Articles | Volume 21, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13763-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13763-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Sep 2021
Research article |
| 16 Sep 2021
| 16 Sep 2021
The semiannual oscillation (SAO) in the tropical middle atmosphere and its gravity wave driving in reanalyses and satellite observations
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Stratosphäre (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
Mohamadou Diallo
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Stratosphäre (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
Peter Preusse
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Stratosphäre (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
Martin G. Mlynczak
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
Michael J. Schwartz
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
National Center for Atmospheric Research, High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Martin Riese
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Stratosphäre (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
Viewed
Total article views: 3,959 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,821 | 1,068 | 70 | 3,959 | 110 | 74 | 55 |
- HTML: 2,821
- PDF: 1,068
- XML: 70
- Total: 3,959
- Supplement: 110
- BibTeX: 74
- EndNote: 55
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 22 Mar 2021)
Total article views: 3,056 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 16 Sep 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,328 | 680 | 48 | 3,056 | 110 | 62 | 50 |
- HTML: 2,328
- PDF: 680
- XML: 48
- Total: 3,056
- Supplement: 110
- BibTeX: 62
- EndNote: 50
Total article views: 903 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 22 Mar 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 493 | 388 | 22 | 903 | 12 | 5 |
- HTML: 493
- PDF: 388
- XML: 22
- Total: 903
- BibTeX: 12
- EndNote: 5
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 3,959 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 3,959 with geography defined
and 0 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 3,056 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 3,056 with geography defined
and 0 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 903 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 871 with geography defined
and 32 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States of America | 1 | 1248 | 31 |
| Germany | 2 | 792 | 20 |
| China | 3 | 672 | 16 |
| United Kingdom | 4 | 145 | 3 |
| India | 5 | 103 | 2 |
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States of America | 1 | 868 | 28 |
| Germany | 2 | 667 | 21 |
| China | 3 | 621 | 20 |
| United Kingdom | 4 | 121 | 3 |
| India | 5 | 92 | 3 |
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States of America | 1 | 380 | 42 |
| Germany | 2 | 125 | 13 |
| China | 3 | 51 | 5 |
| Japan | 4 | 39 | 4 |
| United Kingdom | 5 | 24 | 2 |
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
- 1248
1
1248
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
- 868
1
868
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
- 380
1
380
Cited
23 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Radar observations of winds, waves and tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over South Georgia island (54° S, 36° W) and comparison with WACCM simulations N. Hindley et al. 10.5194/acp-22-9435-2022
- Observations of Gravity Wave Refraction and Its Causes and Consequences M. Geldenhuys et al. 10.1029/2022JD036830
- The JAGUAR-DAS whole neutral atmosphere reanalysis: JAWARA D. Koshin et al. 10.1186/s40645-024-00674-3
- Strong Gravity Waves Associated With Tonga Volcano Eruption Revealed by SABER Observations X. Liu et al. 10.1029/2022GL098339
- Intermittency of gravity wave potential energies and absolute momentum fluxes derived from infrared limb sounding satellite observations M. Ern et al. 10.5194/acp-22-15093-2022
- Representation of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in JRA-3Q H. NAOE et al. 10.2151/jmsj.2025-012
- Stratospheric water vapour and ozone response to the quasi-biennial oscillation disruptions in 2016 and 2020 M. Diallo et al. 10.5194/acp-22-14303-2022
- Global balanced wind derived from SABER temperature and pressure observations and its validations X. Liu et al. 10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021
- Using sub-limb observations to measure gravity waves excited by convection C. Wright et al. 10.1038/s41526-023-00259-2
- Climatology of meteor echoes and mean winds in the MLT region revealed by SVU meteor radar over Tirupati (13.63oN, 79.4oE): Long-term trends M. Venkat Ratnam et al. 10.1016/j.asr.2024.12.055
- The Mesoscale Gravity Wave Response to the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption: AIRS and MLS Satellite Observations and Source Backtracing M. Ern et al. 10.1029/2022GL098626
- Analysis of Temperature Semi-Annual Oscillations (SAO) in the Middle Atmosphere M. Shangguan & W. Wang 10.3390/rs15030857
- The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and global-scale tropical waves in Aeolus wind observations, radiosonde data, and reanalyses M. Ern et al. 10.5194/acp-23-9549-2023
- Extreme Change Events of Stratospheric HCl and N2O in the Mid-Latitude Region of the Northern Hemisphere Y. Han et al. 10.3390/rs14236114
- Global Responses of Gravity Waves and Zonal Mean Winds to the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and the Latitudinal Dependence of Their Relations Using MERRA‐2 J. Li & X. Lu 10.1029/2021GL094717
