Articles | Volume 19, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2327-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2327-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Quantifying primary and secondary humic-like substances in urban aerosol based on emission source characterization and a source-oriented air quality model
Xinghua Li
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191,
China
Junzan Han
School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191,
China
Philip K. Hopke
Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University,
Potsdam, NY, USA
Jingnan Hu
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission
Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,
Beijing 100012, China
Qi Shu
School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191,
China
Qing Chang
School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191,
China
Qi Ying
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Cited
65 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Molecular composition and optical property of humic-like substances (HULIS) in winter-time PM2.5 in the rural area of North China Plain H. Sun et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118316
- Impact of wildfires on regional ozone and PM2.5: Considering the light absorption of Brown carbon M. Choi et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120196
- Impact of Nitrate and Iron Ions on Uptake Coefficients and Condensed Phase Products From the Reaction of Gaseous NO2 With HULIS Proxies P. Li et al. 10.1029/2023JD039698
- Brown carbon: An underlying driving force for rapid atmospheric sulfate formation and haze event Y. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139415
- Significantly surfactant-enhanced photochemical conversion of SO2 to sulfates on photosensitive substances H. Yang et al. 10.1016/j.jes.2024.10.014
- Phenomenology of the Composition of PM2.5 at an Urban Site in Northern France Y. Allouche et al. 10.3390/atmos15050603
- Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Seoul, South Korea and Beijing, China using dispersion normalized PMF J. Park et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155056
- Optical properties, chemical functional group, and oxidative activity of different polarity levels of water-soluble organic matter in PM2.5 from biomass and coal combustion in rural areas in Northwest China S. Huang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119179
- pH modifies the oxidative potential and peroxide content of biomass burning HULIS under dark aging C. Li et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155365
- Seasonal and diurnal variation of PM2.5 HULIS over Xi'an in Northwest China: Optical properties, chemical functional group, and relationship with reactive oxygen species (ROS) T. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118782
- Improving apportionment of PM2.5 using multisite PMF by constraining G-values with a prioriinformation Q. Dai et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139657
- Heterogeneous photochemical uptake of SO2 on typical brown carbon species: A significant sulfate source H. Yang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120425
- Associations between ambient fine particulate matter and child respiratory infection: The role of particulate matter source composition in Dhaka, Bangladesh A. Sherris et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118073
- Chemical fractionation of particulate-bound metal(loid)s to evaluate their bioavailability, sources and associated cancer risk in India A. Mishra et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159516
- Evaluation of impact of "2+26″ regional strategies on air quality improvement of different functional districts in Beijing based on a long-term field campaign J. Tian et al. 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113452
- Impact of biomass burning on PM2.5 and organic aerosol: Quantitative estimates and spatial distributions in four Northeast Asian sites J. Nirmalkar et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120635
- Theoretical equilibration time is supported by measurement study of residence time at dilution sampling on fine particulate matter emissions from household biofuel burning X. Li et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129178
- Why it makes sense that increased PM 2.5 was correlated with anthropogenic combustion-derived water P. Hopke & Q. Dai 10.1073/pnas.2102255118
- Global review of recent source apportionments for airborne particulate matter P. Hopke et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140091
- Optical properties, molecular characterizations, and oxidative potentials of different polarity levels of water-soluble organic matters in winter PM2.5 in six China's megacities T. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158600
- Increased secondary aerosol contribution and possible processing on polluted winter days in China Y. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.021
- Approval Research for Carcinogen Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) Emitted from Residential Coal Combustion in High Lung Cancer Incidence Areas of China K. Xiao et al. 10.3390/pr9071254
