Articles | Volume 19, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4917-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4917-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Apr 2019
Research article |
| 11 Apr 2019
| 11 Apr 2019
pH-dependent production of molecular chlorine, bromine, and iodine from frozen saline surfaces
Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, IN, USA
Paul B. Shepson
Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Kerri A. Pratt
Department of Chemistry and Earth & Environmental Sciences,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Cited
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Arctic Reactive Bromine Events Occur in Two Distinct Sets of Environmental Conditions: A Statistical Analysis of 6 Years of Observations W. Swanson et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032139
- Modelling Arctic lower-tropospheric ozone: processes controlling seasonal variations W. Gong et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8355-2025
- Tropospheric bromine monoxide in Ny-Ålesund: source analysis and impacts on atmospheric chemistry Q. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6165-2026
- Anthropogenic Impacts on Tropospheric Reactive Chlorine Since the Preindustrial S. Zhai et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093808
- Iodide- and electrochemical assisted removal of mercury by Cirsium arvense from gold tailings in the Amansie West District, Ghana T. Anemana et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2024.2386302
- Quantifying the Contributions of Aerosol- and Snow-Produced ClNO2 through Observations and 1D Modeling D. Jeong et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00237
- Spontaneous Iodide Activation at the Air–Water Interface of Aqueous Droplets Y. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c05777
- Time-dependent 3D simulations of tropospheric ozone depletion events in the Arctic spring using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) M. Herrmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7611-2021
- Long-term time series of Arctic tropospheric BrO derived from UV–VIS satellite remote sensing and its relation to first-year sea ice I. Bougoudis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11869-2020
- Eine Alkin‐verbrückte kovalent organische Gerüstverbindung mit interaktiven Bindungstaschen für das Einfangen von Brom A. De et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202403658
- Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019 G. Bernhard et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0pp90011g
- Comparison of model and ground observations finds snowpack and blowing snow aerosols both contribute to Arctic tropospheric reactive bromine W. Swanson et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14467-2022
- Atmospheric chemistry of molecular chlorine Q. Zang et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/TB-2024-0465
- Insights into the formation mechanisms and properties of pectin hydrogel physically cross-linked with chitosan nanogels Y. Shitrit & H. Bianco-Peled https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118274
- Reproducing Arctic springtime tropospheric ozone and mercury depletion events in an outdoor mesocosm sea ice facility Z. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1811-2022
- Tropospheric bromine monoxide vertical profiles retrieved across the Alaskan Arctic in springtime N. Brockway et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-23-2024
- Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles in the Antarctic K. Hara et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00092B
- Interfacial supercooling and the precipitation of hydrohalite in frozen NaCl solutions as seen by X-ray absorption spectroscopy T. Bartels-Rausch et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2001-2021
- Bromine, iodine and sodium along the EAIIST traverse: Bulk and surface snow latitudinal variability G. Celli et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117344
- Global Observations of Tropospheric Bromine Monoxide (BrO) Columns From TROPOMI Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039091
- Observations of cyanogen bromide (BrCN) in the global troposphere and their relation to polar surface O3 destruction J. Roberts et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3421-2024
- Frequent new particle formation over the high Arctic pack ice by enhanced iodine emissions A. Baccarini et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18551-0
- Multiphase Reactive Bromine Chemistry during Late Spring in the Arctic: Measurements of Gases, Particles, and Snow D. Jeong et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00189
- Freezing-induced acidification of sea ice brine L. Veselý et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174194
- Formation of halogenated macromolecular organics induced by Br− and I− during plasma oxidation/chlorination of DOM: Highlighting competitive mechanisms Q. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.119513
- Dynamics of gaseous oxidized mercury at Villum Research Station during the High Arctic summer J. Pernov et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13287-2021
- Springtime Nitrogen Oxide-Influenced Chlorine Chemistry in the Coastal Arctic S. McNamara et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01797
- Substantial Iodide Activation during the Dark Freezing of Aqueous Droplets J. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c18630
- Ozone depletion events in the Arctic spring of 2019: a new modeling approach to bromine emissions M. Herrmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13495-2022
- Halving the Barrier to Gas-Phase Oxidation of Bromide by Ozone S. Brydon et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c02949
- Bromine Chloride in the Coastal Arctic: Diel Patterns and Production Mechanisms S. McNamara et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00021
- Mixing state and distribution of iodine-containing particles in Arctic Ocean during summertime L. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155030
- Environmental drivers of tropospheric bromine and mercury variability in coastal East Antarctica N. Page et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120918
- Insight into the Ionizing Surface Potential Method and Aqueous Sodium Halide Surfaces T. Adel et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00465
- An Alkyne‐Bridged Covalent Organic Framework Featuring Interactive Pockets for Bromine Capture A. De et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202403658
- On the dynamics of ozone depletion events at Villum Research Station in the High Arctic J. Pernov et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13603-2024
- Impact of Reactive Chlorine on Atmospheric Oxidative Capacity in a Snowy Polluted Environment X. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c08841
- Source mechanisms and transport patterns of tropospheric bromine monoxide: findings from long-term multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy measurements at two Antarctic stations U. Frieß et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3207-2023
- The annual cycle and sources of relevant aerosol precursor vapors in the central Arctic during the MOSAiC expedition M. Boyer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12595-2024