- Analysis of Atmospheric Elements in Near Space Based on Meteorological-Rocket Soundings over the East China Sea Y. Song et al. 10.3390/rs16020402
- Variations in global zonal wind from 18 to 100 km due to solar activity and the quasi-biennial oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation during 2002–2019 X. Liu et al. 10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023
- Satellite observations of gravity wave momentum flux in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT): feasibility and requirements Q. Chen et al. 10.5194/amt-15-7071-2022
- Role of the quasi-biennial oscillation in alleviating biases in the semi-annual oscillation A. Jaison et al. 10.5194/wcd-5-1489-2024
- The Global Monsoon Convective System as Reflected in Upper Atmosphere Gravity Waves J. Forbes et al. 10.1029/2022JA030572
- The semi-annual oscillation (SAO) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) M. Shangguan & W. Wang 10.5194/acp-22-9499-2022
- Characteristics of Latent Heating Rate From GPM and Convective Gravity Wave Momentum Flux Calculated Using the GPM Data H. Lee et al. 10.1029/2022JD037003
- Comparison of MLT Momentum Fluxes Over the Andes at Four Different Latitudinal Sectors Using Multistatic Radar Configurations J. Conte et al. 10.1029/2021JD035982
22 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Radar observations of winds, waves and tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over South Georgia island (54° S, 36° W) and comparison with WACCM simulations N. Hindley et al. 10.5194/acp-22-9435-2022
- Observations of Gravity Wave Refraction and Its Causes and Consequences M. Geldenhuys et al. 10.1029/2022JD036830
- The JAGUAR-DAS whole neutral atmosphere reanalysis: JAWARA D. Koshin et al. 10.1186/s40645-024-00674-3
- Strong Gravity Waves Associated With Tonga Volcano Eruption Revealed by SABER Observations X. Liu et al. 10.1029/2022GL098339
- Intermittency of gravity wave potential energies and absolute momentum fluxes derived from infrared limb sounding satellite observations M. Ern et al. 10.5194/acp-22-15093-2022
- Representation of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in JRA-3Q H. NAOE et al. 10.2151/jmsj.2025-012
- Stratospheric water vapour and ozone response to the quasi-biennial oscillation disruptions in 2016 and 2020 M. Diallo et al. 10.5194/acp-22-14303-2022
- Global balanced wind derived from SABER temperature and pressure observations and its validations X. Liu et al. 10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021
- Using sub-limb observations to measure gravity waves excited by convection C. Wright et al. 10.1038/s41526-023-00259-2
- Climatology of meteor echoes and mean winds in the MLT region revealed by SVU meteor radar over Tirupati (13.63oN, 79.4oE): Long-term trends M. Venkat Ratnam et al. 10.1016/j.asr.2024.12.055
- The Mesoscale Gravity Wave Response to the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption: AIRS and MLS Satellite Observations and Source Backtracing M. Ern et al. 10.1029/2022GL098626
- Analysis of Temperature Semi-Annual Oscillations (SAO) in the Middle Atmosphere M. Shangguan & W. Wang 10.3390/rs15030857
- The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and global-scale tropical waves in Aeolus wind observations, radiosonde data, and reanalyses M. Ern et al. 10.5194/acp-23-9549-2023
- Extreme Change Events of Stratospheric HCl and N2O in the Mid-Latitude Region of the Northern Hemisphere Y. Han et al. 10.3390/rs14236114
- Global Responses of Gravity Waves and Zonal Mean Winds to the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and the Latitudinal Dependence of Their Relations Using MERRA‐2 J. Li & X. Lu 10.1029/2021GL094717
- Analysis of Atmospheric Elements in Near Space Based on Meteorological-Rocket Soundings over the East China Sea Y. Song et al. 10.3390/rs16020402
- Variations in global zonal wind from 18 to 100 km due to solar activity and the quasi-biennial oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation during 2002–2019 X. Liu et al. 10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023
- Satellite observations of gravity wave momentum flux in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT): feasibility and requirements Q. Chen et al. 10.5194/amt-15-7071-2022
- Role of the quasi-biennial oscillation in alleviating biases in the semi-annual oscillation A. Jaison et al. 10.5194/wcd-5-1489-2024
- The Global Monsoon Convective System as Reflected in Upper Atmosphere Gravity Waves J. Forbes et al. 10.1029/2022JA030572
- The semi-annual oscillation (SAO) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) M. Shangguan & W. Wang 10.5194/acp-22-9499-2022
- Characteristics of Latent Heating Rate From GPM and Convective Gravity Wave Momentum Flux Calculated Using the GPM Data H. Lee et al. 10.1029/2022JD037003
Latest update: 01 Apr 2025
Short summary
Details of the driving of the semiannual oscillation (SAO) of the tropical winds in the middle atmosphere are still not known. We investigate the SAO and its driving by small-scale gravity waves (GWs) using satellite data and different reanalyses. In a large altitude range, GWs mainly drive the SAO westerlies, but in the upper mesosphere GWs seem to drive both SAO easterlies and westerlies. Reanalyses reproduce some features of the SAO but are limited by model-inherent damping at upper levels.
Details of the driving of the semiannual oscillation (SAO) of the tropical winds in the middle...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint
Similar articles
Did the 2022 Hunga eruption impact the...
Wallis et al.
Lidar measurements of noctilucent clouds ...
Kaifler et al.
