Pre-monsoon air quality over Lumbini, a world heritage site along the Himalayan foothills

Rupakheti, Dipesh; Adhikary, Bhupesh; Praveen, Puppala Siva; Rupakheti, Maheswar; Kang, Shichang; Mahata, Khadak Singh; Naja, Manish; Zhang, Qianggong; Panday, Arnico Kumar; Lawrence, Mark G.

doi:10.5194/acp-17-11041-2017

Articles | Volume 17, issue 18

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11041-2017

© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Special issue:

Atmospheric pollution in the Himalayan foothills: The SusKat-ABC...

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11041-2017

© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 17, issue 18

Research article

|

18 Sep 2017

Research article |

| 18 Sep 2017

Pre-monsoon air quality over Lumbini, a world heritage site along the Himalayan foothills

Dipesh Rupakheti, Bhupesh Adhikary, Puppala Siva Praveen, Maheswar Rupakheti, Shichang Kang, Khadak Singh Mahata, Manish Naja, Qianggong Zhang, Arnico Kumar Panday, and Mark G. Lawrence

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Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Jun 2016	127	36	4	167
Jul 2016	59	11	1	71
Aug 2016	27	5	1	33
Sep 2016	17	8	0	25
Oct 2016	28	7	3	38
Nov 2016	29	2	6	37
Dec 2016	30	7	1	38
Jan 2017	39	13	2	54
Feb 2017	51	7	3	61
Mar 2017	64	11	8	83
Apr 2017	72	14	10	96
May 2017	69	13	5	87
Jun 2017	41	6	6	53
Jul 2017	27	12	0	39
Aug 2017	30	10	0	40
Sep 2017	548	89	7	644
Oct 2017	98	41	3	142
Nov 2017	71	27	1	99
Dec 2017	50	17	0	67
Jan 2018	33	13	1	47
Feb 2018	45	16	0	61
Mar 2018	83	22	3	108
Apr 2018	51	9	1	61
May 2018	31	12	1	44
Jun 2018	26	20	0	46
Jul 2018	17	15	0	32
Aug 2018	28	25	1	54
Sep 2018	27	17	1	45
Oct 2018	25	21	1	47
Nov 2018	26	25	0	51
Dec 2018	19	12	2	33
Jan 2019	14	8	0	22
Feb 2019	11	10	0	21
Mar 2019	18	14	1	33
Apr 2019	14	8	1	23
May 2019	14	11	0	25
Jun 2019	12	4	0	16
Jul 2019	23	13	0	36
Aug 2019	16	11	0	27
Sep 2019	12	4	0	16
Oct 2019	14	5	1	20
Nov 2019	14	7	0	21
Dec 2019	18	14	0	32
Jan 2020	17	10	1	28
Feb 2020	9	7	1	17
Mar 2020	4	1	0	5
Apr 2020	16	18	0	34
May 2020	15	11	0	26
Jun 2020	15	11	0	26
Jul 2020	21	15	5	41
Aug 2020	15	5	3	23
Sep 2020	17	11	1	29
Oct 2020	7	1	0	8
Nov 2020	7	8	2	17
Dec 2020	19	9	0	28
Jan 2021	21	12	0	33
Feb 2021	21	6	0	27
Mar 2021	16	7	2	25
Apr 2021	17	7	0	24
May 2021	12	13	1	26
Jun 2021	26	13	0	39
Jul 2021	16	7	0	23
Aug 2021	14	10	0	24
Sep 2021	26	20	0	46
Oct 2021	35	41	0	76
Nov 2021	18	32	1	51
Dec 2021	23	13	0	36
Jan 2022	17	13	1	31
Feb 2022	10	12	1	23
Mar 2022	26	6	0	32
Apr 2022	20	10	1	31
May 2022	31	10	0	41
Jun 2022	22	5	3	30
Jul 2022	16	6	2	24
Aug 2022	17	10	0	27
Sep 2022	21	9	1	31
Oct 2022	13	9	0	22
Nov 2022	24	16	1	41
Dec 2022	8	6	2	16
Jan 2023	16	8	0	24
Feb 2023	34	10	0	44
Mar 2023	21	26	0	47
Apr 2023	21	26	0	47
May 2023	46	12	0	58
Jun 2023	50	9	2	61
Jul 2023	60	5	1	66
Aug 2023	49	10	3	62
Sep 2023	94	6	3	103
Oct 2023	211	13	1	225
Nov 2023	178	5	0	183
Dec 2023	66	12	3	81
Jan 2024	45	25	0	70
Feb 2024	39	14	0	53
Mar 2024	57	29	4	90
Apr 2024	53	37	1	91
May 2024	17	49	4	70
Jun 2024	50	55	3	108
Jul 2024	24	40	3	67
Aug 2024	52	39	8	99
Sep 2024	37	30	1	68
Oct 2024	24	37	0	61
Nov 2024	18	44	4	66
Dec 2024	20	16	1	37
Jan 2025	30	19	2	51
Feb 2025	39	21	2	62
Mar 2025	29	10	2	41
Apr 2025	35	22	0	57
May 2025	29	11	0	40
Jun 2025	47	10	2	59
Jul 2025	37	23	1	61
Aug 2025	49	22	1	72
Sep 2025	78	22	1	101
Oct 2025	37	34	0	71
Nov 2025	38	36	6	80