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Arctic Reactive Bromine Events Occur in Two Distinct Sets of Environmental Conditions: A Statistical Analysis of 6 Years of Observations W. Swanson et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032139
- Modelling Arctic lower-tropospheric ozone: processes controlling seasonal variations W. Gong et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8355-2025
- Tropospheric bromine monoxide in Ny-Ålesund: source analysis and impacts on atmospheric chemistry Q. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6165-2026
- Anthropogenic Impacts on Tropospheric Reactive Chlorine Since the Preindustrial S. Zhai et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093808
- Iodide- and electrochemical assisted removal of mercury by Cirsium arvense from gold tailings in the Amansie West District, Ghana T. Anemana et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2024.2386302
- Quantifying the Contributions of Aerosol- and Snow-Produced ClNO2 through Observations and 1D Modeling D. Jeong et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00237
- Spontaneous Iodide Activation at the Air–Water Interface of Aqueous Droplets Y. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c05777
- Time-dependent 3D simulations of tropospheric ozone depletion events in the Arctic spring using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) M. Herrmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7611-2021
- Long-term time series of Arctic tropospheric BrO derived from UV–VIS satellite remote sensing and its relation to first-year sea ice I. Bougoudis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11869-2020
- Eine Alkin‐verbrückte kovalent organische Gerüstverbindung mit interaktiven Bindungstaschen für das Einfangen von Brom A. De et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202403658
- Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019 G. Bernhard et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0pp90011g
- Comparison of model and ground observations finds snowpack and blowing snow aerosols both contribute to Arctic tropospheric reactive bromine W. Swanson et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14467-2022
- Atmospheric chemistry of molecular chlorine Q. Zang et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/TB-2024-0465
- Insights into the formation mechanisms and properties of pectin hydrogel physically cross-linked with chitosan nanogels Y. Shitrit & H. Bianco-Peled https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118274
- Reproducing Arctic springtime tropospheric ozone and mercury depletion events in an outdoor mesocosm sea ice facility Z. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1811-2022
- Tropospheric bromine monoxide vertical profiles retrieved across the Alaskan Arctic in springtime N. Brockway et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-23-2024
- Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles in the Antarctic K. Hara et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00092B
- Interfacial supercooling and the precipitation of hydrohalite in frozen NaCl solutions as seen by X-ray absorption spectroscopy T. Bartels-Rausch et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2001-2021
- Bromine, iodine and sodium along the EAIIST traverse: Bulk and surface snow latitudinal variability G. Celli et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117344
- Global Observations of Tropospheric Bromine Monoxide (BrO) Columns From TROPOMI Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039091
- Observations of cyanogen bromide (BrCN) in the global troposphere and their relation to polar surface O3 destruction J. Roberts et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3421-2024
- Frequent new particle formation over the high Arctic pack ice by enhanced iodine emissions A. Baccarini et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18551-0
- Multiphase Reactive Bromine Chemistry during Late Spring in the Arctic: Measurements of Gases, Particles, and Snow D. Jeong et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00189
- Freezing-induced acidification of sea ice brine L. Veselý et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174194
- Formation of halogenated macromolecular organics induced by Br− and I− during plasma oxidation/chlorination of DOM: Highlighting competitive mechanisms Q. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.119513
- Dynamics of gaseous oxidized mercury at Villum Research Station during the High Arctic summer J. Pernov et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13287-2021
- Springtime Nitrogen Oxide-Influenced Chlorine Chemistry in the Coastal Arctic S. McNamara et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01797
- Substantial Iodide Activation during the Dark Freezing of Aqueous Droplets J. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c18630
- Ozone depletion events in the Arctic spring of 2019: a new modeling approach to bromine emissions M. Herrmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13495-2022
- Halving the Barrier to Gas-Phase Oxidation of Bromide by Ozone S. Brydon et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c02949
- Bromine Chloride in the Coastal Arctic: Diel Patterns and Production Mechanisms S. McNamara et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00021
- Mixing state and distribution of iodine-containing particles in Arctic Ocean during summertime L. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155030
- Environmental drivers of tropospheric bromine and mercury variability in coastal East Antarctica N. Page et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120918
- Insight into the Ionizing Surface Potential Method and Aqueous Sodium Halide Surfaces T. Adel et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00465
- An Alkyne‐Bridged Covalent Organic Framework Featuring Interactive Pockets for Bromine Capture A. De et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202403658
- On the dynamics of ozone depletion events at Villum Research Station in the High Arctic J. Pernov et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13603-2024
- Impact of Reactive Chlorine on Atmospheric Oxidative Capacity in a Snowy Polluted Environment X. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c08841
- Source mechanisms and transport patterns of tropospheric bromine monoxide: findings from long-term multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy measurements at two Antarctic stations U. Frieß et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3207-2023
- The annual cycle and sources of relevant aerosol precursor vapors in the central Arctic during the MOSAiC expedition M. Boyer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12595-2024
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 22 Jul 2026
Short summary
In this study, we found that a chemical called hydroxyl radical can help create chlorine, bromine, and iodine (i.e., halogens) from acidic frozen imitation seawater. Even more halogens are created if we also add ozone. This result helps our understanding of how halogens are released from the frozen Arctic ice and snow into the atmosphere, where they alter the atmosphere's oxidation ability.
In this study, we found that a chemical called hydroxyl radical can help create chlorine,...
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