Articles | Volume 18, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4153-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4153-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Mar 2018
Research article |
| 26 Mar 2018
| 26 Mar 2018
Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF3) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production
Peter G. Simmonds
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, University of Bristol,
Bristol, UK
Matthew Rigby
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, University of Bristol,
Bristol, UK
Archie McCulloch
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, University of Bristol,
Bristol, UK
Martin K. Vollmer
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology (Empa),
Dübendorf, Switzerland
Stephan Henne
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology (Empa),
Dübendorf, Switzerland
Jens Mühle
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California
at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Simon O'Doherty
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, University of Bristol,
Bristol, UK
Alistair J. Manning
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
Paul B. Krummel
Climate Science Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria,
Australia
Paul J. Fraser
Climate Science Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria,
Australia
Dickon Young
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, University of Bristol,
Bristol, UK
Ray F. Weiss
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California
at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Peter K. Salameh
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California
at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Christina M. Harth
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California
at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Stefan Reimann
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology (Empa),
Dübendorf, Switzerland
Cathy M. Trudinger
Climate Science Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria,
Australia
L. Paul Steele
Climate Science Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria,
Australia
Ray H. J. Wang
School of Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Diane J. Ivy
Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Ronald G. Prinn
Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Blagoj Mitrevski
Climate Science Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria,
Australia
David M. Etheridge
Climate Science Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria,
Australia
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Cited
29 citations as recorded by crossref.
- In Situ Observations of Halogenated Gases at the Shangdianzi Background Station and Emission Estimates for Northern China L. Yi et al. 10.1021/acs.est.3c00695
- Establishment of HCFC-22 National–Provincial–Gridded Emission Inventories in China and the Analysis of Emission Reduction Potential J. Wu et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c07344
- Tame the super greenhouse gas-CHF3 via F/Cl exchange reaction over partially chlorinated Al-based fluoride catalysts X. Wei et al. 10.1016/j.jece.2022.108976
- Lagrangian simulations of the transport of young air masses to the top of the Asian monsoon anticyclone and into the tropical pipe B. Vogel et al. 10.5194/acp-19-6007-2019
- Medusa–Aqua system: simultaneous measurement and evaluation of novel potential halogenated transient tracers HCFCs, HFCs, and PFCs in the ocean P. Li & T. Tanhua 10.5194/os-17-509-2021
- First ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer observations of HFC-23 at Rikubetsu, Japan, and Syowa Station, Antarctica M. Takeda et al. 10.5194/amt-14-5955-2021
- Repurposing of F-gases: challenges and opportunities in fluorine chemistry D. Sheldon & M. Crimmin 10.1039/D1CS01072G
- The By-Production, Emissions and Abatement Cost-Climate Benefit of Hfc-23 in China's Hcfc-22 Plants X. ZHAO et al. 10.2139/ssrn.4195917
- A rise in HFC-23 emissions from eastern Asia since 2015 H. Park et al. 10.5194/acp-23-9401-2023
- Trends in atmospheric HFC-23 (CHF3) and HFC-134a abundances A. Fernando et al. 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.06.019
- Effective realization of abatement measures can reduce HFC-23 emissions D. Rust et al. 10.1038/s41586-024-07833-y
- Increase in global emissions of HFC-23 despite near-total expected reductions K. Stanley et al. 10.1038/s41467-019-13899-4
- Emissions of halocarbons from India inferred through atmospheric measurements D. Say et al. 10.5194/acp-19-9865-2019
- Assessing the atmospheric fate of trifluoroacetaldehyde (CF3CHO) and its potential as a new source of fluoroform (HFC-23) using the AtChem2 box model M. Pérez-Peña et al. 10.1039/D3EA00120B
- Validation of Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere F. Kolonjari et al. 10.5194/amt-17-2429-2024
- Emissions of HFC-23 do not reflect commitments made under the Kigali Amendment B. Adam et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01946-y
- Inverse modelling of CF4 and NF3 emissions in East Asia T. Arnold et al. 10.5194/acp-18-13305-2018
- Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) in the global atmosphere J. Mühle et al. 10.5194/acp-19-10335-2019
- CHF3 (HFC-23) and CF3CHO Quantum Yields in the Pulsed Laser Photolysis of CF3CHO at 248, 266, 281, and 308 nm D. Van Hoomissen et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00316
- HFC-23 from updated Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) retrievals R. Dodangodage et al. 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109416
- By-production, emissions and abatement cost–climate benefit of HFC-23 in China's HCFC-22 plants X. Zhao et al. 10.1016/j.accre.2023.01.003
- Climate change and industrial F-gases: A critical and systematic review of developments, sociotechnical systems and policy options for reducing synthetic greenhouse gas emissions B. Sovacool et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110759
- Seasonal cycles in baseline mixing ratios of a large number of trace gases at the Mace Head, Ireland atmospheric research station R. Derwent et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117531
- Detachable Trap Preconcentrator with a Gas Chromatograph–Mass Spectrometer for the Analysis of Trace Halogenated Greenhouse Gases D. Yoon et al. 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04551