- Changing Emissions Results in Changed PM2.5 Composition and Health Impacts P. Hopke & G. Hidy 10.3390/atmos13020193
- Aqueous-phase reactive species formed by fine particulate matter from remote forests and polluted urban air H. Tong et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10439-2021
- Sources of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 in Beijing: Receptor modeling approach X. Li et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.333
- Concentrations, optical properties and sources of humic-like substances (HULIS) in fine particulate matter in Xi'an, Northwest China W. Yuan et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147902
- Unravelling Bangalore's air quality during the second wave: Multifaceted analysis of COVID-19 lockdown impact I. Gogeri et al. 10.1016/j.nhres.2024.01.008
- Evaluating the effectiveness of low-sulphur marine fuel regulations at improving urban ambient PM2.5 air quality: Source apportionment of PM2.5 at Canadian Atlantic and Pacific coast cities with implementation of the North American Emissions Control Area A. Anastasopolos et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166965
- Dynamic Changes of Composition of Particulate Matter Emissions during Residential Biomass Combustion P. Chen et al. 10.1021/acs.est.3c05412
- Effects of aerosol water content and acidity on the light absorption of atmospheric humic-like substances in winter T. Tang et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140796
- Characteristics, primary sources and secondary formation of water-soluble organic aerosols in downtown Beijing Q. Yu et al. 10.5194/acp-21-1775-2021
- Concentration, optical characteristics, and emission factors of brown carbon emitted by on-road vehicles R. Huang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151307
- Atmospheric “HULIS” in Different Environments: Polarities, Molecular Sizes, and Sources Suggest More Than 50% Are Not “Humic-like” T. Spranger et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00299
- More evidence on primary sulfate emission from residential coal combustion in northern China: Insights from the size-segregated chemical profile, morphology, and sulfur isotope L. Song et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120467
- Trends of source apportioned PM2.5 in Tianjin over 2013–2019: Impacts of Clean Air Actions Q. Dai et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121344
- Light absorption and source apportionment of water soluble humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 at Nanjing, China M. Bao et al. 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112554
- The Sources and Atmospheric Processes of Strong Light‐Absorbing Components in Water Soluble Brown Carbon: Insights From a Multi‐Proxy Study of PM2.5 in 10 Chinese Cities Y. Mo et al. 10.1029/2023JD039512
- Significant seasonal changes in optical properties of brown carbon in the midlatitude atmosphere H. Han et al. 10.5194/acp-20-2709-2020
- Estimating mean molecular weight, carbon number, and OM∕OC with mid-infrared spectroscopy in organic particulate matter samples from a monitoring network A. Yazdani et al. 10.5194/amt-14-4805-2021
- Using the carbon balance method based on fuel-weighted average concentrations to estimate emissions from household coal-fired heating stoves X. Li et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135639
- Light absorption characteristics of primary brown carbon during a complete residential biomass combustion process and their links with aerosol composition P. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130695
- Temporal and Spatial Trends in Particulate Matter and the Responses to Meteorological Conditions and Environmental Management in Xi’an, China Y. Tian et al. 10.3390/atmos12091112
- Impact of fossil and non-fossil fuel sources on the molecular compositions of water-soluble humic-like substances in PM2.5 at a suburban site of Yangtze River Delta, China M. Bao et al. 10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023
- Indoor Air Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution: Health Consequences, Policy, and Recommendations: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report N. Nassikas et al. 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202312-1067ST
- Non-negligible secondary contribution to brown carbon in autumn and winter: inspiration from particulate nitrated and oxygenated aromatic compounds in urban Beijing Y. Ren et al. 10.5194/acp-24-6525-2024
- Light absorption properties and molecular profiles of HULIS in PM2.5 emitted from biomass burning in traditional “Heated Kang” in Northwest China T. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146014
- Evaluating the potential secondary contribution of photosensitized chemistry to OH production in aqueous aerosols E. Petersen-Sonn et al. 10.1039/D4EA00103F
- Chemical Fingerprinting of HULIS in Particulate Matters Emitted from Residential Coal and Biomass Combustion Y. Huo et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c08518
- Atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) in Chongqing, Southwest China: Abundance, light absorption properties, and potential sources T. Tang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.107016
- Chemical characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at an urban site in Astana, Kazakhstan G. Ormanova et al. 10.1016/j.apr.2024.102324
