the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Residual Mean Circulation and Temperature Changes during the Evolution of Stratospheric Sudden Warming Revealed in MERRA
Abstract. Residual mean circulation and temperature changes during the evolution of major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) are investigated by composite analyses of 22 SSW events from 1979 to 2012 during the Northern Hemisphere winter (November–March) using four reanalysis data sets (MERRA, ERA-Interim, NCEP-NCAR, and JRA-55). The SSW events are classified as Type-1 or Type-2 based on the relative amplitude of planetary waves with zonal wavenumbers 1 and 2. The residual mean circulation induced by each forcing term in the Transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) momentum equation and the temperature advection associated with the circulation are calculated for both types of SSW, based on the generalized downward control principle using the MERRA data set. When ‘Lag = 0’ is defined as the day on which the wind reversal occurred at 60° N and 10 hPa, strong poleward and downward motion exists at Lag = −8 and Lag = −1 for Type-1 and at Lag = −3 for Type-2, which is induced primarily by the Eliassen–Palm flux divergence forcing (EPD). The poleward and downward motion is stronger for Type-2 than for Type-1. Gravity wave drag (GWD) produces a smaller contribution to the residual circulation than EPD. During the warming phase (at Lag = −2), strong temperature advection by the EPD induces primarily polar stratospheric warming. On the other hand, during the temperature recovery phase (at Lag = +2), anomalous negative temperature advection and diabatic cooling produce negative temperature tendency anomalies. Structures in the temperature tendency and temperature advection calculated using the MERRA data set are similar to those calculated using the ERA-Interim data set.
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SC1: 'Polar projections of the GWD anomaly', Petr Šácha, 06 Dec 2016
- AC1: 'Response to Short Comments', Byeong-Gwon Song, 22 Feb 2017
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RC1: 'Referee report acp-2016-729 (song and Chun)', Anonymous Referee #1, 09 Dec 2016
- AC2: 'Response to Reviewer #1's Comments', Byeong-Gwon Song, 22 Feb 2017
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RC2: 'Referee review of Song and Chun', Anonymous Referee #3, 14 Dec 2016
- AC3: 'Response to Reviewer #3's Comments', Byeong-Gwon Song, 22 Feb 2017
-
SC1: 'Polar projections of the GWD anomaly', Petr Šácha, 06 Dec 2016
- AC1: 'Response to Short Comments', Byeong-Gwon Song, 22 Feb 2017
-
RC1: 'Referee report acp-2016-729 (song and Chun)', Anonymous Referee #1, 09 Dec 2016
- AC2: 'Response to Reviewer #1's Comments', Byeong-Gwon Song, 22 Feb 2017
-
RC2: 'Referee review of Song and Chun', Anonymous Referee #3, 14 Dec 2016
- AC3: 'Response to Reviewer #3's Comments', Byeong-Gwon Song, 22 Feb 2017
Data sets
MERRA: NASA’s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications M. M. Rienecker, M. J. Suarez, R. Gelaro, R. Todling, J. Bacmeister, E. Liu, M. G. Bosilovich, S. D. Schubert, L. Takacs, G.-K. Kim, S. Bloom, J. Chen, D. Collins, A. Conaty, A. Da Silva, W. Gu, J. Joiner, R. D. Koster, R. Lucchesi, A. Molod, T. Owens, S. Pawson, P. Pegion, C. R. Redder, R. Reichle, F. R. Robertson, A. G. Ruddick, M. Sienkiewicz, and J. Woollen https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1
The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data D. P. Dee, S. M. Uppala, A. J. Simmons, P. Berrisford, P. Poli, S. Kobayashi, U. Andrae, M. A. Balmaseda, G. Balsamo, P. Bauer, P. Bechtold, A. C. M. Beljaars, L. van de Berg, J. Bidlot, N. Bormann, C. Delsol, R. Dragani, M. Fuentes, A. J. Geer, L. Haimberger, S. B. Healy, H. Hersbach, E. V. Hólm, L. Isaksen, P. Kållberg, M. Köhler, M. Matricardi, A. P. McNally, B. M. Monge-Sanz, J.-J. Morcrette, B.-K. Park, C. Peubey, P. de Rosnay, C. Tavolato, J.-N. Thépaut, and F. Vitart https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828
The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project E.Kalnay, M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin, M. Iredell, S. Saha, G. White, J. Woollen, Y. Zhu, A. Leetmaa, Reynolds, M. Chelliah, W. Ebisuzaki, W. Higgins, J. Jan Rowiak, K. C. Mo, C. Ropelewski, J. Wang, R. Jenne, and D. Joseph https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specification and Basic Characteristics S. Kobayashi, Y. Ota, Y. Harada, A. Ebita, M. Moriya, H. Onoda, K. Onogi, H. Kamahori, C. Kobayashi, H. Endo, K. Miyaoka, and K. Takahashi https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001
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Cited
5 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Modelling the residual mean meridional circulation at different stages of sudden stratospheric warming events A. Koval et al. 10.5194/angeo-39-357-2021
- On the intermittency of orographic gravity wave hotspots and its importance for middle atmosphere dynamics A. Kuchar et al. 10.5194/wcd-1-481-2020
- The Variation Characteristics of Stratospheric Circulation under the Interdecadal Variability of Antarctic Total Column Ozone in Early Austral Spring J. Li et al. 10.3390/rs16040619
- Influence of Asian Topography on the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Q. Wang et al. 10.1029/2023JD038994
- Propagation of gravity waves and its effects on pseudomomentum flux in a sudden stratospheric warming event I. Song et al. 10.5194/acp-20-7617-2020