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 17 Jun 2016)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Jun 2016	127	36	4	167
Jul 2016	59	11	1	71
Aug 2016	27	5	1	33
Sep 2016	17	8	0	25
Oct 2016	28	7	3	38
Nov 2016	29	2	6	37
Dec 2016	30	7	1	38
Jan 2017	39	13	2	54
Feb 2017	51	7	3	61
Mar 2017	64	11	8	83
Apr 2017	72	14	10	96
May 2017	69	13	5	87
Jun 2017	41	6	6	53
Jul 2017	27	12	0	39
Aug 2017	30	10	0	40
Sep 2017	548	89	7	644
Oct 2017	98	41	3	142
Nov 2017	71	27	1	99
Dec 2017	50	17	0	67
Jan 2018	33	13	1	47
Feb 2018	45	16	0	61
Mar 2018	83	22	3	108
Apr 2018	51	9	1	61
May 2018	31	12	1	44
Jun 2018	26	20	0	46
Jul 2018	17	15	0	32
Aug 2018	28	25	1	54
Sep 2018	27	17	1	45
Oct 2018	25	21	1	47
Nov 2018	26	25	0	51
Dec 2018	19	12	2	33
Jan 2019	14	8	0	22
Feb 2019	11	10	0	21
Mar 2019	18	14	1	33
Apr 2019	14	8	1	23
May 2019	14	11	0	25
Jun 2019	12	4	0	16
Jul 2019	23	13	0	36
Aug 2019	16	11	0	27
Sep 2019	12	4	0	16
Oct 2019	14	5	1	20
Nov 2019	14	7	0	21
Dec 2019	18	14	0	32
Jan 2020	17	10	1	28
Feb 2020	9	7	1	17
Mar 2020	4	1	0	5
Apr 2020	16	18	0	34
May 2020	15	11	0	26
Jun 2020	15	11	0	26
Jul 2020	21	15	5	41
Aug 2020	15	5	3	23
Sep 2020	17	11	1	29
Oct 2020	7	1	0	8
Nov 2020	7	8	2	17
Dec 2020	19	9	0	28
Jan 2021	21	12	0	33
Feb 2021	21	6	0	27
Mar 2021	16	7	2	25
Apr 2021	17	7	0	24
May 2021	12	13	1	26
Jun 2021	26	13	0	39
Jul 2021	16	7	0	23
Aug 2021	14	10	0	24
Sep 2021	26	20	0	46
Oct 2021	35	41	0	76
Nov 2021	18	32	1	51
Dec 2021	23	13	0	36
Jan 2022	17	13	1	31
Feb 2022	10	12	1	23
Mar 2022	26	6	0	32
Apr 2022	20	10	1	31
May 2022	31	10	0	41
Jun 2022	22	5	3	30
Jul 2022	16	6	2	24
Aug 2022	17	10	0	27
Sep 2022	21	9	1	31
Oct 2022	13	9	0	22
Nov 2022	24	16	1	41
Dec 2022	8	6	2	16
Jan 2023	16	8	0	24
Feb 2023	34	10	0	44
Mar 2023	21	26	0	47
Apr 2023	21	26	0	47
May 2023	46	12	0	58
Jun 2023	50	9	2	61
Jul 2023	60	5	1	66
Aug 2023	49	10	3	62
Sep 2023	94	6	3	103
Oct 2023	211	13	1	225
Nov 2023	178	5	0	183
Dec 2023	66	12	3	81
Jan 2024	45	25	0	70
Feb 2024	39	14	0	53
Mar 2024	57	29	4	90
Apr 2024	53	37	1	91
May 2024	17	49	4	70
Jun 2024	50	55	3	108
Jul 2024	24	40	3	67
Aug 2024	52	39	8	99
Sep 2024	37	30	1	68
Oct 2024	24	37	0	61
Nov 2024	18	44	4	66
Dec 2024	20	16	1	37
Jan 2025	30	19	2	51
Feb 2025	39	21	2	62
Mar 2025	29	10	2	41
Apr 2025	35	22	0	57
May 2025	29	11	0	40
Jun 2025	47	10	2	59
Jul 2025	37	23	1	61
Aug 2025	49	22	1	72
Sep 2025	78	22	1	101
Oct 2025	37	34	0	71
Nov 2025	38	36	6	80

Latest update: 26 Nov 2025

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Short summary

For the first time, atmospheric composition was monitored during pre-monsoon season of 2013 at Lumbini (UNESCO world heritage site as birthplace of the Buddha). PM and O₃ frequently exceeded WHO guidelines. Pollution concentration, diurnal characteristics and influence of open burning on air quality in Lumbini were investigated. Potential source regions were also identified. Results show that air pollution at this site is of a great concern, requiring prompt attention for mitigation.