- Relative effects of open biomass burning and open crop straw burning on haze formation over central and eastern China: modeling study driven by constrained emissions K. Mehmood et al. 10.5194/acp-20-2419-2020
- Evaluation of regional transport of PM2.5 during severe atmospheric pollution episodes in the western Yangtze River Delta, China I. Sulaymon et al. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112827
- Ph Modifies the Oxidative Potential and Peroxide Content of Biomass Burning Hulis Under Dark Aging C. Li et al. 10.2139/ssrn.4045471
- PM2.5 and O3 concentration estimation based on interpretable machine learning S. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.apr.2023.101866
- Relationships of the Hygroscopicity of HULIS With Their Degrees of Oxygenation and Sources in the Urban Atmosphere R. Zhou et al. 10.1029/2022JD037163
- Fluorescence characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon in atmospheric aerosol☆ G. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115906
- Influence of bulk-phase acidity, organic fraction, and dissolved oxygen on the photosensitized renoxification of nitrate in NaNO3/humic acid mixtures Q. Li et al. 10.1016/j.jes.2024.08.023
- Carbonaceous aerosols emission reduction by using red mud additive in coal briquette Y. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106290
- Changes of atmospheric metal(loid) deposition from 2017 to 2021 at Mount Emei under China's air pollution control strategy Y. Fu et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119714
- Chemical composition, optical properties, and oxidative potential of water- and methanol-soluble organic compounds emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and coal T. Cao et al. 10.5194/acp-21-13187-2021
- Evaluation of air quality changes in a Chinese megacity over a 15-year period (2006–2021) using PM2.5 receptor modelling A. Canals-Angerri et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122803
- Fine particulate matter and gas emissions at different burn phases from household coal-fired heating stoves X. Li et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119803
- Aqueous processing of water-soluble organic compounds in the eastern United States during winter M. El-Sayed & C. Hennigan 10.1039/D2EM00115B
- Impact of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) loading on the molecular composition of wintertime PM2.5 in urban Tianjin: an insight from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry S. Zhong et al. 10.5194/acp-23-2061-2023
- Distinctive Sources Govern Organic Aerosol Fractions with Different Degrees of Oxygenation in the Urban Atmosphere R. Zhou et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c08604
65 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Molecular composition and optical property of humic-like substances (HULIS) in winter-time PM2.5 in the rural area of North China Plain H. Sun et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118316
- Impact of wildfires on regional ozone and PM2.5: Considering the light absorption of Brown carbon M. Choi et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120196
- Impact of Nitrate and Iron Ions on Uptake Coefficients and Condensed Phase Products From the Reaction of Gaseous NO2 With HULIS Proxies P. Li et al. 10.1029/2023JD039698
- Brown carbon: An underlying driving force for rapid atmospheric sulfate formation and haze event Y. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139415
- Significantly surfactant-enhanced photochemical conversion of SO2 to sulfates on photosensitive substances H. Yang et al. 10.1016/j.jes.2024.10.014
- Phenomenology of the Composition of PM2.5 at an Urban Site in Northern France Y. Allouche et al. 10.3390/atmos15050603
- Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Seoul, South Korea and Beijing, China using dispersion normalized PMF J. Park et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155056
- Optical properties, chemical functional group, and oxidative activity of different polarity levels of water-soluble organic matter in PM2.5 from biomass and coal combustion in rural areas in Northwest China S. Huang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119179
- pH modifies the oxidative potential and peroxide content of biomass burning HULIS under dark aging C. Li et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155365
- Seasonal and diurnal variation of PM2.5 HULIS over Xi'an in Northwest China: Optical properties, chemical functional group, and relationship with reactive oxygen species (ROS) T. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118782
- Improving apportionment of PM2.5 using multisite PMF by constraining G-values with a prioriinformation Q. Dai et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139657
- Heterogeneous photochemical uptake of SO2 on typical brown carbon species: A significant sulfate source H. Yang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120425
- Associations between ambient fine particulate matter and child respiratory infection: The role of particulate matter source composition in Dhaka, Bangladesh A. Sherris et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118073
