Articles | Volume 19, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10335-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10335-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Aug 2019
Research article |
| 14 Aug 2019
| 14 Aug 2019
Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) in the global atmosphere
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Cathy M. Trudinger
Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale,
Victoria, Australia
Luke M. Western
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Matthew Rigby
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Martin K. Vollmer
Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf,
Switzerland
Sunyoung Park
KNU, Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences,
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
Alistair J. Manning
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
Daniel Say
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Anita Ganesan
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
L. Paul Steele
Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale,
Victoria, Australia
Diane J. Ivy
Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Tim Arnold
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Shanlan Li
KNU, Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences,
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
Andreas Stohl
NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
Christina M. Harth
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Peter K. Salameh
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Archie McCulloch
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Simon O'Doherty
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Mi-Kyung Park
KNU, Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences,
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
Chun Ok Jo
KNU, Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences,
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
Dickon Young
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Kieran M. Stanley
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Paul B. Krummel
Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale,
Victoria, Australia
Blagoj Mitrevski
Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale,
Victoria, Australia
Ove Hermansen
NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
Chris Lunder
NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
Nikolaos Evangeliou
NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
Bo Yao
Meteorological Observation Centre (MOC), China Meteorological
Administration (CMA), Beijing, China
Jooil Kim
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Benjamin Hmiel
Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of
Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Christo Buizert
College of College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
Vasilii V. Petrenko
Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of
Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Jgor Arduini
Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino,
Urbino, Italy
ISAC-CNR, Bologna, Italy
Michela Maione
Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino,
Urbino, Italy
ISAC-CNR, Bologna, Italy
David M. Etheridge
Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale,
Victoria, Australia
Eleni Michalopoulou
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Mike Czerniak
Edwards LTD, Burgess Hill, West Sussex, UK
Jeffrey P. Severinghaus
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Stefan Reimann
Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf,
Switzerland
Peter G. Simmonds
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Paul J. Fraser
Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale,
Victoria, Australia
Ronald G. Prinn
Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Ray F. Weiss
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Growing Atmospheric Emissions of Sulfuryl Fluoride A. Gressent et al. 10.1029/2020JD034327
- Global trends and European emissions of tetrafluoromethane (CF4), hexafluoroethane (C2F6) and octafluoropropane (C3F8) D. Say et al. 10.5194/acp-21-2149-2021
- Evidence of a recent decline in UK emissions of hydrofluorocarbons determined by the InTEM inverse model and atmospheric measurements A. Manning et al. 10.5194/acp-21-12739-2021
- A comprehensive and synthetic dataset for global, regional, and national greenhouse gas emissions by sector 1970–2018 with an extension to 2019 J. Minx et al. 10.5194/essd-13-5213-2021
- Emissions of Tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and Hexafluoroethane (C2F6) From East Asia: 2008 to 2019 J. Kim et al. 10.1029/2021JD034888
- Effective realization of abatement measures can reduce HFC-23 emissions D. Rust et al. 10.1038/s41586-024-07833-y
- A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions between 2017–2021 L. Western et al. 10.5194/acp-22-9601-2022
- Revealing the global emission gaps for fully fluorinated greenhouse gases L. Guo & X. Fang 10.1038/s41598-024-58504-x
- Bayesian spatio-temporal inference of trace gas emissions using an integrated nested Laplacian approximation and Gaussian Markov random fields L. Western et al. 10.5194/gmd-13-2095-2020
- Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020 L. Western et al. 10.1038/s41561-023-01147-w
- Seasonal cycles in baseline mixing ratios of a large number of trace gases at the Mace Head, Ireland atmospheric research station R. Derwent et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117531
- Atmospheric Observation of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases around Four Chemical Plants in China T. Ma et al. 10.3390/atmos14050817
- Atmospheric transport is a major pathway of microplastics to remote regions N. Evangeliou et al. 10.1038/s41467-020-17201-9
- C4F6 Etching Characteristics for High‐Aspect‐Ratio Etching of SiO2 Films Using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching System With Low‐Frequency Bias Power J. Wei et al. 10.1002/ppap.70012
- Highly Selective Adsorption of Perfluorinated Greenhouse Gases by Porous Organic Cages K. Tian et al. 10.1002/adma.202202290
