Articles | Volume 19, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-877-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-877-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Jan 2019
Research article |
| 23 Jan 2019
| 23 Jan 2019
New type of evidence for secondary ice formation at around −15 °C in mixed-phase clouds
Claudia Mignani
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
Jessie M. Creamean
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Physical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
now at: Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
Lukas Zimmermann
Institute of Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
Christine Alewell
Institute of Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
Institute of Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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Cited
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Biological Ice-Nucleating Particles Deposited Year-Round in Subtropical Precipitation R. Joyce et al. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01567-19
- The impacts of secondary ice production on microphysics and dynamics in tropical convection Z. Qu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022
- Frost-free zone on leaves revisited A. Einbock & F. Conen https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2407062121
- Secondary ice production processes in wintertime alpine mixed-phase clouds P. Georgakaki et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1965-2022
- Spatial and temporal variability in the ice-nucleating ability of alpine snowmelt and extension to frozen cloud fraction K. Brennan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-163-2020
- Exploring relations between cloud morphology, cloud phase, and cloud radiative properties in Southern Ocean's stratocumulus clouds J. Danker et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10247-2022
- Examples of large efficient ice nucleating particles in clouds above Switzerland F. Conen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.109060
- Using freezing spectra characteristics to identify ice-nucleating particle populations during the winter in the Alps J. Creamean et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8123-2019
- Long-term variability in immersion-mode marine ice-nucleating particles from climate model simulations and observations A. Raman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5735-2023
- Towards parameterising atmospheric concentrations of ice-nucleating particles active at moderate supercooling C. Mignani et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-657-2021
- Spaceborne Evidence That Ice‐Nucleating Particles Influence High‐Latitude Cloud Phase T. Carlsen & R. David https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098041
- Microphysical investigation of the seeder and feeder region of an Alpine mixed-phase cloud F. Ramelli et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6681-2021
- Retrieving ice-nucleating particle concentration and ice multiplication factors using active remote sensing validated by in situ observations J. Wieder et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9767-2022
- Development of the drop Freezing Ice Nuclei Counter (FINC), intercomparison of droplet freezing techniques, and use of soluble lignin as an atmospheric ice nucleation standard A. Miller et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3131-2021
- Aircraft observation of aerosol and mixed-phase cloud microphysical over the North China Plain, China: Vertical distribution, size distribution, and effects of cloud seeding in two-layered clouds Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107758
- Observation of secondary ice production in clouds at low temperatures A. Korolev et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022
- Conditions favorable for secondary ice production in Arctic mixed-phase clouds J. Pasquier et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15579-2022
- Treatment of Key Aerosol and Cloud Processes in Earth System Models – Recommendations from the FORCeS Project I. Riipinen et al. https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusb.1883
- Impacts of entrainment on secondary ice production in deep convective clouds B. Portman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8367-2026
- Arctic Cloud‐Base Ice Precipitation Properties Retrieved Using Bayesian Inference I. Silber https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038202
- The impact of secondary ice production on Arctic stratocumulus G. Sotiropoulou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1301-2020
- Secondary Ice Formation in Idealised Deep Convection—Source of Primary Ice and Impact on Glaciation A. Miltenberger et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050542
- Distinct secondary ice production processes observed in radar Doppler spectra: insights from a case study A. Billault-Roux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10207-2023
- Continuous online monitoring of ice-nucleating particles: development of the automated Horizontal Ice Nucleation Chamber (HINC-Auto) C. Brunner & Z. Kanji https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-269-2021
- Characterisation of low-base and mid-base clouds and their thermodynamic phase over the Southern Ocean and Arctic marine regions B. Dietel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7359-2024
- Effects of secondary ice processes on a stratocumulus to cumulus transition during a cold-air outbreak M. Karalis et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106302
- On the drivers of droplet variability in alpine mixed-phase clouds P. Georgakaki et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10993-2021