- Chemical fractionation of particulate-bound metal(loid)s to evaluate their bioavailability, sources and associated cancer risk in India A. Mishra et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159516
- Evaluation of impact of "2+26″ regional strategies on air quality improvement of different functional districts in Beijing based on a long-term field campaign J. Tian et al. 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113452
- Impact of biomass burning on PM2.5 and organic aerosol: Quantitative estimates and spatial distributions in four Northeast Asian sites J. Nirmalkar et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120635
- Theoretical equilibration time is supported by measurement study of residence time at dilution sampling on fine particulate matter emissions from household biofuel burning X. Li et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129178
- Why it makes sense that increased PM 2.5 was correlated with anthropogenic combustion-derived water P. Hopke & Q. Dai 10.1073/pnas.2102255118
- Global review of recent source apportionments for airborne particulate matter P. Hopke et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140091
- Optical properties, molecular characterizations, and oxidative potentials of different polarity levels of water-soluble organic matters in winter PM2.5 in six China's megacities T. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158600
- Increased secondary aerosol contribution and possible processing on polluted winter days in China Y. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.021
- Approval Research for Carcinogen Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) Emitted from Residential Coal Combustion in High Lung Cancer Incidence Areas of China K. Xiao et al. 10.3390/pr9071254
- Changing Emissions Results in Changed PM2.5 Composition and Health Impacts P. Hopke & G. Hidy 10.3390/atmos13020193
- Aqueous-phase reactive species formed by fine particulate matter from remote forests and polluted urban air H. Tong et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10439-2021
- Sources of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 in Beijing: Receptor modeling approach X. Li et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.333
- Concentrations, optical properties and sources of humic-like substances (HULIS) in fine particulate matter in Xi'an, Northwest China W. Yuan et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147902
- Unravelling Bangalore's air quality during the second wave: Multifaceted analysis of COVID-19 lockdown impact I. Gogeri et al. 10.1016/j.nhres.2024.01.008
- Evaluating the effectiveness of low-sulphur marine fuel regulations at improving urban ambient PM2.5 air quality: Source apportionment of PM2.5 at Canadian Atlantic and Pacific coast cities with implementation of the North American Emissions Control Area A. Anastasopolos et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166965
- Dynamic Changes of Composition of Particulate Matter Emissions during Residential Biomass Combustion P. Chen et al. 10.1021/acs.est.3c05412
- Effects of aerosol water content and acidity on the light absorption of atmospheric humic-like substances in winter T. Tang et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140796
- Characteristics, primary sources and secondary formation of water-soluble organic aerosols in downtown Beijing Q. Yu et al. 10.5194/acp-21-1775-2021
- Concentration, optical characteristics, and emission factors of brown carbon emitted by on-road vehicles R. Huang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151307
- Atmospheric “HULIS” in Different Environments: Polarities, Molecular Sizes, and Sources Suggest More Than 50% Are Not “Humic-like” T. Spranger et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00299
- More evidence on primary sulfate emission from residential coal combustion in northern China: Insights from the size-segregated chemical profile, morphology, and sulfur isotope L. Song et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120467
- Trends of source apportioned PM2.5 in Tianjin over 2013–2019: Impacts of Clean Air Actions Q. Dai et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121344
- Light absorption and source apportionment of water soluble humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 at Nanjing, China M. Bao et al. 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112554
- The Sources and Atmospheric Processes of Strong Light‐Absorbing Components in Water Soluble Brown Carbon: Insights From a Multi‐Proxy Study of PM2.5 in 10 Chinese Cities Y. Mo et al. 10.1029/2023JD039512
- Significant seasonal changes in optical properties of brown carbon in the midlatitude atmosphere H. Han et al. 10.5194/acp-20-2709-2020
- Estimating mean molecular weight, carbon number, and OM∕OC with mid-infrared spectroscopy in organic particulate matter samples from a monitoring network A. Yazdani et al. 10.5194/amt-14-4805-2021
- Using the carbon balance method based on fuel-weighted average concentrations to estimate emissions from household coal-fired heating stoves X. Li et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135639
- Light absorption characteristics of primary brown carbon during a complete residential biomass combustion process and their links with aerosol composition P. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130695
