fingerprint C. Zhu et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-36288-4
- Ventilation of the deep Gulf of Mexico and potential insights to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation R. Amon et al. 10.1126/sciadv.ade1685
- The Impacts of a Weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on ENSO in a Warmer Climate W. Liu et al. 10.1029/2023GL103025
- Key drivers of large scale changes in North Atlantic atmospheric and oceanic circulations and their predictability B. Dong et al. 10.1007/s00382-025-07591-1
- Impacts of Arctic sea ice loss on global ocean circulations and interbasin ocean heat exchanges S. Li & W. Liu 10.1007/s00382-022-06241-0
- Atlantic overturning inferred from air-sea heat fluxes indicates no decline since the 1960s J. Terhaar et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-55297-5
- Contrasting the roles of regional anthropogenic aerosols from the western and eastern hemispheres in driving the 1980–2020 Pacific multi-decadal variations C. Diao et al. 10.5194/acp-25-2167-2025
- Surface temperature effects of recent reductions in shipping SO2 emissions are within internal variability D. Watson-Parris et al. 10.5194/acp-25-4443-2025
- Air quality improvements are projected to weaken the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation through radiative forcing effects T. Hassan et al. 10.1038/s43247-022-00476-9
- Vatnajökull Mass Loss Under Solar Geoengineering Due to the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation C. Yue et al. 10.1029/2021EF002052
- The Role of Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing in the 1850–1985 Strengthening of the AMOC in CMIP6 Historical Simulations J. Robson et al. 10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0124.1
- Envisioning an Integrated Assessment System and Observation Network for the North Atlantic Ocean L. Coleman et al. 10.3390/atmos12080955
- Contributions of Climate Changes in Temperature and Salinity to the Formation of North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation Trends in 1951–2017 V. Bagatinsky & N. Diansky 10.3103/S0027134922030043
- Freshwater Flux Variability Lengthens the Period of the Low‐Frequency AMOC Variability F. Liu et al. 10.1029/2022GL100136
- Impact of industrial versus biomass burning aerosols on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation R. Allen et al. 10.1038/s41612-024-00602-8
- Tropical Atlantic multidecadal variability is dominated by external forcing C. He et al. 10.1038/s41586-023-06489-4
- Interaction between Arctic sea ice and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in a warming climate W. Liu & A. Fedorov 10.1007/s00382-021-05993-5
- The evolution of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since 1980 L. Jackson et al. 10.1038/s43017-022-00263-2
- Modulation of regional carbon uptake by AMOC and alkalinity changes in the subpolar North Atlantic under a warming climate Q. Zhang et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1304193
- Evaluating uncertainty in aerosol forcing of tropical precipitation shifts A. Peace et al. 10.5194/esd-13-1215-2022
- Ocean heat uptake and interbasin redistribution driven by anthropogenic aerosols and greenhouse gases S. Li et al. 10.1038/s41561-023-01219-x
- Anthropogenic aerosol effects on tropospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (1980–2020): separating the role of zonally asymmetric forcings C. Diao et al. 10.5194/acp-21-18499-2021
- Increased Asian aerosols drive a slowdown of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation F. Liu et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-44597-x
2 citations as recorded by crossref.
Latest update: 27 May 2025
Short summary
State-of-the-art climate models yield robust, externally forced changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), the bulk of which are due to anthropogenic aerosol perturbations to net surface shortwave radiation and sea surface temperature. AMOC-related feedbacks act to reinforce this aerosol-forced response, largely due to changes in sea surface salinity (and hence sea surface density), with temperature- and cloud-related feedbacks acting to mute the initial response.
State-of-the-art climate models yield robust, externally forced changes in the Atlantic...
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