The effects of climate change would partly counteract the emission-driven increase in PM_2.5 in winter in most of eastern China, but exacerbate PM_2.5 pollution in summer in North China Plain. Land cover and land use change might partially offset the increase in summertime PM_2.5 but further enhance wintertime PM_2.5 in the model by modifying the dry deposition of various PM_2.5 precursors and biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, which also act as important factors in modulating air quality.