- Temporal and Spatial Trends in Particulate Matter and the Responses to Meteorological Conditions and Environmental Management in Xi’an, China Y. Tian et al. 10.3390/atmos12091112
- Impact of fossil and non-fossil fuel sources on the molecular compositions of water-soluble humic-like substances in PM2.5 at a suburban site of Yangtze River Delta, China M. Bao et al. 10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023
- Indoor Air Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution: Health Consequences, Policy, and Recommendations: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report N. Nassikas et al. 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202312-1067ST
- Non-negligible secondary contribution to brown carbon in autumn and winter: inspiration from particulate nitrated and oxygenated aromatic compounds in urban Beijing Y. Ren et al. 10.5194/acp-24-6525-2024
- Light absorption properties and molecular profiles of HULIS in PM2.5 emitted from biomass burning in traditional “Heated Kang” in Northwest China T. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146014
- Evaluating the potential secondary contribution of photosensitized chemistry to OH production in aqueous aerosols E. Petersen-Sonn et al. 10.1039/D4EA00103F
- Chemical Fingerprinting of HULIS in Particulate Matters Emitted from Residential Coal and Biomass Combustion Y. Huo et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c08518
- Atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) in Chongqing, Southwest China: Abundance, light absorption properties, and potential sources T. Tang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.107016
- Chemical characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at an urban site in Astana, Kazakhstan G. Ormanova et al. 10.1016/j.apr.2024.102324
- Relative effects of open biomass burning and open crop straw burning on haze formation over central and eastern China: modeling study driven by constrained emissions K. Mehmood et al. 10.5194/acp-20-2419-2020
- Evaluation of regional transport of PM2.5 during severe atmospheric pollution episodes in the western Yangtze River Delta, China I. Sulaymon et al. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112827
- Ph Modifies the Oxidative Potential and Peroxide Content of Biomass Burning Hulis Under Dark Aging C. Li et al. 10.2139/ssrn.4045471
- PM2.5 and O3 concentration estimation based on interpretable machine learning S. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.apr.2023.101866
- Relationships of the Hygroscopicity of HULIS With Their Degrees of Oxygenation and Sources in the Urban Atmosphere R. Zhou et al. 10.1029/2022JD037163
- Fluorescence characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon in atmospheric aerosol☆ G. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115906
- Influence of bulk-phase acidity, organic fraction, and dissolved oxygen on the photosensitized renoxification of nitrate in NaNO3/humic acid mixtures Q. Li et al. 10.1016/j.jes.2024.08.023
- Carbonaceous aerosols emission reduction by using red mud additive in coal briquette Y. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106290
- Changes of atmospheric metal(loid) deposition from 2017 to 2021 at Mount Emei under China's air pollution control strategy Y. Fu et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119714
- Chemical composition, optical properties, and oxidative potential of water- and methanol-soluble organic compounds emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and coal T. Cao et al. 10.5194/acp-21-13187-2021
- Evaluation of air quality changes in a Chinese megacity over a 15-year period (2006–2021) using PM2.5 receptor modelling A. Canals-Angerri et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122803
- Fine particulate matter and gas emissions at different burn phases from household coal-fired heating stoves X. Li et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119803
- Aqueous processing of water-soluble organic compounds in the eastern United States during winter M. El-Sayed & C. Hennigan 10.1039/D2EM00115B
- Impact of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) loading on the molecular composition of wintertime PM2.5 in urban Tianjin: an insight from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry S. Zhong et al. 10.5194/acp-23-2061-2023
- Distinctive Sources Govern Organic Aerosol Fractions with Different Degrees of Oxygenation in the Urban Atmosphere R. Zhou et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c08604
Latest update: 14 Dec 2024
Short summary
HULIS are widely distributed in atmospheric aerosol. Their sources are rarely studied quantitatively. Biomass burning is generally accepted as a major primary source with additional secondary material formed in the atmosphere. The present study provides direct evidence that residential coal burning is also a significant source of ambient HULIS in northern China based on source measurements, ambient sampling and analysis, and apportionment with source-oriented CMAQ modeling.
HULIS are widely distributed in atmospheric aerosol. Their sources are rarely studied...
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