- Snowfall in Northern Finland derives mostly from ice clouds C. Mignani et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13551-2022
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Biological Ice-Nucleating Particles Deposited Year-Round in Subtropical Precipitation R. Joyce et al. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01567-19
- The impacts of secondary ice production on microphysics and dynamics in tropical convection Z. Qu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022
- Frost-free zone on leaves revisited A. Einbock & F. Conen https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2407062121
- Secondary ice production processes in wintertime alpine mixed-phase clouds P. Georgakaki et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1965-2022
- Spatial and temporal variability in the ice-nucleating ability of alpine snowmelt and extension to frozen cloud fraction K. Brennan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-163-2020
- Exploring relations between cloud morphology, cloud phase, and cloud radiative properties in Southern Ocean's stratocumulus clouds J. Danker et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10247-2022
- Examples of large efficient ice nucleating particles in clouds above Switzerland F. Conen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.109060
- Using freezing spectra characteristics to identify ice-nucleating particle populations during the winter in the Alps J. Creamean et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8123-2019
- Long-term variability in immersion-mode marine ice-nucleating particles from climate model simulations and observations A. Raman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5735-2023
- Towards parameterising atmospheric concentrations of ice-nucleating particles active at moderate supercooling C. Mignani et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-657-2021
- Spaceborne Evidence That Ice‐Nucleating Particles Influence High‐Latitude Cloud Phase T. Carlsen & R. David https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098041
- Microphysical investigation of the seeder and feeder region of an Alpine mixed-phase cloud F. Ramelli et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6681-2021
- Retrieving ice-nucleating particle concentration and ice multiplication factors using active remote sensing validated by in situ observations J. Wieder et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9767-2022
- Development of the drop Freezing Ice Nuclei Counter (FINC), intercomparison of droplet freezing techniques, and use of soluble lignin as an atmospheric ice nucleation standard A. Miller et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3131-2021
- Aircraft observation of aerosol and mixed-phase cloud microphysical over the North China Plain, China: Vertical distribution, size distribution, and effects of cloud seeding in two-layered clouds Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107758
- Observation of secondary ice production in clouds at low temperatures A. Korolev et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022
- Conditions favorable for secondary ice production in Arctic mixed-phase clouds J. Pasquier et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15579-2022
- Treatment of Key Aerosol and Cloud Processes in Earth System Models – Recommendations from the FORCeS Project I. Riipinen et al. https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusb.1883
- Impacts of entrainment on secondary ice production in deep convective clouds B. Portman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8367-2026
- Arctic Cloud‐Base Ice Precipitation Properties Retrieved Using Bayesian Inference I. Silber https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038202
- The impact of secondary ice production on Arctic stratocumulus G. Sotiropoulou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1301-2020
- Secondary Ice Formation in Idealised Deep Convection—Source of Primary Ice and Impact on Glaciation A. Miltenberger et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050542
- Distinct secondary ice production processes observed in radar Doppler spectra: insights from a case study A. Billault-Roux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10207-2023
- Continuous online monitoring of ice-nucleating particles: development of the automated Horizontal Ice Nucleation Chamber (HINC-Auto) C. Brunner & Z. Kanji https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-269-2021
- Characterisation of low-base and mid-base clouds and their thermodynamic phase over the Southern Ocean and Arctic marine regions B. Dietel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7359-2024
- Effects of secondary ice processes on a stratocumulus to cumulus transition during a cold-air outbreak M. Karalis et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106302
- On the drivers of droplet variability in alpine mixed-phase clouds P. Georgakaki et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10993-2021
- Snowfall in Northern Finland derives mostly from ice clouds C. Mignani et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13551-2022
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 22 Aug 2026
Short summary
A snow crystal can be generated from an ice nucleating particle or from an ice splinter. In this study we made use of the fact that snow crystals with a particular shape (dendrites) grow within a narrow temperature range (−12 to −17 °C) and can be analysed individually for the presence of an ice nucleating particle. Our direct approach revealed that only one in eight crystals contained such a particle and was of primary origin. The other crystals must have grown from ice splinters.
A snow crystal can be generated from an ice nucleating particle or from an ice splinter. In this...
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