- Reverting fluoroform back to chlorodifluoromethane and dichlorofluoromethane: Intermolecular Cl/F exchange with chloroform at moderate temperatures W. Han et al. 10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.135
- Atmospheric histories, growth rates and solubilities in seawater and other natural waters of the potential transient tracers HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116 P. Li et al. 10.5194/os-15-33-2019
- Atmospheric HCFC-22, HFC-125, and HFC-152a at Cape Point, South Africa B. Kuyper et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b01612
- A comprehensive evaluation of the use of Lagrangian particle dispersion models for inverse modeling of greenhouse gas emissions M. Vojta et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-8295-2022
- Changes in Emissions of Ozone-Depleting Substances from China Due to Implementation of the Montreal Protocol X. Fang et al. 10.1021/acs.est.8b01280
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- In Situ Observations of Halogenated Gases at the Shangdianzi Background Station and Emission Estimates for Northern China L. Yi et al. 10.1021/acs.est.3c00695
- Establishment of HCFC-22 National–Provincial–Gridded Emission Inventories in China and the Analysis of Emission Reduction Potential J. Wu et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c07344
- Tame the super greenhouse gas-CHF3 via F/Cl exchange reaction over partially chlorinated Al-based fluoride catalysts X. Wei et al. 10.1016/j.jece.2022.108976
- Lagrangian simulations of the transport of young air masses to the top of the Asian monsoon anticyclone and into the tropical pipe B. Vogel et al. 10.5194/acp-19-6007-2019
- Medusa–Aqua system: simultaneous measurement and evaluation of novel potential halogenated transient tracers HCFCs, HFCs, and PFCs in the ocean P. Li & T. Tanhua 10.5194/os-17-509-2021
- First ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer observations of HFC-23 at Rikubetsu, Japan, and Syowa Station, Antarctica M. Takeda et al. 10.5194/amt-14-5955-2021
- Repurposing of F-gases: challenges and opportunities in fluorine chemistry D. Sheldon & M. Crimmin 10.1039/D1CS01072G
- The By-Production, Emissions and Abatement Cost-Climate Benefit of Hfc-23 in China's Hcfc-22 Plants X. ZHAO et al. 10.2139/ssrn.4195917
- A rise in HFC-23 emissions from eastern Asia since 2015 H. Park et al. 10.5194/acp-23-9401-2023
- Trends in atmospheric HFC-23 (CHF3) and HFC-134a abundances A. Fernando et al. 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.06.019
- Effective realization of abatement measures can reduce HFC-23 emissions D. Rust et al. 10.1038/s41586-024-07833-y
- Increase in global emissions of HFC-23 despite near-total expected reductions K. Stanley et al. 10.1038/s41467-019-13899-4
- Emissions of halocarbons from India inferred through atmospheric measurements D. Say et al. 10.5194/acp-19-9865-2019
- Assessing the atmospheric fate of trifluoroacetaldehyde (CF3CHO) and its potential as a new source of fluoroform (HFC-23) using the AtChem2 box model M. Pérez-Peña et al. 10.1039/D3EA00120B
- Validation of Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere F. Kolonjari et al. 10.5194/amt-17-2429-2024
- Emissions of HFC-23 do not reflect commitments made under the Kigali Amendment B. Adam et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01946-y
- Inverse modelling of CF4 and NF3 emissions in East Asia T. Arnold et al. 10.5194/acp-18-13305-2018
- Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) in the global atmosphere J. Mühle et al. 10.5194/acp-19-10335-2019
- CHF3 (HFC-23) and CF3CHO Quantum Yields in the Pulsed Laser Photolysis of CF3CHO at 248, 266, 281, and 308 nm D. Van Hoomissen et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00316
- HFC-23 from updated Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) retrievals R. Dodangodage et al. 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109416
- By-production, emissions and abatement cost–climate benefit of HFC-23 in China's HCFC-22 plants X. Zhao et al. 10.1016/j.accre.2023.01.003
- Climate change and industrial F-gases: A critical and systematic review of developments, sociotechnical systems and policy options for reducing synthetic greenhouse gas emissions B. Sovacool et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110759
- Seasonal cycles in baseline mixing ratios of a large number of trace gases at the Mace Head, Ireland atmospheric research station R. Derwent et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117531
- Detachable Trap Preconcentrator with a Gas Chromatograph–Mass Spectrometer for the Analysis of Trace Halogenated Greenhouse Gases D. Yoon et al. 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04551
- Reverting fluoroform back to chlorodifluoromethane and dichlorofluoromethane: Intermolecular Cl/F exchange with chloroform at moderate temperatures W. Han et al. 10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.135
- Atmospheric histories, growth rates and solubilities in seawater and other natural waters of the potential transient tracers HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116 P. Li et al. 10.5194/os-15-33-2019
- Atmospheric HCFC-22, HFC-125, and HFC-152a at Cape Point, South Africa B. Kuyper et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b01612
- A comprehensive evaluation of the use of Lagrangian particle dispersion models for inverse modeling of greenhouse gas emissions M. Vojta et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-8295-2022
1 citations as recorded by crossref.
Latest update: 08 Jul 2025
Short summary
Recent measurements of the potent greenhouse gas HFC-23, a by-product of HCFC-22 production, show a 28 % increase in the atmospheric mole fraction from 2009 to 2016. A minimum in the atmospheric abundance of HFC-23 in 2009 was attributed to abatement of HFC-23 emissions by incineration under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Our results indicate that the recent increase in HFC-23 emissions is driven by failure of mitigation under the CDM to keep pace with increased HCFC-22 production.
Recent measurements of the potent greenhouse gas HFC-23, a by-product of HCFC-22 production,...
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