- Anthropogenic Impacts on Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide Since the 19th Century Inferred From Polar Firn Air and Ice Core Measurements M. Aydin et al. 10.1029/2020JD033074
- Trends and emissions of six perfluorocarbons in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere E. Droste et al. 10.5194/acp-20-4787-2020
- Sustained growth of sulfur hexafluoride emissions in China inferred from atmospheric observations M. An et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-46084-3
- Projected increases in emissions of high global warming potential fluorinated gases in China L. Guo et al. 10.1038/s43247-023-00859-6
- Conversion of C4F8 via plasma catalysis over Al2O3/Zr/SO4-2 catalyst: Effects of H2O(g) A. Machmud & M. Been Chang 10.1016/j.cej.2024.157467
- Emissions and Marine Boundary Layer Concentrations of Unregulated Chlorocarbons Measured at Cape Point, South Africa D. Say et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c02057
- Rising Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) Emissions in China from 2011 to 2020 Inferred from Atmospheric Observations Y. Wang et al. 10.1021/acs.est.3c10325
- In Situ Observations of Halogenated Gases at the Shangdianzi Background Station and Emission Estimates for Northern China L. Yi et al. 10.1021/acs.est.3c00695
- Fluorine-induced gradient electric field in mesoporous covalent organic frameworks for efficient separation of polarized perfluorinated gases M. Chen et al. 10.1038/s41467-025-61333-9
- A Synthesis Inversion to Constrain Global Emissions of Two Very Short Lived Chlorocarbons: Dichloromethane, and Perchloroethylene T. Claxton et al. 10.1029/2019JD031818
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Growing Atmospheric Emissions of Sulfuryl Fluoride A. Gressent et al. 10.1029/2020JD034327
- Global trends and European emissions of tetrafluoromethane (CF4), hexafluoroethane (C2F6) and octafluoropropane (C3F8) D. Say et al. 10.5194/acp-21-2149-2021
- Evidence of a recent decline in UK emissions of hydrofluorocarbons determined by the InTEM inverse model and atmospheric measurements A. Manning et al. 10.5194/acp-21-12739-2021
- A comprehensive and synthetic dataset for global, regional, and national greenhouse gas emissions by sector 1970–2018 with an extension to 2019 J. Minx et al. 10.5194/essd-13-5213-2021
- Emissions of Tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and Hexafluoroethane (C2F6) From East Asia: 2008 to 2019 J. Kim et al. 10.1029/2021JD034888
- Effective realization of abatement measures can reduce HFC-23 emissions D. Rust et al. 10.1038/s41586-024-07833-y
- A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions between 2017–2021 L. Western et al. 10.5194/acp-22-9601-2022
- Revealing the global emission gaps for fully fluorinated greenhouse gases L. Guo & X. Fang 10.1038/s41598-024-58504-x
- Bayesian spatio-temporal inference of trace gas emissions using an integrated nested Laplacian approximation and Gaussian Markov random fields L. Western et al. 10.5194/gmd-13-2095-2020
- Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020 L. Western et al. 10.1038/s41561-023-01147-w
- Seasonal cycles in baseline mixing ratios of a large number of trace gases at the Mace Head, Ireland atmospheric research station R. Derwent et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117531
- Atmospheric Observation of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases around Four Chemical Plants in China T. Ma et al. 10.3390/atmos14050817
- Atmospheric transport is a major pathway of microplastics to remote regions N. Evangeliou et al. 10.1038/s41467-020-17201-9
- C4F6 Etching Characteristics for High‐Aspect‐Ratio Etching of SiO2 Films Using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching System With Low‐Frequency Bias Power J. Wei et al. 10.1002/ppap.70012
- Highly Selective Adsorption of Perfluorinated Greenhouse Gases by Porous Organic Cages K. Tian et al. 10.1002/adma.202202290
- Anthropogenic Impacts on Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide Since the 19th Century Inferred From Polar Firn Air and Ice Core Measurements M. Aydin et al. 10.1029/2020JD033074
- Trends and emissions of six perfluorocarbons in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere E. Droste et al. 10.5194/acp-20-4787-2020
- Sustained growth of sulfur hexafluoride emissions in China inferred from atmospheric observations M. An et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-46084-3
- Projected increases in emissions of high global warming potential fluorinated gases in China L. Guo et al. 10.1038/s43247-023-00859-6
- Conversion of C4F8 via plasma catalysis over Al2O3/Zr/SO4-2 catalyst: Effects of H2O(g) A. Machmud & M. Been Chang 10.1016/j.cej.2024.157467
- Emissions and Marine Boundary Layer Concentrations of Unregulated Chlorocarbons Measured at Cape Point, South Africa D. Say et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c02057
- Rising Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) Emissions in China from 2011 to 2020 Inferred from Atmospheric Observations Y. Wang et al. 10.1021/acs.est.3c10325
- In Situ Observations of Halogenated Gases at the Shangdianzi Background Station and Emission Estimates for Northern China L. Yi et al. 10.1021/acs.est.3c00695
- Fluorine-induced gradient electric field in mesoporous covalent organic frameworks for efficient separation of polarized perfluorinated gases M. Chen et al. 10.1038/s41467-025-61333-9
- A Synthesis Inversion to Constrain Global Emissions of Two Very Short Lived Chlorocarbons: Dichloromethane, and Perchloroethylene T. Claxton et al. 10.1029/2019JD031818
Latest update: 25 Jul 2025
Short summary
We discuss atmospheric concentrations and emissions of the strong greenhouse gas perfluorocyclobutane. A large fraction of recent emissions stem from China, India, and Russia, probably as a by-product from the production of fluoropolymers and fluorochemicals. Most historic emissions likely stem from developed countries. Total emissions are higher than what is being reported. Clearly, more measurements and better reporting are needed to understand emissions of this and other greenhouse gases.
We discuss atmospheric concentrations and emissions of the strong greenhouse gas...
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